The Industrial Revolution

Corporation

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. With large amounts of capital, businesses could expand into many areas.

means of production

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

What new ideas in science, arts, and literature emerged during the 1800s?

vaccines against rabies, pasteurization, understanding of germs causing disease, cleaner hospital environment, antiseptics prevented infecton, atomic theory, periodic table Romanticism and realism in literature (emotional or direct language) and art, experimentation with style (brush and angles)

Proletariat

"have nots" or the working class who are explcited for their labor.

Bourgeoisie

"haves" The haves had always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all its wealth. -The employers, capitalists, factory owners, etc.

Age of Iron and Coal

-Coal was also a vital source of fuel in the production of iron, a material needed for the construction of machines and steam engines. Because coal can be set on fire and burns at a high temperature for a long period of time, it is an extremely powerful fuel for the generation of heat and electricity. - Iron is a material needed for thr construction of machines and steam engines. In 1709, Abraham Darby used coal instead of charcoal to separate iron from its ore. Darby's experiments led him to produce less expensive and better quality iron, which was used to produce parts for the steam engine. Both his son and grandson continued to improve on his methods. Abraham Darby III built the worlds first iron bridge. In decades that fillowed hight quality iron was used more and more widely, especially after the worled turned to building railroads.

Capital

-Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise -Money needed to make money. -Wealth to invest- factories, railroads, mines, etc. -Main goal: Profit. Means of production are owned by individuals and goods and services are produced to make profit. Wealth Creation- capitalists believe that wealth can grow, therefore capitalist competition and innovation will increase efficiency and grow wealth. Competition- Producers compete for consumer money by lowering their prices or introducing new products. Free trade: Capitalists support free trade with anyone and dont heavily tax the import of foreign goods. -Government not involved -Individuals have freedom and opportunity to create wealth by making choices based on seld-interest.

Laissez-faire

-Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interferance. AKA "Hands-off approach" -Smith asserted that a free market or unregulated exchange of goods and services, would come to help everyone, not just the rich. The free market Smith said would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. -Government has only 3 functions: to protect society from invasion, to defend its citizens from injustice, and to keep up public works projects like roads and canals. Other than these functions Smith believed that the gov't should have minimal government involvement in the economy.

Agrarian Revolution

A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. -People ate better and were healthier due to the advances in farming so the death rate declined. Also, by the late 1800s better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further slowed deaths from disease.

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856 (blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities). Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron so it could be produced very cheaply. Steel became quickly the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads. As steel production soared, industrialized countries measured their success in steel output.

Middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. -Women and children dont work (husband was well payed) women were housewives. -Have access to education. -Lived in well furnished homes and pleasant neighborhoods, dressed and ate well, took pride in their work. -Women hired maids and servants.

Communism

According to Karl Marx, communism would bring a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in commom for the good of all. (class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a claseless societyin which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole) -wherever communism came to be practiced in the 1900s it brought a system of government in which the state led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life and exercised authoritarian control over the people. -He argued that there was a history of class struggles between the haves and have nots. Marx predicted that in the end the. Proletariat would be triumphant. Workers would then control the means production and set up a classless, Communist societ. In such society, the struggles of the past would end bc wealth and power would be shared equally. Marx was wrong, eventually the standard of living of the working class improved ands people continued to feel stronger ties yto their own country than to any international workers' movement. -MARX DESPISED CAPITALISM. he belived it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many.

Thomas Malthus

British economist, most well-known work is in An essay on the principle of population. In it he argued that population increases would eventually use up the food supply bc population was increasing faster than the food supply, leading to poverty. During the 1800s, many accepted his view due to bleak conduitions but his view was proved wrong. Although the population boom did continue, the food supply grew even faster. As the century progressed, living conditions in the Western world slowly improved , and people eventually did begin to have fewer children. By the 1900s, population growth was no longer a problem in the West.

How did life in the industrial age improve overtime?

Brought more jobs and less unemployment, reformers trying to get laws passed, organizing in labor unions that demand higher pay, shorter hours and safer working conditions. Men got the right to vote and women.

What were the causes and effects of the Agrarian revolution? How did it lead to the industrial revolution?

Causes: increased availability for land, turnips, enclosure acts, horse-drawn seed drill, four-field system etc. Effects: population increase, pop. became nourished and healthier, advances in farming like the mechanical seed drill, large scale growth of new crops, increased meat consumption, workers move to cities in search of work in factories. The Agrarian rev. led to a rapid population increase. This population became the working class which ended up living in tenements and working in factories. Also the movement of workers to cities led to less work on farms and more work in factories. This eventually led to the inventions of new machines for textiles and other works.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He formulated a new theory "scientific socialism" which he claimed was based on scientific study of history. He teamed up with another German socialist, Fruederiuch Engels and they both wrote the Communist Manifesto. The communist manifesto begant the spectre of communism. -In the communist manifest Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Steam Engine

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines. Later in 1764, James Watt looked at Newcomen's invention and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient. HIs invention turned heat from burning coal into movement through a series of valves and gears. Watt's engine would become a vital power source of the Industrial Revolution. -The steam engine was first used to power machines at great speeds for long periods of time, but later was adapted to power locomotives and steamships.

Women's Suffrage Movement

In the US, the seneca falls convention of 1848 demanded that women be granted the right to vote. In europe groups dedicated to womens rights to vote emerged later in thwe 1800s. -Among men some liberals and socialists supported womens suffrage. In general though, suffragists faced intense opposition. Some critics claimed that women were too emotional to be allowed to vote. Others argued that women needed to be "protected" from grubby politics or that a woman's place was in the home, not government. -In new zealand, australia, and some western Territories of the US, women won the vote by the early 1900s. There, women who had "tamed and frontier" alongside men were not dismissed as weak and helpless. In the united states, wyomi g was the first state to grant women the right to vote. In much of the western world however, the women's suffrage struggle took much longer. By 1920, women in Britain and the US had finally won the vote.

Railroads

It was the invention of the steam locomotive that made the growth of railroads possible. In the early 1800s, pioneers like George Stephenson developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places where rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land. Traveling and trade became easier and more efficient. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century. -The worlds first major rail line from Liverpool to Manchester, opened in England in 1830.

Adam Smith

Main supporter of laissez-faire economics. Argued that money in and of itself did not constitute wealth wealth but merely its marker -Author of "The Wealth of Nations".

What were the most significant inventions created and their impacts?

Mechanical seed drill- faster and easier growth of crops Steam engine- powered machines then locomotives and steamships Electricity- replaced steam... lightbulb Steam locomotive- made growth of railroads possible, tracks didnt have to follow a river (could go anywhere), goods could be easily shipped over land Cotton gin- separated seeds from raw cotton at fast rate Telegraph line- made communication fast and easy worldwide

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities. IR brought rapid urbanization. Changes in farming, population growth, and increasing demand for workers led masses of ppl to migrate from farms to cities

Tenements

Multistory building divided into crowded apartments. The working class lived in packed tenements. which had no running water, only community pumps. Also had no sewage or sanitation systems so waste rotted in streets. Sewage was also dumped into rivers, which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water. This led to the spread of diseases such as cholera.

What were the most significant factors that led to the industrial revolution? why did it begin in england?

New inventions in farming(agrarian rev.), the creation of factories, natural resources such as coal and iron for fuel, etc. It began in England bc: Geographic context: natural resources such as coal and iron, its an island w natural harbors for trade and its also hard to invade, rivers provided transportation and were a source of power, canals were man made water ways. Economic conditions: growing overseas empire led to trade and prosperity, capital lead to wealth to invest (factories, railroads, mines), and increased prosperity made goods more affordable Political conditions: stable gov't that supported economic growth, strong navy to protect trade and empire overseas, and tarrif (taxes on imports protected manufacturers)

What were the political, social, and economic effects of the industrial revolution? What were some problem that emerged?

POLITICAL: wealth and income SOCIAL:emerging middle class, living conditions ECONOMIC: Urbanization, living and working conditions ,child labor, middle class, etc, Problems:Cities were overpopulated, and neighborhoods became dirty and unsafe, inequality between working and middle class, dangerous working and living conditions.

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Domestic Production

Products made in the same country in which they are sold. - Hand, tools @ home

Child labor

Since children had helped with farm work, parents accepted the idea of child labor. The wages children earned were needed to keep their families from starving. Factoris and mines hired many boys and girls. These children often started working at age 7 or 8 a few as young as 5. Nimble-fingered and quick-moving, they changes spools in the hot and humid textile mills where they sometimes couldn't see bc of all the dust. They also crawled under machinery to repair broken threads in the mills. Conditions were even worse for children who worked in the mines. Some sat all day in the dark, opening and closing air vents. Others hauled coal carts in the extreme heat. -In the early 1800s, Parliament passed a series of laws called "factory acts", to reform child labor practices. These early efforts were largely ignored. Then in 1833, Micheal Sadler headed up a commitee to look into the conditions of child workers in the textile industry. The sadler report co tained firsthand accounts of child labor practices and helped bring the harsh labor conditions to light. As a result, parliament passed the new regulationd to ease working conditions for children. -An 1833 law forbade the hiring of children under the age of 9 snf limited the working hours of older children in the textile industry. Over time, Parliament passed other laws to improve the working conditions in both factories and mines to limit the work day of bith adults and children to 10 hours. It also enacted laws to require the education of children and to stop the hiring of children and women in mines.

Textile Industry

The Industrial Revolution first took hold of Britains largest industry- Textiles. In the 1600s, cotton cloth imported from India became popular. British merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home. They developed the putting-out system, also known as the cotton industry, in which raw cotton distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes then artisans finished and dyed the cloth. Under the putting out system production was slow. The process of using manually operated machines for spinning and weaving took time. As the demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with a series of remarkable devices that revolutionized the British textile industry. For example: -John kay's flying shuttle enabled weavers to work so fast that they soon outpaced spinners. -James Hargreaves solved that problem. by producing the spinning jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time. -Richard Arkwright patented the water frame, a spinning machine that could be powered by water. Meanwhile in America, these faster spinning and weaving machines presented a challenge- how to produce enough cotton to keep up with England. Raw cotton grown in the south had to be cleaned of dirt and seeds by hand, which is a time-consuming task. To solve this, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate. He finished the cotton gin in 1793, and cotton production increased at a rapid rate.

Factories

The new machines doomed the putting out system. They were to large and expensive to be operated at home. Instead, manufactures built long sheds to house the machines. At first, they located the sheds near rapid moving streams, harnessing the water power to run the machines. Later, machines were powered by steam engines. Spinners and weavers now came each day to work in these first factories, which brought together workers and machines to produce large quantites of goods. Early observers were awed at the size and output of these establishments. One onlooker noted: "The same [amount] of labor is now performed in one of these structures which formerly occupied the industry of an entire district." -Once investors developed machines that could produce large quanities of goods more efficiently, prices fell. Lower prices made goods more affordable and thus attracted more consumers. Additionally, consumers then further fed the demand for goods. - the working conditions were terrible during the Industrial Revolution. In rural villages, people worked long hours for low wages, but their work varied according to the season. Life was also hard for poor rural workers who were part of the putting-out system. If they worked too slowly, they didn't earn enough. In the factories of industrial towns, workers faced a rigid schedule set by the factory whistle. Working hours in factories were long lasting from 12 to 16 hours. Exhausted workers suffered accidents from machines that had no safety devices. Lives or limbs could have been lost. Workers constantly breathed in air filled with lint, damaged their lungs. Workers whi became sick lost their jobs - At first, women made up much of the new industrial work force. Employers prefered to hire woman bc they thought women could adapt more easily and were easier to manage than men. They payed women less than men for the same work. Factory work created a double burden for women. Jobs took them out of their homes for 12 hours or more a day. Then they returned to their horrid tenements where they had to feed and clothe their families, clean, and cope with sickness or injury.

How did the social class structure change? how were the lives of the working and middle class different?

Upper class structure was not only nobles but also wealthy families who acquired riches from business and industry, middle class was moving up and enjoying materialistics (developed a strict code of ettiquette), industrial workers at bottom. Working class lived in povery while the middle class enjoyed luxuries. Working class had to work to survive with scarce pay but middle class had good jobs and male provided for the family.

How did the industrial people move

Urbanization caused people to move to cities from rural areas. -People also got around through the creation of railroads and steam ships.

what reforms emerged and how did they improve the lifes of the people in britian?

Workers organized unions and used strikes to demand better working conditions, wage increases, or other benefits. As a result, gov't passed laws to regulate working conditions, outlawed child labor entirely, banned the work of women in mines, other laws limited hours and improved safety. Other countries like Germany established pensions and other insurance policies. These programs protected workers from dying in poverty once they were no longerable to work. THE STANDARD OF LIVING IMPROVED.

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens. Jeremy Bentham advocated utilitarianism and believed that all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility". In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness than pain? Benthan strongly supported individual freedom, which he belived guarnteed happiness. Still, he saw the need for government to become involved under certain circumstances. -John stewart mill belived in benthams beliefs but mainly wanted the gov't to improve. the hard lives of the working class.

Working class

servants, factory/agricultural workers. -Lived in peasant neighborhoods, in slums. Packed into tiny tenements which had no running water, only community pumps. Also had no sewage or sanitation systems so waste rotted in streets. -Child labor caused physical problems. -Families sent children to work in need of money. -Long hours, short breaks -no education -Injuries were common -diseases spread -abuse of workers and children (beaten) -Breathed in lint, dust, coal, etc. -Low pay -Skilled workers lost jobs due to machines -no job security -women often payed less bc were easier to manage. As the I.R began, weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new "labor-saving" machines that were replacing their jobs. From 1811 to 1813, protesting workers called Luddites, smashed machines and burned factories. The Luddites were harshly crushed. Although frustrated workers continued to protest, they were forbidden to from worker associations and strikes were outlawed.

What were new economics that emerged in response to the I. R?

socialism, communism, capitalism, laissez-faire, mercantilism, etc.

Socialism

system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses (means of production). - In practice, when socialist governments gained power in the 1900s, they tended to regulate the production and distribution of goods, which often improved efficiency. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress and human nature and its concern for social justice. Socialist thinkers developed a number of different ideas about how to achieve their goals. Owen and the utopian socialism- a number iof early socialists established communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common. When there was no difference between rich and poor, the said, fighting between people would disappear. These early socialists were called utopians (dreamers). They wanted an equal classless society.

Mass production

the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods. The basic features of the factory system remained the same during the 1800s. Factories still used large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to mass-produce goods. To improve efficiency however, manufacturers designed products with INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS, identical components that could be used in place of one another. Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly and repair of products. By the early 1900s, manufactures had introduced another new method of production, the assembly line. Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. A different person perfoms each task along the assembly line. While not all factories used assembly lines, the factory system always relied on the division of labor. Each worker was assigned one task. Once that task was done, the worker handed the product to the next person, who then performed his or her task. Interchangeable parts, the division of labor, and the assembly line all made production more efficient. They also lowered the price of factory goods, making them more affordable to more people.

standard of living

the level of material goods and services available to people in a society. Overall, standards of living did rise for workers. Working class people began to benefit from higher wages and better working conditions. They, too were able to afford a larger variety of goods and services. Many benefited from the growing movement to provide public education. some were able to get access to health care. efforts to curb diseases led to vaccination programs that reached into poor communities. Some workers were able to move out of overcrouwded slums into the outer ring of cities and travel to work on subways and trolleys. A large gap still divided the middle and working class.

The Wealth of Nations (1776)

where Smith explained how he believed that economic progress required that each individual pursue his or her own self-interest freely, without restriction by guilds, the state, or tradition AKA "invisiblke hand" Created Laissez-faire economics There are natural laws of economics: -Laws of self-interest -Laws of competition -Laws of supply and demand