The Urinary System

Tubular Reabsorption

Carried out by both active and passive transport- reabsorbed substances are moved out of the tubule and enter the peritubular capillary - occurs in the renal tubules around 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed

Renal Failure

Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body. In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you may have few signs or symptoms. Chronic kidney disease may not become apparent until your kidney function is significantly impaired. Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of the kidney damage, usually by controlling the underlying cause. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. Symptoms- Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite Fatigue and weakness Sleep problems Changes in urine output Decreased mental sharpness Muscle twitches and cramps Hiccups Swelling of feet and ankles Persistent itching Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control

What is the function of erythropoietin?

It triggers the production of hemoglobin and rbc

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones (renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis) are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside your kidneys. The stones are made of mineral and acid salts. Kidney stones have many causes and can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. Passing kidney stones can be quite painful, but the stones usually cause no permanent damage. Depending on your situation, you may need nothing more than to take pain medication and drink lots of water to pass a kidney stone. In other instances — for example, if stones become lodged in the urinary tract or cause complications — surgery may be needed. Your doctor may recommend preventive treatment to reduce your risk of recurrent kidney stones if you're at increased risk of developing them again.

What is calcitriol?

The active form of vitamin D

What is gluconeogenesis?

The body's creation of glucose

What are the main organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

What are the physical characteristics of urine?

1. Color- should be clear or light amber 2. Turbidity (transparency0 - should be very transparent 3. Odor- should be odorless 4. PH - around 6 but can range from 4.6 to 8 5. Specific Gravity- 1.001 to 1.035 -shows concentration of urine compared to water

List the major functions of the urinary system.

1. Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water within body fluid (volume of blood) 2. Removes Waste - salts, nitrogenous waste 3. Regulates red blood cell production and blood pressure 5. Helps in metabolic processes - with gluconeogenesis(body's creation of glucose), the secretin of erythropoietin(triggers production of hemoglobin and rbc), and calcitriol(active form of vitamin D)

Name the three protective layers of the kidneys from deep to superficial

1. Renal Capsule 2. Adipose Capsule 3. Renal Fascia

About how many gallons of fluid do the kidneys filter a day

45 gallons

the whole volume of blood is filtered by the kidneys how many times a day?

60 times a day

Efferent arteriole

Arterial that moves away from the glomerulus (smaller than the afferent which creates pressure in the glomerulus)

What is the renal corpuscle

Expanded bulblike structure of a nephron where fluid is filtered as it passes through. Composed of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

Functions of nephrons

Filter blood and remove waste, forms urine, regulates PH

Afferent arteriole

Final branch of the interlobular arteries that go into the glomerulus (Larger than the efferent)

What is the functional unit of the kidneys

Nephrons

What are the renal tubules?

Passageways for the filtered fluid of a renal corpuscle where urine composition is fine tuned and where reabsorption and secretion occur (includes the loop of Henle)

What are podocytes?

Podocytes are cells of the walls of the glomerular capsule- have slits in them that work in conjunction with fenestrae and act as a filtration membrane to remove waste products and other substances from the blood

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Regulates the rate of urine formation and blood pressure- located where the distal convoluted tubule touches the afferent arterioles

Location and function of the ureters

Transportation of urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Location and function of the kidneys

Upper L and R quadrants - filter the blood and produce urine

Tubular secretion

commonly K+, H+, ammonia, creatine, and the drugs penicillin and para-amino hippuric acid are secreted

Location and function of the urethra

inferior pelvis- expels urine out of the body

Glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the Glomeruli, which remove excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine. Also called glomerular disease, glomerulonephritis can be acute — a sudden attack of inflammation — or chronic — coming on gradually. Symptoms- Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria) Foamy urine due to excess protein (proteinuria) High blood pressure (hypertension) Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen Fatigue from anemia or kidney failure Caused by infection, immune disease, Vasculitis, and Conditions likely to cause scarring of the glomeruli

Cistitis/Urinary Track Infection

inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI). A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys. can also occur as a reaction to certain drugs, radiation therapy or potential irritants, such as feminine hygiene spray, spermicidal jellies or long-term use of a catheter. Cystitis may also occur as a complication of another illness. The usual treatment for bacterial cystitis is antibiotics. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on the underlying cause.

Diabetes Insipidus

intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids (polydipsia), and the excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria). In most cases, it's the result of your body not properly producing, storing or releasing a key hormone, but diabetes insipidus can also occur when your kidneys are unable to respond properly to that hormone. Rarely, diabetes insipidus can occur during pregnancy (gestational diabetes insipidus). No cure but treated with desnopresin meds and a decrease in sats and increase in water

Location and function of the urinary bladder

superior pelvis- stores urine

Peritubular capillaries

the capillaries surrounding nephrons- responsible for reabsorption of electrolytes and other necessary minerals from the filtrate as it passes through the renal tubule

Glomerular filtration

the first step in urine production - filtration of substances out of glomerular capillaries and into the glomerular capsule

Incontinence

the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time. If urinary incontinence affects your daily activities, don't hesitate to see your doctor. For most people, simple lifestyle changes or medical treatment can ease discomfort or stop urinary incontinence. Types of urinary incontinence include: Stress incontinence. Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy. Urge incontinence. You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. You may need to urinate often, including throughout the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as neurologic disorder or diabetes. Overflow incontinence. You experience frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely. Functional incontinence. A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough. Mixed incontinence. You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence.

fenestrae

tiny openings in the glomerular capillary walls that remove waste products and other substances from the blood