The Urinary system

c) much higher than

Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is __________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole. a) lower than b) higher than c) much higher than d) much lower than

c) afferent arterioles; glomeruli

Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________. a) vasa recta; venules b) efferent arterioles; glomeruli c) afferent arterioles; glomeruli d) None of the listed responses is correct.

a) exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions

Countercurrent refers to the __________. a) exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions b) exchange occurring between fluids moving in the same direction c) lack of exchange between two fluids d) None of the listed responses is correct.

b) renal medulla

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? a) renal cortex b) renal medulla c) renal hilum d) renal pelvis

a) filtration

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? a) filtration b) secretion c) cotransport d) reabsorption

b) proximal convoluted tubule

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? a) collecting duct b) proximal convoluted tubule c) distal convoluted tubule d) nephron loop

d) nephron loop

In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur? a) proximal convoluted tubule b) distal convoluted tubule c) collecting duct d) nephron loop

c) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions? a) glomerular capsule and proximal convoluted tubule b) proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule c) distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct d) nephron loop and proximal convoluted tubule

b) cortex

In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles? a) medulla b) cortex c) renal pelvis d) renal sinus

c) renal column

In which region would you find interlobar arteries? a) renal sinus b) renal pyramid c) renal column d) cortex

c) produce concentrated urine

Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________. a) produce little urine b) account for 85 percent of all nephrons c) produce concentrated urine d) do not produce urine

c) glomerular filtration rate

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. a) filtration pressure b) vasa recta filtration rate c) glomerular filtration rate d) countercurrent multiplication

c) trigone

The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. a) rugae b) renal pelvis c) trigone d) detrusor

a) the vasa recta

The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________. a) the vasa recta b) glomeruli c) the juxtaglomerular complex d) the glomerular capsule

b) transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine

The collecting system __________. a) adjusts the concentration and composition of urine b) transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine c) transports fluid to the renal pelvis d) is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

d) net filtration pressure

The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________. a) capsular hydrostatic pressure b) glomerular filtration rate c) glomerular hydrostatic pressure d) net filtration pressure

c) cotransport

What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient? a) osmosis b) facilitated diffusion c) cotransport d) pinocytosis

b) ureter

What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? a) trigone b) ureter c) urethra d) renal pelvis

d) renal artery

Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney? a) hepatic artery b) splenic artery c) left gastric artery d) renal artery

c) Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH

Which of the following conditions does NOT occur as the urinary system ages? a) The number of functional nephrons declines. b) The GFR declines. c) Nephrons become more sensitive to ADH. d) Problems occur with the micturition reflex.

a) diabetes insipidus

Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production? a) diabetes insipidus b) diabetes mellitus type 2 c) diabetes mellitus type 1 d) None of the listed responses is correct.

d) A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport? a) The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another. b) The membrane of a single tubular cell contains more than one type of carrier protein. c) In carrier-mediated transport, a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein. d) A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions.

a) adaptive immunity

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? a) adaptive immunity b) conservation of nutrients c) regulation of blood volume d) controlling calcium levels

c) glucose

Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine? a) ammonia b) urea c) glucose d) creatinine

c) increase in the GFR

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advanced age on the urinary system? a) problems with urinary retention in males due to enlarged prostate b) increase in the formation of kidney stones c) increase in the GFR d) reduced sensitivity to ADH

d) increased sensitivity to ADH

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the urinary system? a) problems with urinary retention b) reduction in the GFR c) decline in the number of functional nephrons d) increased sensitivity to ADH

a) osmosis

Which of the following is NOT an example of carrier-mediated transport? a) osmosis b) cotransport c) facilitated diffusion d) active transport

d) glucose

Which of the following is NOT found in normal urine? a) sodium b) creatinine c) urea d) glucose

c) renal fascia

Which of the following is a dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures? a) parietal peritoneum b) fibrous capsule c) renal fascia d) perinephric fat capsule

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? a) countertransport b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure c) capsular hydrostatic pressure d) blood colloid osmotic pressure

c) nephron loop

Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments? a) collecting system b) distal convoluted tubule c) nephron loop d) proximal convoluted tubule

a) It is the site of the adrenal glands.

Which of the following statements about the hilum of the kidney is FALSE? a) It is the site of the adrenal glands. b) It is a prominent indentation. c) It is the point of entry of the renal artery and renal nerves. d) All of the listed responses are false; none is true.

True

An immune response that produces large amounts of antibodies can lead to glomerulonephritis. True False

a) in the nephron loop

A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________. a) in the nephron loop b) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) c) in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) d) in the renal corpuscle

b) more concentrated

After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________. a) extremely alkaline b) more concentrated c) unchanged d) less concentrated

b) regulates potassium and sodium exchange

Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule. a) regulates glucose and amino acid exchange b) regulates potassium and sodium exchange c) regulates water reabsorption d) regulates osmolarity of urine

a) chloride ions

Each of the following substances is secreted by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) EXCEPT __________. a) chloride ions b) ammonium ions c) potassium ions d) hydrogen ions

a) the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure

Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________. a) the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure b) the difference between the blood pressure and the glomerular filtration rate c) the addition of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure d) None of the listed responses is correct.

d) All of the listed responses are correct.

Reabsorption and secretion at the kidneys involve __________. a) osmosis b) diffusion c) carrier-mediated transport d) All of the listed responses are correct.

True

Release of renin leads to an increase in glomerular pressure. True False

b) a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney

The fibrous capsule is __________. a) a dense outer layer of fibers that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures b) a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney c) a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds each kidney d) the outermost region of each kidney

c) in the opposite direction of

The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb. a) in the same direction as b) faster than c) in the opposite direction of d) slower than

d) regulating body temperature

The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes b) regulating blood volume and blood pressure c) stabilizing blood pH d) regulating body temperature

d) All of the listed responses are correct.

The functions of the urinary system include which of the following? a) stabilizing pH b) detoxifying poisons c) regulating ion concentrations d) All of the listed responses are correct.

d) renal corpuscle

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the __________. a) vasa recta b) cortical radiate arteries c) renal papilla d) renal corpuscle

d) medulla

The inner layer of the kidney is the __________. a) renal papilla b) cortex c) renal sinus d) medulla

False

The juxtaglomerular complex is the site of the release of aldosterone and ADH. True False

d) All of the listed responses are correct.

The kidneys are __________. a) posterior to the spleen, stomach, and liver b) each surrounded by a fibrous capsule, adipose, and renal fascia c) in a retroperitoneal location behind the parietal peritoneum d) All of the listed responses are correct.

False

The male and female urinary systems are structurally identical. True False

a) transitional epithelium

The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________. a) transitional epithelium b) simple cuboidal epithelium c) stratified squamous epithelium d) detrusor muscles

c) glomerulus and glomerular capsul

The renal corpuscle consists of the __________. a) proximal and distal convoluted tubules b) major calyx and minor calyces c) glomerulus and glomerular capsule d) renal pelvis and renal papillae

a) projects into the renal sinus

The renal papilla __________. a) projects into the renal sinus b) consists of 6 to 18 pyramids c) absorbs excess water d) All of the listed responses are correct.

d) All of the listed responses are correct.

The segments of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle are responsible for __________. a) reabsorption of over 90 percent of water from the tubule b) secretion of waste materials c) reabsorption of useful organic substrates d) All of the listed responses are correct.

d) It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.

The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney? a) It triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arteriole. b) It causes the release of ADH, which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal portions of the DCT. c) It causes an increase in the GFR because of the constriction of the efferent arteriole. d) It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.

False

The urethra carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. True False

c) cortical radiate arteries

To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries? a) afferent arterioles b) segmental arteries c) cortical radiate arteries d) glomerulus

b) nephrons

Urine production begins in the __________. a) papillae b) nephrons c) pyramids d)pyramids and papillae

a) Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.

Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE? a) Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR. b) Elevation of blood pressure increases the GFR. c) Renin is released when the GFR is low. d) Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases the GFR.

d) The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is FALSE? a) Interneurons in the spinal cord relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. b) Relaxation of the external sphincter occurs under voluntary control. c) Increased afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder facilitate parasympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord. d) The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

a) Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.

Which of the following statements concerning the nephron loop and its function is FALSE? a) Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop. b) The pumping of sodium and chloride from the nephron loop elevates the osmotic concentration in the peritubular fluid. c) The nephron loop reabsorbs roughly half the water and two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions in the tubular fluid. d) Water moves by osmosis out of the descending limb of the nephron loop.

c) Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) Filtration occurs exclusively in the renal corpuscle, across the glomerular walls. b) The nephron loop regulates the amount of water lost in the urine. c) Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct. d) Nutrient reabsorption occurs primarily at the proximal convoluted tubule

c) kidney

Which organ in the urinary system produces urine? a) ureter b) urinary bladder c) kidney d) urethra

b) urinary bladder

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine? a) urethra b) urinary bladder c) kidney d) ureter

c) PCT

Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli? a) nephron loop b) glomerulus c) PCT d) glomerular capsule

d) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins? a) nephron loop b) glomerulus c) distal convoluted tubule (DCT) d) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)