The public speaking playbook vocab.

parallelism, 209

Good outlines need to exhibit this which is words, phrases or sentences that parallel each other or balance with one another, often mirroring each other and the pattern used. This helps the audience to process and retain your speech's points.

attending, pg 72

Involves our willingness to focus on and organize particular stimuli, paying attention

listening, pg 72

a voluntary mental process

kinesics, 307

body language, includes a consideration of gestures, body movements, facial expressions, eye behavior, and posture.

metaphor, 266

builds a direct by omitting the words like or as. The comparison between two things is not usually considered alike is implied rather than explicit. It enhances the audience's ability to visualize the speaker's message.

ageist language, 264

discriminated on the basis of age. US. culture tends to do this.

ethical speechmaking, pg 54

has its basis in trust and respect for the speaker and receivers. It involves the responsible handling of information as well as an awareness of and concern for speechmaking's outcomes or consequences.

alliteration, 267

is the repletion of initial consonant sounds in nearby works. waffled, wiggled and waivered.

rate, 296

is the speed at which you speak words. Most of us speak between 225 and 175 a minute 150 is the average. When you speak to quickly the audience finds it difficult to keep up . Slowly you communicate a lack of self confidence.

event/person speech, 358

make solid informative speeches. a speech about an event focuses on something that happens regularly .

sexist language, 264

suggest that the two sexes are unequal, and that one gender has more status and value and is more capable than the other. Avoid this

pronunciation, 299

the focus is on whether the words themselves are said correctly. To avoid problems with this use a dictionary or check a reputable pronunciation guide online. incorrect can lead to creditability issues.

psychographics, pag 102

Use to learn about audience members, studies how the audience see themselves, their attitudes toward various issues, their motives for being there and how they feel about your topic, you and the event. Provides additional clues to their likely reactions.

chronological order, pg 190

Use to organize the body of your speech you explain to the audience the order in which events happened. A time pattern can be used as an organizational style. Useful in informative speaking it helps you organize your main points from earliest to latest etc.

ethical communication, pg 54

communication that is honest and accurate, and reflective, not only of your best interests, but also the best interests of others.

triangle of meaning, 252

devised by communication theroists Ogdena d Richards provides a model of the tenouous relationships among words, thoughts and feelings.

values, 382

referred to as core beliefs are enduring and deeply ingrained indicators of what we each feel is good or bad, right or wrong.

manuscript reading, 278

requires that you write a manuscript in full and deliver it work for word, but you need not commit the text to memory. Must deliver it expressively

source

the speaker or source, that participates in the communication. Pg 7

process/procedure speech, 362

third category of informative speeches How to speeches

marginalized group, pg 48

A group whose members feel like outsiders, may respond passively, or confrontationally in their efforts to not stay on the outside but reach their goals relative to the dominant culture.

topical order, pg 195

A linear organization, which is when your speech does not fit into any of the other patterns, you may arrange your material into a series of appropriate topics. Can be the pros and cons of a topic, categorical arrangements that look at the social, political, and economic factors that contribute to a problem, perceptions of the lower, middle and upper classes, divisional structure that breaks the material into units. You can intermingle time, spatial, cause and effect or problem-solution order. subdivisions can serve as a mnemonic.

spatial order, pg 192

A linear organizer that can be used if you visualize subjects in space. Is used most often in informational speeches Example, discuss the planets in order of their proximity to the sun, or describe the inner working of an electronic phone.

problem-solution order, pg 194

A linear organizer whereby the speaker first reveals a significant problem that needs a resolution and then a solution to alleviate the problem. It is often selected to persuade. A speech divides into two main points. A speaker may discuss the advantages of the solution as well . When this happens there is a 3rd main point which is the advantages.

volume, 295

A second vocal characteristic affecting the meaning of spoken words, is the loudness or softness of the voice, its intensity. You don's want to speak so softly that you underwhelm your receivers or so loudly that you overwhelm them. Good breath control lets you vary your volume as needed.

closure, 245

A very effective means of giving a speech psychological symmetry or balance is to refer in the conclusion to ideas explored in the introduction which is called this. It helps audiences acknowledge the wholeness and completeness of their presentations,.

wiki, pg 149

A website whose content is composed and edited by members of the public. Useful in introducing a subject but it's use should be limited because their info is sometimes inaccurate given that anyone can write and edit it.

subordination

The part of an outline ,the support the underlying your main points.

antithesis, 267

Another means to add vividness to a speech, achieves its objective by presenting opposites within the same or adjoining sentences. the speaker can sharpen the message and clarify a point. Increases the dramatic impact of a speech.

closed-ended questions, pg 107

Are highly structures, requiring only that the respondent indicate which of the provided responses most accurately reflects his answer in a question. part of research audience attitudes.

configural formats, pg 196

Are less explicit in offering hard evidence and proof in defense of a position and more listener responsible in organization. Instead of previewing and discussing main points one at a time, configural thinkers approach their subject from a variety of perspectives, using examples, and stories to carry the crux of their message. They believe the explicit stating of a message is unnecessary. instead of stating the conclusion the speakers lead receivers to their goal indirectly and by implication. The audience needs to do more work.

emblems, 310

Are nonverbal symbols that have a direct verbal translation and are widely understood by the members of a culture. Gestures may mean different things to different people.

channel

Are pathways or media through which messages are carried. Auditory channel carry our spoken work, visual channel carries our gestures, facial expressions and postural cues and vocal channel carries cues such as rate, quality, volume and pitch of speech. Communication is usually a multi channel event. pG 7

belief, pg 102

Are what we hold to be true and false, they are the building blocks that help to explain our attitudes. They influence the way we process messages. The attitudes that we hold help direct our responses to everything including speech. Attitudes are evaluative so it ranges from favorable to unfavorable.

causal transitions, pg 210

Are words like because, therefore, and consequently, Helps show the cause and effect relationships between ideas

proposition of policy, 391

Asks receivers to support a change in policy and or to take action a remedy an existing situation or solve a perceived problem. You recommend a change and your goal is to earn either the audience members approval of the policy you are advocating or their overt participation in an action program.

overt lie, pg 55

Avoid this, concealing sensitive information. it is a violation of the unspoken bond between the speaker and receivers. whenever you hope to convey a false impression or convince another to believe something that you yourself do not believe, your are lying.

covert lie pg 55

Avoid this, that is, deliberately lying by distorting facts. whenever you hope to convey a false impression or convince another to believe something that you yourself do not believe, your are lying.

message

Bothe verbal and non verbal are sent and received. The words and visual we use to express our ideas and feelings, the sounds of our voices, and our body language or nonverbal communication make up the content of our communication and convey information. Everything we do as senders and receivers has potential message value for those observing us. Pg 7

common ground, 248

By reaffirming the concerns and interest a speaker and audience share in common, the speaker reinforces this and increases the likelihood that the audience will respond as the speaker desires. Should be used in the conclusion

human visual aid, 325

Can be effective visual aid if her role is well planned, the role is tailored to meet the needs of the presentation, and she is not allowed to distract audience members. Rules for using a human aid, make sure they are willing and committed to helping you accomplish our objectives, be sure to rehearse with this person prior to the big day, keep in mind that any human visual aid is subordinate to your speech.

explanations, pg 168

Can be used to clarify an anticipated lack of subject familiarity of the audience. used to facilitate understanding.

literal analogy, pg 172

Compares two things from similar classes for example two viruses. Things being compared need to be close enough to one another s. They come off as more logical then emotional so the audience is more apt to accept them as true. " If you loved the film saw you will love the grudge"

figurative analogy, pg 173

Compares two things that are distinctively dissimilar and that at first appear to have little in common with each other. " a horror movie is like a fairy tale" They are use to awaken the collective imagination of the audience, to prod them into accepting that two things that appear to have little in common actually share one or more vital similarities. Primary purpose is to explain the unfamiliar by relating it to something the audience is more familiar with. The analogy should be readily apparent.

idea/concept speech, 352

Define and explore an object, animate or inanimate.

narrative, pg 165

Extended examples are known as this, also called illustrations/anecdotes. ore detailed and vivid then brief examples, they are built very much like a story: they are open, reveal a complication, contain a climax and describe a resolution. They are emotionally compelling. They are longer and consume time. they give a real sense of drama to a speech. They touch audience members and pull the audience into the speech and focuses their attention

definitions, pg 170

Help bridge cultural diversity, enhance audience understanding and facilitate audience acceptance of a speaker's ideas. it clarifies particular words or concepts meaning, and how you hope your audience will interpret the words or concepts you use. they are useful when the audience is unfamiliar with the way you are using key terms.

drawings and maps, 334

Help illustrate key differences, movements, or geographic information. these visual translate complex info into a format that receivers can grasp readily.

chronological transitions, 210

Help the listener understand the time relationship between the first main point and the one that follows. Before, after, later, at the same time, while and finally

plagiarism, pg 58

Includes both misrepresentation and lying. The word itself derives from Latin meaning kidnapper, When you do this you kidnap or steal the ideas and words of another and claim them as your own. You need to attribute the source, indicate when you are quoting or paraphrasing and use and credit a variety of sources.

Euphemism, 262

Indirect expressions that make it easier for speakers to handle unpleasant subjects but often they also make it harder for audiences to develop a clear and accurate perception of what the speaker is saying.

low context communication, pg 49

Individualistic cultures use this. North Americans tend to speak this when addressing an issue head on. An American speaker will contradict what another person has said directly in an effort to promote his own position

web pattern, pg 196

Is a configural format, which threads of thought refer back to the speaker's central purpose; although it may seem that the speaker may be off topic at point. To receivers in other cultures the tangents the speaker explore are connected to the speaker's topic and make it more meaningful.

culture pg 47

Is a system of knowledge beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors and artifacts(objects made or used by humans) that we learn, accepts and use in daily life. Typically cultural norms are passes from the senior to newer members of a group. Adept speakers use this to adapt to different audiences.

ethics, pg 54

Is an exploration of how values help distinguish actions. They express society's notions about the rightness or wrongness of an act. , the distinction between virtue and vise, and where to draw the line between what we should and shouldn't do.

noise

Is anything that interferes with our ability to send or receive a message. noise doesn't have to be a sound, physical discomfort and psychological state, intellectual ability or the environment can create noise. It can enter communication at any point, come from the context, the channel, the message or the persons themselves. Different languages, translators, generational terms, jargon and technical terms play a role in noise. Pg 7

process anxiety

Is fear of preparing a speech. You doubt your ability to select a topic, research it, and organize your ideas. Pg. 11

performance anxiety

Is fear of presenting a speech, You stress about delivering the speech, fearful that you'll tremble, forget what you are going to say, do something embarrassing, not make sense to the receivers, unable to complete the speech or be assessed as a poor speaker. pg 11

feedback

Is information we receive in response to a message we have sent. Tells us how we are doing, how audiences are reacting to our message. Applause is positive feedback and reinforces our speech, Negative feedback is silent stares, leads us to eliminate ineffective behaviors. Internal feedback is that which you give yourself (you laugh at a joke you tell) external feedback comes from others, (audience laughs at your joke) Page 7

pitch, 294

Is the higness or lowness of your voice. on a tonal scale, its your voice's upward or downward inflections. There is a habitual pitch, the level we speak most often, optimal pitch, which is wear our voice functions best and were we have extensive vocal variation up and down the scale.

situational/cultural context

Is the setting or environment for communication. Every message occurs w/cultural and social meanings, conditions of place and time influence both behavior and the outcome of the communication. Page 7.

hyperbole, 268

Is the use of extreme exaggeration for effect. When used for emphasis or to spur the imagination of receivers, it can be effective.

centering

Is used to help address mental effects of speech anxiety When we direct our thoughts internally. Centering breath is key to this. An example of thought stopping Pg 13

thought stopping

Is used to help address mental effects of speech anxiety, make self talk work in your favor. Every time you find yourself thinking an upsetting or anxiety producing thought, say to yourself "stop" and tell yourself, "calm". An example of this is cognitive restructuring and centering. Pg 13

cognitive restructuring

Is used to help address mental effects of speech anxiety. A technique that focuses attention on our thoughts rather than on our bodily reactions. Works by altering the beliefs people have abut themselves and their abilities. What helps with irrational self talk is to prepare note card and rehearsing your speech aloud numerous times in front of mirror or others. An example of thought stopping Pg 13

centering breath

Is used to help address mental effects of speech anxiety. This is designed to help us focus on the task mentally. Take a deep breath, follow it w/strong exhalation and muscle relaxation. Helps you narrow your focus on the external task. pg 13

public speaking anxiety (PSA)

Known as PSA, is a variant of communication anxiety that affects some 40-80 % of all speakers. It has two dimensions; process and performance anxiety. Pg 11

speaking from memory, 277

Known as oratory, requires considerable skill and speaking expertise. You don't use an outline or notes and there is pressure with this. You could draw a blank. Memorizing your speech makes it easier to maintain eye contact, your hands are freer to gesture.

MYGLO(My eyes glaze over)

My Eye's glaze over. This is what happens when you lose the attention of receivers, something you don't want to experience. Occurs when speakers veer off course. you need to not only account for your interests but also the audience. Pg 21

cultural identity pg 50

Need insight into this, the internalization of culturally appropriate beliefs, values and roles acquired through interacting with members or our cultural group. It is a product of our group memberships. we form identities based on these group memberships with cultural notions influencing what means to be a group member.

statistics, pg 174

Numbers that are used to clarify and strengthen our ideas and claims to express the seriousness of a situation and the magnitude of a problem

subordinate points, 205

Or subpoints are the foundation on which larger ideas are constructed

linear formats, pg 189

Organization of a speech, if it's main points develop and relate directly to the thesis or topic sentence that comes early in the presentation. A speaker develops ideas step by step relying on facts and data to support each main point. The speaker links each main point to other main ideas via a series of transitions.

coordination

Part of the outline that the main points should be relatively equal in importance. Pg. 26

communication

Public speaking ability is a vital means of this. Every day speakers share their ideas informing others, influencing them and bringing about change. The ability to speak in public is a powerful skill. pg 3

rhetorical questions 226

Questions requiring no overt answer or response, they are curiosity arousers and suspense builders. listeners mull over how to respond so their participation is ensured.

open question, pg 140

Questions that let the interviewer answer with more than one word answer or a simple yes or no.

cause and effect order, pg 193

Requires you to categorize your materials into those related to the cause of a problem and those related to its effect. you then decide which aspect to explore first. This technique is quite versatile, they are used in informative and persuasive speeches

interpreting, pg 74

Seek to understand the message from the speakers perspective, keeps us from imposing our meaning onto the speaker's ideas.

one-sided presentation, pg 99

Simplistic. you are giving one perspective to the audience. Maybe an uneducated audience

signposts, 213

Speakers use this to make receivers aware that they are about to explain something share an important idea, or let audience know where they are in the progression of a speech. They are indicated by an array of signaling cues such as numbers, "first, Second" or phrases designed ot focus the receiver's attention like "you'll especially want to keep this in mind. Facilitates the speaker's movement from idea to idea. Also signal the end of a speech To sum up,

immediacy, 315

The amount of space between presenter and receivers can create a sense of closeness or suggest instead that a great distance exists between them. The goal is for you to use space in a way that enhances delivery.

main points, 204

The basic structure of a speech begins with this. the key ideas or central themes of the speech, like a skeleton. these ideas serve as the framework for the outline that make the speech successful

ethnocentricity

The belief that our own group or culture is better than other groups or cultures-makes speakers think they share nothing in common with the members of their audience. Feelings of difference make it harder to find common ground which in turn increases the anxiety about making a speech. Pg 11

persuasion,380

The deliberate attempt to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors, permeates society.

speech-thought differential, pg 86

The difference between what the average speaker speaks and what the average listener comprehends

body of the speech

The part of the speech that elaborates on the main points first. When it is done, you then bring it together with an intro that orients the audience to your topic, piques their attention/interest, states your thesis and previews your main points and conclusion that restates your thesis in a memorable way, reminds receivers of how your main points supported it, and motivates them. pg 26

audience analysis, pg93

The process of gathering and interpreting information about receivers, so you can adapt your message to meet and reflect heir needs and interests.

thesis statement

The purpose of this is to express the central idea of your speech. It reflects your narrowed topic by declaring what you want the speech to accomplish. In just one sentence it presents an overview of what your speech is about. Pg 24

field of experience

The sum of all or our experiences, which influences our attitudes toward the speech event and our receivers, affecting both our desire to communicate and the way we do it. Pg. 8

open-ended questions, pg 108

These allow a respondent even greater freedom in answering questions. They invite participants to answer in their own works. they produce more detailed and personal responses. They are however harder to interpret and may not even deliver the desired information. Use in research of audience attitudes.

effects of communication

They cannot be erased, they become part of the total field of experience we bring to the next communication event. IT is cumulative which add up and have the potential to alter our perceptions and behaviors. Pg 8

deferred thesis pattern, pg 196

This is a configural format in which the main points of a speech gradually build up to the speakers thesis, which the speaker does not reveal until the speech his nearly over.

spotlighting, 264

This is a sexist language practice that is used to reinforce the notion that men and not women set the standard. saying women doctor is an example instead of spokesperson. this language equalizes rather than highlights the gender.,

primary research, pg 136

This is often overlooked. it is original research involving the collecting of first hand data, including using your knowledge and experiences, conducting surveys and interviewing credible sources.

internal preview, 212

This is similar to a transition in that it helps hold your speech together. Previews are usually longer than simple transitions. They help prepare the audience to listen and retain the important info that will follow. Can help the audience determine precisely where you are in your presentation and where you are heading.

abstraction, 366

Vague messages.

sound bite speaking, 282

Want to avoid this Short bursts

hearing, pg 72

We receive aural stimuli or sounds. We can tune stimuli out. Attending is part of hearing and speakers have to gain audience attention but also retain it.

evaluating, pg 74

We use critical thinking skills to weigh the worth of the speaker's message, evaluate what we heard and understood.

extemporaneous speaking, 281

When a speech is prepared and not practiced in advance but is neither written out word for word not memorized. Uses only an outline as a memory joggers.

refutation format, 390

When arguing against previously espoused position you first note the stance being refuted, state your position, support it and demonstrate vividly why our position undermines the one previously stated.

hypothetical examples, pg 166

When you integrate brief or extended examples that have not actually occurred into your speeches. Speakers are ethically bound to let audiences know whenever they use one. The audiences must accept that the fictional scenarios you create could really happen. The function is not to trick the audience into believing something that is not true but can be used when you cannot find an factual example, whether brief or extended that suits your purpose, or you want to exaggerate your point, or to encourage your audience to suspend disbelief and imaging themselves facing a particular scenario. Don't use one that is too far fetched. Can be used when someone's privacy is at stake. Can be used to help personalize topics by inviting them to visualize themselves involved.

transitions, 210

Work as bridges from idea to idea. Also as the mortar or glue to hold the ideas together so the audience perceives a completed presentation rather than an array of unrelated concepts. There are 4 types of transitions: chronological, contrasting, causal, complementary.

concrete, 366

You enhance your message with sufficient specificity and detail for audience members to form clear mental pictures, grounding your ideas in specific references rather than vague

specific purpose

Your speech should have this, a single sentence specifying your goal. Pg 24

narrative pattern, pg 196

a configural format in which the speaker tells a story or series of stories w/o stating a thesis or developing it with main points.

two sided presentation, pg 99

a more knowledgeable audience you want to deliver this, which is the type of presentation that allows audience members to consider alternative perspectives.

pictograph 331

a simplified version of an infographic is this, which includes pictorial representations of a graph's subject.

information overload, 351

a speech which fails to provide anything new.

onomatopoeia, 267

a word or words imitating natural sounds, also enhance vividness. plop, plop, plop

lay testimony, pg 179

also called peer testimony is the opinions of people who are not necessarily recognized authorities but 'ordinary people" who have firsthand experience with the subject. Provides audience with more personal insights, the speaker shares the feelings, the reactions and the knowledge of individual who have been there.

proposition of fact, 385

are conclusions asserting that something does or does not exist, is or is not true or is not valid. affirm or deny the existence of something, ort he relationship between two or more things.

object speech, 353

can cover anything tangible, a machine, a buildings, a structure or a place.

graphs, 328

can help speakers communicate statistical information, illustrate tends, and demonstrate patterns. Most commonly used are line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, and pictographs.

understanding, pg 73

focus on meaning, using your own reservoir of information to decode a message. Don't judge the message until you are sure you can comprehend and can summarize the key ideas.

probing questions, pg 140

follow up open questions with these which seek more information such as Why did you make that decision. It proved needed clarification an lets the interviewee know that you have a keen interest in the topic and that you are carefully listening to what is being said.

presentation aids, 321

graphics, show a photo or film segment or maybe add dramatic music to supplement your words.

chart, 333

help compress or summarize large amounts of information. they simplify note talking and help audiences remember. the most commonly used chart is one that combines descriptions with graphics.

complementary transitions, 210

help the speaker add one idea to the next. Also, next, in addition to and likewise

figurative language, 265

helps your audience picture your meaning. while the sound and rhythm of certain words help them sense your intensity. Imagery helps keep you messaage vivid.

pie graph, 330

illustrate either percentages of a whole or distribution patterns. Also referred to as a circle graph, they are the simplest way of representing percentages graphically.

contrasting transitions, 210

include terms such as but, on the one hand/on the other hand, in contrast and in spite of. They show how the idea that follows differs from the ones that precede it.

secondary research, pg 142

included published statistics, texts, and articles by experts, together with media and personal documents. the library is your ally.

demographic profile, pg, 96

is a composite of characteristics including age, gender, educational level, racial, ethnic or cultural ties, group affiliations and socioeconomic background. You should keep the make up of your audience in mind.

simile, 66

is a direct comparison of dissimilar things, usually with the words like, or as . Builds an indirect comparison

attitude, 380

is a mental set or predisposition that leads us to respond to or evaluate people, places, things or events positively or negatively.

racist language, 64

is another form of discriminatory language. this dehumanizes the members of the group being attacked. it is the deliberate, purposeful, and hurtful use of words intended to oppress someone of a different color.

Monroe's motivated sequence, 395

is another organizational framework that speakers on propositions of policy find particularly effective in motivating receivers to act. Alan Monroe, a prof of speech developed this framework 30 years ago, Phase one, attention, phase 2 needs, phase 3 satisfaction, phase 4 visualization, phase 5, action.

impromptu speaking, 280

is delivered off the cuff and with little, if any, prior notice or preparation. Given on a moments notice. requires you to think on your feet. You only have your knowledge and previous experience.

expert testimony, pg 178

is provided by sources recognized as authorities on your topic, when you cite this expert and establish his reputation you enhance your credibility and that of our speech as well. It is introduced in speeches by using a source's direct quotations or by paraphrasing the source's words.

inductive reasoning, 258

is reasoning that relies on observation and specifi instances or examples to build a case or agreement.

deductive reasoning, 256

is reasoning that takes a known idea or general principle and applies it to a situation.

cultural diversity pg 44

is the recognition and valuing of differences. It encompasses such factors as age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education , marital status, sexual orientation, and income. We need to demonstrate respect so we reduce the chance of alienating the members of the audience.

denotative meaning

is the word's dictionary definition, precise and objective. Audience is not a dictionary and they should know the meaning of the words you use.

proxemics, 315

the use of space and distance in communication can also benefit speakers.

bar graph,329

is useful for comparing or contrasting two or more items or groups. they can be either horizontal or vertical, the bars should be or equal widths. Usually easy for the uninitiated to read and interpret and makes the data more meaningful and dramatic for receivers.

connotative meaning, 256

is variable and subjective. it includes all the feelings and personal associations that a word stimulates. Communication obsticles. IF you fail to consider this a word could evoke the audience to misunderstand you.

scaled questions, pg 107

make it possible of a respondent to indicate his or her view along a continuum or scale that ranges by degree from polar opposites such as strongly agree to strongly disagree thereby allowing the respondent more leeway than do closed ended questions.

political correctness, 263

means using words that convey respect for and sensitivity to the needs and interests of different groups. We may adapt our language when speaking to others in a different cultures. We feel compelled by societal pressures not to use some words for fear that doing so would cause the audience to percieve us as either racist or sexist.

twitter speak, 282

most instructors of speech don't want you to use this. But there are some speaking situations where this now required.

heterogeneous audience, pg 96

one composed of persons of diverse ages with different characteristics, attitudes, values and knowledge. Your goal is to include all groups, paying attention to the kinds of demographic data you can use to help enhance communication with them. More of these types of audiences.

homogenous audience, pg 96

one whose members are similar in age, have similar characteristics, attitudes, values, and knowledge-is rare. Your goal is to include all groups, paying attention to the kinds of demographic data you can use to help enhance communication with them

self-talk

our internal communication, fans the flames or our fears instead of extinguishing them. We create a self fulfilling prophecy, we form an expectation and adjust our behavior to match so the result is that the expectation we created becomes true. Can cause unnecessary problems if our thoughts are negative. Pg 13

receiver

participate in communication, the person listening to the speaker. Pg 7

high context communication, pg 49

predominant in collectivistic cultures, Asian countries rely on this style which avoids conflict. Asian speaker's comments are likely to be more indirect, subtle, vague.

proposition of value, 389

provides an answer to questions like these. What is bad, what is right, what is moral. Represents your assertion of a statement's worth. IT represents a conclusion or claim regarding a judgment made in a statement.

outline

provides the skeleton upon which you hang your main ideas and support. Two principles guide its creation: coordination and subordination. You use both in your outline. Pg 26

repetition, 367

reusing the exact same word and restatement, rephrasing an idea in different words to more fully explain it. they strike a delicate balance between repetition and newness, so don't become overly repetitious because the audience will find it boring.

peer testimony, pg 179

same as lay testimony

descriptions, pg 169

speakers use this to produce fresh and striking word pictures designed to provoke sensory reactions in audience members, creating greater message vividness. Speakers descriptions transport the audience

jargon and techno speak, 260

speakers who spout unfamiliar words to uninitiated audiences succeed only in communication their stuffiness and pretentiousness. No real meaning can occur because the audience has not idea what the speaker is talking about.

informative speech, 351

speeches about objects and ideas, people and events and processes and procedures.

computer generated graphics, 338

technology is helping transform ordinary presentations into extraordinary speechmaking events. You need to be selective when deciding to use one. If your presentation is not prepared with care the slides may upstage the speaker, overpower the message or drain a speech of its vitality.

critical thinking pg 60

the ability to explore an issue or situation, integrate all of the available information about it, arrive at a conclusion and validate a position, plays a key role in public speaking. Both the speaker and receiver need to be critical thinkers. They do not accept info without weighing its value.

internal summary, 213

the internal preview precedes the information you are discussing this follows it. It helps speakers clarify or emphasize what they have said. It is common to combine an internal summary with an internal preview.

main points

the major ideas your speech will relay to receives. You will have 2 or 3 mail points, with each main point supporting your expressed thesis. pg 25

understatement, 268

the opposite of hyperbole, drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance. makes your message more striking, your ideas more intense, and your presentation more vivid. Adds creativity and brings your speech to life.

proposition, 385

the relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions. Each kid requires you to use particular types of evidence, motivational appeals and methods of organization.

extemporaneous outline, 218

this help you speak from brief notes, instead of from a script or word for word manuscripts. This outline contains brief notes that remind you of the key parts of your speech and references to the support you will use to develop each point. You deliver this outline after you have practiced a few times with a detailed outline. When you are comfortable and familiar with material you use this. You try to keep the notes as brief as possible so your not tempted to read them. u can use delivery cues like emphasize. Print or type in larch block letters and use a few key words.

line graph, 328

trends over time. , If designed poorly it can be confusing. When designed well, is one of the easiest types of visual for audiences to follow.

remembering, pg 73

we mentally save what we've gained from the speaker's message fro further use. A good speaker builds redundancy to increase memory.

responding, pg 75

we react and provide feedback, speakers radar-did they miss the mark or are they on target

self-analysis

what motivates you and makes you tick which helps you become a better speaker. This is a pre-requisite Pg 20

testimony pg, 178

when speakers are use the opinions of others either to support positions they are taking or to reinforce claims they are making. Audiences are more influenced when you supplement your personal opinions with expert opinions.

co-culture pg 47

within a culture are these, they are composed of members of the same general culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.

reasons approach, 390

works well if listeners are either neutral on or only slightly acquainted with the speaker's subject. With each reason presented as a main point, the speaker offers a rationale designed to justify the speech's goal.