The Respiratory System

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

B

Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

B

Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can A) move the cricoid cartilage. B) close the glottis. C) constrict the trachea. D) move food from the larynx to the esophagus. E) assist in breathing during exercise.

B

A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness? A) Pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells. B) Pressure changes too fast and the carbon dioxide in the blood forms bubbles. C) Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles. D) The gas in the SCUBA tank had too much pressure and rapid ascent forces too much air into the blood. E) Pressure increases too fast and too much oxygen enters the blood and forms bubbles.

C

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation.

C

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form A) hydrochloric acid. B) oxygen. C) carbonic acid. D) carbaminohemoglobin. E) nitric acid.

C

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior

C

Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

C

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) ventricular folds. D) vocal folds. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

D

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood A) as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma. B) as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. C) combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. D) as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma. E) as carbonic acid in the red blood cells.

D

Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

D

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

D

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except A) filtering the air. B) warming the air. C) humidifying the air. D) acting as a damping chamber when coughing. E) acting as a resonating chamber in speech.

D

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) contraction of laryngeal muscles. D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles. E) extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments.

D

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina. A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts

D

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) interlobular septa.

D

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea.

D

The conchae A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening into the pharynx. C) provide a surface for the sense of smell. D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.

D

The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid.

D

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages. A) cricothyroid B) innominate C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid

D

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottis B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid

D

The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) vestibular folds. D) cricothyroid ligament. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

D

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? A) from the blood into the tissue cells B) from the blood into the lungs C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the lungs into the blood

D

________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate

D

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

D

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) epiglottic E) vestibular

A

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) bronchioles.

A

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) All of the answers are correct.

A

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is: A) inversely proportional to volume of its container. B) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. C) directly proportional to temperature. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) directly proportional to the volume of its container.

A

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the A) lips. B) nose. C) nasal cavity. D) pharynx. E) paranasal sinuses.

A

Dalton's Law of gases relates to: A) partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases B) temperature and pressure of gases C) solubility of gases D) gas pressure and saturation of hemoglobin E) volume and gas pressure

A

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) medial

A

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation: A) rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles D) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles E) pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

A

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) a person would stop breathing. B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. C) the respiratory minute volume would increase. D) tidal volumes would decrease. E) alveolar ventilation would increase.

A

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? A) decreases B) increases and possibly damages the lungs C) increases twice the amount of the increase in volume D) remains constant E) increases

A

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

A

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________. A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi B) lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi C) intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi D) trachea; pharynx E) secondary bronchi; alveolar ducts

A

A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) increase the rate of breathing. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) decrease the vital capacity.

B

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

A

Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these except A) bronchoconstriction. B) a bigger lumen. C) less airway resistance. D) activation of beta-two receptors. E) relaxation.

A

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea. C) it facilitates turning of the head. D) the bronchi are also C-shaped. E) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.

A

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. A) pharynx B) esophagus C) trachea D) windpipe E) right mainstem bronchus

A

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.

A

The auditory tubes open into the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasal cavity.

A

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottic

A

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.

A

The number of lobes in the right lung is A) greater than the number of lobes in the left lung. B) less than the number of lobes in the left lung. C) equal to the number of lobes in the left lung.

A

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in A) venous blood. B) alveolar air. C) expired air. D) inspired air. E) arterial blood.

A

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.

A

The respiratory mucosa consists of A) epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue. B) dense irregular connective. C) stratified squamous cells. D) fibrocartilage. E) All of the answers are correct.

A

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) four lobes; three lobes

A

What is one atmosphere of pressure? A) 760 mm Hg B) 1000 mm Hg C) 105 mm Hg D) 45 mm Hg E) 650 mm Hg

A

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.

A

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

A

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomical dead space E) forced vital capacity

A

Which of the following is not true about the pharynx? A) shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems B) nasopharynx is superior C) oropharynx connects to oral cavity D) laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening E) solids, liquids, and gases pass through

A

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) oropharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli

A

During quiet breathing, A) only the internal intercostal muscles contract. B) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. C) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.

B

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 75

B

External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

B

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.

B

Secondary bronchi supply air to the A) lungs. B) lobes of the lungs. C) lobules of the lungs. D) alveoli. E) alveolar ducts.

B

Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, except A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. B) a drop in tidal volume. C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. D) a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.

B

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) internal respiratory tract. D) alveoli of the respiratory tract. E) respiratory mucosa.

B

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.

B

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.

B

The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n) A) intubation. B) tracheostomy. C) tunnelization. D) trachectomy. E) catheterization.

B

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) aeropharynx. E) internal pharynx.

B

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of DPG E) All of the answers are correct.

B

In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) inspiration is deep and forceful.

C

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A) less resistance to flow. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. E) it dries out the mouth.

C

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.

C

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasal cavity

C

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. A) 1.0 cm; 15-20 B) 1.0 cm; 10-15 C) 2.5 cm; 15-20 D) 2.5 cm; 40-50 E) 4.5 cm; 60-80

C

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

C

The glottis is A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. B) a flap of elastic cartilage. C) the opening to the larynx. D) the opening to the pharynx. E) part of the hard palate.

C

The larynx contains ________ cartilages. A) 14 B) 6 C) 9 D) 2 E) 5

C

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway. A) conducting B) exchange C) respiratory D) sinus E) primary

C

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) inspiratory D) expiratory E) ventral respiratory

C

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.

C

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.

C

The vocal folds are located within the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) larynx. D) trachea. E) bronchi.

C

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A) humidify the incoming air B) dehumidify the outgoing air C) dehumidify the incoming air D) trap particulate matter E) cool outgoing air

C

Which of these age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lung's compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.

C

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance

C

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

C

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) greater than intraalveolar pressure. B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) less than intrapulmonic pressure. D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

E

Boyle's Law of Gases states that A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

E

Carbonic anhydrase A) is in RBCs. B) is an enzyme. C) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. D) can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for A) pH. B) PO2. C) PCO2. D) PO2 and PCO2 only. E) pH, PO2, and PCO2.

E

During swallowing, the A) intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract. B) extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract. C) glottis closes. D) epiglottis is depressed. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

E

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.

E

The respiratory defense system is important because it A) helps filter the air. B) helps warm the air. C) keeps out debris. D) keeps out pathogens. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages C) contains many mucous glands D) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

E

________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. A) Exposure to noxious stimuli B) Exposure to unpleasant stimuli C) Exposure to allergens D) Exposure to debris or pathogens E) All of the answers are correct.

E