The Water Cycle - Virtual Academy

Identify major ocean currents and the directions in which they flow.

Gulf current-northeast from FL to Newfoundland North Atlantic Current-From Newfoundland N.Est Canary Current-N. to S. N. Equatorial Current- E. to W. Kurisho Current-N.East

Describe the four main physical and chemical properties of ocean water.

Sodium chloride (NaCl), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), and Potasium (K)

tributary

a small creek or stream that feeds a larger river or lake

infiltration

process by which precipitation soaks into the ground

desalination

process by which salt is removed from saltwater

sublimation

process by which solid water (ice, snow) changes directly into a gas

transpiration

release of water vapor into the air by plants

Explain how different sources of water are used.

saltwater is used for generating electricity, 75% of freshwater use is for industry and electricity generation, the ret is used for irrigation and public use.

scarcity

state of not having enough of something

solvent

substance in which another substance is dissolved

Describe how porosity and permeability affect groundwater.

Porosity is the amount of air space between rocks and particles. The more porous the ground, the more groundwater there will be. Permeability is how easily water can move through and into rocks and soil. The more permeable the ground is, the more groundwater there will be.

Explain the importance of rivers.

Rivers are important sources of hydroelectric power. They are also used to transport people, goods, and soil.

Evaporation

process by which liquid water changes into a gas

--% of earth's water is saltwater found in oceans and seas

97%

Facts

- The water cycle recycles all of Earth's water. - Evaporation is the change from liquid water to water vapor. It mostly happens over oceans. - Condensation is the change from water vapor - into liquid water. It requires dust or other tiny particles. - Precipitation is the release of water from the atmosphere. Precipitation is greater than evaporation over land. - Infiltration happens when precipitation soaks into the ground. Runoff happens when water can't infiltrate. - Total global precipitation is equal to total global evaporation.

--

--

---------------

---------------

-------------------

----------------------

-------------------TEST----------------

----------------TEST----------------

Facts

-Water is made of two atoms of hydrogen (H) and one atom of oxygen (O). -A water molecule is polar. The oxygen side is negative and the hydrogen side is positive. -Water is cohesive. Its molecules are attracted to one another. -Water is adhesive. Its molecules are attracted to other substances. -Water has a high boiling point and a high specific heat index. -Water is a universal solvent. It can dissolve almost all substances on Earth. -Pure water is neutral. It has a pH value of 7. -Hard water has a large amount of dissolved minerals. Soft water has a small amount.

.-% of earth's freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, streams, and reservoirs

0.3%

Explain the Water Cycle

1) water stored in oceans/lakes/rivers evaporates and sublimation and transpiration contribute 2) condenses into clouds 3) precipitation occurs 4) infiltration 5) surface runoff and flows into rivers and oceans/lakes/rivers

Describe tidal frequency and variation.

2 high and low tides every 12 hours and 25m. 6 hours and 12.5m between high and low tide. in full moon when the Sun, moon, and Earth are aligned. Their combined gravitational pull causes a larger bulge. During a first or third quarter moon, the Sun and moon are at right angles as compared to Earth. The gravitational pull of one offsets the pull of the other, causing a smaller bulge. A smaller bulge means a smaller tidal range.

groundwater is --.-% of earth's freshwater

29.7%

pure water has a pH value of --

7

--% of earth's fresh water is ice found in glaciers and ice caps

70%

Identify the percentage of freshwater trapped in glaciers and ice caps.

70%

--% of earth's freshwater use is for industry and electricity generation

75% (the rest is used for irrigation and public use)

Identify how much freshwater is distributed in lakes and rivers.

87% of earth's fresh SURFACE water is in lakes and 2% is in rivers/streams. Only 0.25% of all the freshwater on Earth is in lakes. Only 0.0006% is in rivers and streams.

Compare and contrast the three types of aquifers.

Confined, unconfined, and perched. Confined - between two layers of impermeable rock or soil (push into wells) Unconfined - sit above an impermeable layer and below a permeable one (No pressure from above, so won't push into a well) Perched - small areas of groundwater found in the unsaturated zone Thin layers of impermeable soil or rock separate perched aquifers from the main groundwater below (You can tap with a well)

Describe the distribution of Earth's water.

Earth's water isn't distributed evenly. 97% of earth's water is saltwater. of the 3% of earth's freshwater, 70% of it is in glaciers and ice caps incapable of being used. 29.7% of freshwater is found underground. .3% of earth's freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and streams.

Describe how glaciers form, move, and alter the landscape.

Form when snow stays in same place long enough to compress into ice. Move when ice melts on bottom or from gravity. create mts. peaks, lakes

Describe the basic physical properties of water.

Gas, liquid, solid

Explain how lakes form and how water moves through them.

Most lakes were formed after the last ice age. When the glaciers melted, the water drained into these basins and became lakes. Water moves through them because of precipitation and evaporation.

Describe the structure of a river system.

The beginning is the source. (rivers are formed when several tributaries emerge) It feeds tributaries, normally. The end is called the mouth.

Describe the basic chemical properties of water.

Water is made of two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule (H2O)

runoff

Water that doesn't infiltrate flows over the ground as surface runoff. Occurs when water can't infiltrate

permeable

allowing a fluid to pass through

tide

alternate rising and falling of the ocean caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun

porosity

amount of air space between soil or rock particles (Porosity is determined by the shape, size, and arrangement of soil particles)

watershed

area of land where all the draining water goes into the same river system

surface tension

cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

water can --- almost all substances on earth

dissolve

fetch

distance over which wind blows without interruption or change of direction

downwelling

downward movement of surface ocean water caused by wind

Describe evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

evaporation is the process by which liquid water changes into a gas; precipitation is the release of water from the atmosphere; condensation is the change in state from water vapor to liquid water (requires dust or other small particles)

groundwater

fills the spaces and cracks in soil and rocks

most saltwater is used to -------- --------

generate electricity

Explain how waves are generated and classified.

generated by wind and impacts from outside forces. classified by wave period and depth of water traveled in.

total ----- is equal to total -----

global precipitation; global evaporation

Explain the role of the moon in the generation of Earth's tides.

gravitational pull causes tides

Define groundwater, how it forms, and how it is located.

groundwater is water that seeps into the cracks and spaces in soil and rocks; it's formed from precipitation; it is located by looking for clues in the way land is (at the bottom of a hill, limestone, plants/ vegetation, weeping willows)

Describe a wave in terms of height, wavelength, and wave period.

height-vertical distance between crest and trough wavelength-horizontal distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next one wave period-The frequency of a wave is the wave period. It measures the time it takes for the crests of two successive waves (one wavelength) to pass a fixed point.

crest

highest part of a wave

Water is made from two ---- atoms and one ---- atom

hydrogen; oxygen

firn

intermediate stage between snow and ice

Explain the effect of warming trends on Earth's ice.

it melts and retreats

Identify other types of currents and explain how they form.

it releases a burst of energy. This energy creates a longshore current, which runs parallel to the coastline, upwelling and downwelling.

Describe thermohaline circulation and how it drives the "global conveyor belt."

it transports water all around the planet. Cold, salty, dense water from Earth's poles flows downhill toward the deepest parts of the ocean.

moraine

large area of rock and sediment left by a glacier

ice cap

large, dome-shaped mass of ice

gyre

large, rotating current loops caused by the Coriolis effect

Water is ---- dense as a solid than a liquid

less

trough

lowest part of a wave

salinity

measure of dissolved minerals and salts in water

Explain how ocean water is used.

mining, industrial, thermoelectric power

polarity

molecular condition in which one end has a slightly positive charge and the other a slightly negative charge

thermohaline circulation

movement of deep ocean water driven by differences in temperature, salinity, and density

oxygen side is --- charged and hydrogen side is --- charged

negatively; positively

impermeable

not allowing a fluid to pass through

spring tide

occur during full moons where the sun, moon and earth are aligned causing very high and very low tides

neap tide

occur when sun and moon are at right angles as compared to earth causing smaller tides

Identify available and unavailable sources of freshwater.

the available sources of freshwater are found underground in groundwater, but 0.3% of freshwater sources are found in lakes, streams, rivers, and reservoirs. Most of earth's freshwater is unavailable because it is trapped in glaciers and ice caps.

condensation

the change in state from water vapor to liquid water (requires dust or other small particles)

precipitation

the release of water from the atmosphere (greater than evaporation over land)

water table

top of the saturated zone in groundwater

thermocline

transitional layer between the mixed surface layer and the deep water layer in the ocean

compound

two or more elements joined together to create a new substance

aquifer

underground layer of permeable rock from which groundwater can be removed

upwelling

upward movement of deeper, colder ocean water to the surface caused by wind

Explain how water is affected by temperature, pH, and dissolved minerals.

water has a high boiling point and a high specific heat index; pure water has pH of 7, but it can cause harm if there's a change in it from pollution; most water contains some sort of dissolved mineral ( magnesium, calcium) but with many it's described as hard and little its describes as soft

adhesion

water's attraction to other substances

cohesion

water's attraction to other water molecules

Explain the effect of wind and Earth's rotation on surface currents.

wind drives surface currents. if Earth didn't rotate, winds would circulate between the poles and wind wouldn't blow around the rest of the earth