THEO 202 Test #1 Review

The Ancient Church

100 AD - 590 AD

The Reformation and Counter Reformation

1517-1648 AD

The Modern Church

1648-present

The Medieval Church

590 - 1517 AD

Presuppositions; Exegesis; Historical; Formulations; Practical

A Method for Theology: Philosophical ___________; Biblical ____________; __________ Considerations; Theological _____________; __________ Applications

Multi-leveled

A __________ Approach: The various interpretations may give us various insight into different aspects of the image of God in humanity. The image of God is universal to the human race, has not been lost due to sin therefore a primarily substantial view seems best (though relational and functional view have something to offer as well).

Pre-modern

A belief in divine revelation

races

All _________ are included in God's human family and are objects of his love. Distorted biblical views against equality of races: Genesis 4:13-15 (The curse of Ham) and God loves Israel more than the Gentiles (Genesis 12).

death

At _________, Scripture Says Either The "Soul" or "Spirit" Departs (Luke 12:20; Luke 23:46)

trichotomism; immaterial

Biblical Arguments of Dichotomism: Most of the biblical arguments for dichotomism are actually arguments against ___________. Basically dichotomist do not disagree that there are multiple terms for describing the ___________ nature of humanity; the biblical data is inconclusive that the "spirit" is a separate and distinct part from the "soul". For example, Luke 10:27.

soul; body

Biblical Problems With Monism: The Bible states that the _______ lives after the death of the ______. Luke 23:43 - Jesus and the thief on the cross. Luke 16:19-31 - The rich man and Lazarus. Revelation 6:9 - The souls of the Christian dead.

mortal; provisioned; sacred; relationship; ordering; genders; redeem

Biblical Significance of Adam's Creation: Humankind was created with _________ bodies (dust is equated with mortality; Gen 3:19). Humankind was __________ by God (God provided Adam and Eve a sacred place to flourish). Humankind was given the role of serving in _________ space, which implies a _________________ with God. Humankind was given a role _____________ the animals (Gen 2:15; creative/order bringing act). Humankind __________ work together to fulfill their God-given role. Humankind needs a "greater Adam" to __________ them from their fallen state (Rom 5:12-21).

Descartes; Leibniz

Brief History Of The Soul: Continental Thought: ________ believed that the soul/body possess a deep unity. ____________ believed that God created the world in such a way that whenever the soul wills the body moves.

Plato; Aristotle

Brief History Of The Soul: Greek Thought: ______ claims that the soul is that which imparts life to the body. _______ maintained that everything that is alive contained a soul.

Augustine; Aquinas

Brief History Of The Soul: Medieval Christian Thought: _________ affirmed that the soul was the principle of life. Everything that is ensouled is alive. _______ affirmed the soul. However, called for a deeper unity between soul and body than previously maintained.

Hume

Brief History Of The Soul: _______ that belief is merely the series of a bundle of perceptions (unaware of permanent, unchanging soul).

Locke; Butler; Reid

Brief History Of The Soul: ________ begins to move away from the idea of the soul to the concept of "consciousness." _______ argues for the soul against Locke. _______ argues for the soul against Locke.

Kant

Brief History Of The Soul: ________ merely affirms that we have a unified experience (makes no claims why this happens).

Conditional Unity

Conclusion: _________ ________: Humans are to be understood as a unity versus a compilation of parts. Humans at death are able to live after the death of the body. Humans final act of redemption is the resurrection of the body.

essence; existence; perverted; restored; sanctification

Conclusions about the image of God: The image of God as such is an permanent aspect of man, a part of his _______ and __________, something that man cannot lose without ceasing to be man. The image of God, however, must also be understood as that likeness to God which was ________ when man fell into sin, and is being ________ and renewed in the process of ____________.

Modernity

Confidence in the scientific method/rationality as arbiter of truth

Near Death Experiences

Contemporary Issue - _________ _________ ___________: NDEs may provide scientifically tested evidence that the soul lives on after the death of the body. This would provide a problem for naturalistic views of human constitution and would point to the immortality of man (see Gary Habermas & J.P. Moreland "Beyond Death").

Post-post modernity

Disillusionment in the ability of human understanding

Post-modernity

Dissolving confidence in the quest for "truth"

provision; six; interest; glean

Economic Status: God made special _________ for the poor in Israel (Deut 14:28-29). Hebrew slaves were to be turned free after _____ years of service (Exod 21:2). _______ was eschewed in the Old Testament (Exod 22:25). The poor were allowed to __________ (Lev 19:9-10). Jesus was himself poor (Luke 2:24). Jesus' teaching include a great deal about the poor (Luke 4: 18, 21). Jesus warns about the danger of wealth (Mark 10:25). The preoccupation with wealth or the abuse of wealth that is the target of Jesus' warning (Mark 10:17-31; Luke 8:14; 1 Timothy 6:10). The Christian should treat rich and poor alike (James 2:1-7).

Dichotomism

Human are composed of a two-parts: A Body (the material aspect of humanity) and A Soul (the immaterial aspect of humanity). This was the most commonly held view of the earliest period of Christian thought. After the Council of Constantinople (381 AD) it grew in popularity to the point where it was virtually the universal belief of the church.

Trichotomism

Humans are composed of three elements: Body (humans have this physical part in common with animals and plants; there is a difference of degree as humans have a more complex structure), Soul (humans have a psychological element; this is the basis of reason, emotion, social relatedness, etc.), and Spirit (a religious element that is provided at conversion that enables humans to perceive spiritual matters). I Thessalonians 5:23 & Hebrews 4:12

Monism

Humans are not composed of parts. To be human is to have a body. Humans are unable to exist apart from a body.

John Calvin (1509-1564 AD)

Image of God found in both mind and heart and redeemed through the work of the Holy Spirit. Known for his role in shaping the theology of the Protestant Reformation. Wrote, The Institutes of Christian Religion. Taught the image of God was found primarily in man's soul. Taught that the image was visible in the light of the mind, in the uprightness of the heart and in the soundness of all parts. Taught that after the fall of humanity mankind retained the image of God in a distorted way. Believed that image of God in humanity is renewed by the work of the Holy Spirit as mankind cooperates with faith through the Word. Taught the renewed image in man means conformity to Christ.

Karl Barth (1886-1968)

Image of God is expressed in relational capacities. Swiss Theologian. Famous for his work, Church Dogmatics (over 6 million words). Opposed Adolf Hitler. Rejects the historicity of Adam and mankind's fall into sin. Appeared on the Cover of Time Magazine in 1962, Article: Religion: A Witness To An Ancient Truth. Taught that the image of God in mankind was the relational capacity that God had given us. Taught that the creation of two sexes, male and female, endowed humanity with the ability of relational confrontation. Taught that God's image in mankind can be renewed through faith and sanctification. Taught that the image of God should not just be thought of as a noun but also as a verb (we are to "image" God as we love others).

G. C. Berkouwer (1903-1996)

Image of God is found in the humanity's spiritual qualities. Dutch theologian, taught at the Free University of Amsterdam. Restricted the image of God in humanity to the spiritual qualities with which man was created, namely, true knowledge, righteousness and holiness.

Emil Brunner (1889-1966)

Image of God is found in the man's capacity to know/respond to God. Student of Karl Barth. Taught the image of God was humanity's capacity to respond to God's love and humanity's need to respond to God (called this the material aspect of image of God). Rejects the historicity of Adam and mankind's fall into sin.

Irenaeus (130-200 AD)

Image of God is rationality and man's freedom. Bishop of Lyons in Southern France. Chief work, Against Heresies. Desired to refute the errors of Gnosticism (which taught the soul was superior to the body). Taught that God created man in his image and after his likeness. He believed the image was retained, but the likeness to God was lost after the fall of humanity. The image of God in humanity is his rationality and freedom.

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1275 AD)

Image of God is rationality to God. Often called the greatest philosopher/theologian of the medieval church. Wrote Summa Theologica (Summary of Theology). Taught the image of God is man's natural aptitude for understanding and loving God which is common to all humanity (primarily a rational ability). Taught that the image of God is present in all people. Taught that the image of God is present in a higher sense in believers. Taught that the image of God is present in the highest sense in those who have been glorified.

Progressive Creationism (Variation of Old Earth Creation)

Interpretations of Human Creation: Understands God creative work as a combination of a series of special acts and as God progressively working through processes. God would have created the first member of a particular species and then worked through evolution to bring about variation. This agrees with Fiat Creationism that there was a first human specially created, but allows for development after God original act. The Fiat Creationist would appeal that took much ground is given to the evolutionary model. Major Proponent - Alistar McGrath.

Naturalistic Evolution

Interpretations of Human Creation: _________ __________: An attempt to account for the human species, as well as all other forms of life, without appealing to a supernatural explanation. Humanity is the result of chance or random combination of atoms. This view has great difficulty when attempting to reconcile with the biblical teaching. Major proponent Stephen Hawking (embraces self-creation of universe).

Theistic Evolution (Variation of Old Earth Creation)

Interpretations of Human Creation: _________ __________: God began the process of bringing the first organism to life. God continued to work internally toward His goal for creation. At some point, he also acted supernaturally, intervening to modify the process but using already existing material (sometime called "The God of the Gaps" theory). Critiqued by Fiat Creationist that the long periods of time are not warranted by the biblical account. Major proponent - Henry Drummond.

Deistic Evolution (Variation of Old Earth Creation)

Interpretations of Human Creation: __________ __________: God started the process of evolution, producing the first matter and implanting within the creation the laws its development has followed. After God's initial influence in the process he withdrew and allowed the universe/humanity to develop. The difficultly with this view is the image of an absentee God. This comes in special conflict with Christian teachings such as God's providence. Major proponent - Einstein.

Fiat Creationism (Young Earth Creation)

Interpretations of Human Creation: _____________ _________: God, by a direct act, brought into being virtually instantaneously everything that is. God produced the world and everything in it, not be the use of any indirect means or biological mechanism, but by direct action and contact. There is no difficultly reconciling fiat creationism with the biblical account. This view reflects the dominate way the church interpreted biblical creation. The problem comes when fiat creationism attempts to answer the dominate scientific culture. Major Proponent - Ken Ham

Body

Man Is Said To Be Either "_______ and Soul" or "_______ and Spirit" (Matthew 10:28; I Corinthians 7:34)

Romans 5:12-21; I Corinthians 15:20-28

New Testament Affirmation of Adam: ____________ - Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who did not sin in the likeness of Adam's transgression. He is a prototype of the Coming One... ______________ - ...For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive...

Scripture; Book; Section; old; new; themes

Passage of _______ --> A Biblical ______ --> A ________ of Biblical Books (Ex. The Gospels) --> A Testament (____ or ______ Theology) --> ________ Across Testaments (Biblical Theology)

causation; freedom; experience; dignity

Philosophical Reasons For The Soul: Provides a basis for human _______. Provides a basis for human ___________. Provides a basis for unity of _____________. Provides a basis for human ________.

status; ethnic; unity; every

Practical Application: All people are created in the image of God therefore all have the same __________ before God. The Gospel demands that we proclaim the Gospel over ______ lines. The New Testament demands an active pursuit of _______ that explicitly joins ethnic groups together because of their unity in Christ. The picture of God's people at the culmination of history contains ______ tribe, tongues and nation gathered together in worship around God's throne.

Naturalism

Presuppositions of Humanity's Constitution: ______________: The human person is the body. All that exists is the universe (matter).

Supernaturalism

Presuppositions of Humanity's Constitution: _______________: The human person has a body and a soul (material and immaterial component). God exists along with the natural world.

God

Principle #1 - Humans are made in the image of _____. (Genesis 1:26-28).

fully erase

Principle #2 - The fall of humanity did not _______ ______ the image of God in man. (Genesis 5:1-3; Genesis 9:6)

God/angels; animal

Principle #3 - Human possess a place below __________ but above __________ world. (Psalm 8)

Christ

Principle #4 - ______ is the purest expression of the image of God. (James 3:8-9; II Corinthians 4:4; Colossians 1:15-17; Hebrews 1:3)

journey; restoring

Principle #5 - Our Christian ____________ is to become more like Jesus (___________ the image of God in us). (Romans 8:29; II Corinthians 3:18; Colossians 3:9-10; Ephesians 4:22-24; Ephesians 5:1; I Corinthians 11:1; John 13:14-15; Philippians 2:5-11)

salvation

Principle #6 - Our ultimate __________ will be to become like Jesus. (I Corinthians 15:49; I John 3:2)

humanity; relationships; expression; Trinity

Sexuality (Male and Female): Sexuality is God's chosen way for the propagation and continuation of __________ (Gen 1:27,28). Creation of two sexes is part of God's plan to push us toward ________________. God created sexual __________ as a way of symbolizing and strengthening that union (Gen 2:24). God created two sexes because both are required to reflect the glory of the ________.

physical; Kingdom; honorable

Singleness: Jesus on singleness (Matt 19:12): Some are born with __________ deformities that prevent sexual expression. Some are called to singleness for the sake of the __________ of God. Paul on singleness (1 Cor 7:7): Paul understood singleness as a ____________ gift.

sin

The "Spirit" Can _____ (II Corinthians 7:1; Proverbs 16:18)

valuable

The Aged: All ages, including the very old, are fully human and ________ to God. In the Old Testament old age was a sign of God's blessing and honored (Prov 20:29; Exod 20:12). Old age was viewed to carry with it wisdom (Job 12:20). The young are to be submissive to the older (1 Peter 5:5)

interchangeably

The Bible Uses "Soul" and "Spirit" ______________ (John 12:27; John 13:21)

Biological (Physical) Evaluation

The Broader Field of Anthropology: _________ __________ - How do humans adapt to their environment? What can prevent early death?

Linguistic Study

The Broader Field of Anthropology: __________ ___________ - How does language reflect and influence social life?

Archaeological Record

The Broader Field of Anthropology: ____________ _______- What does the fossil records tell us about our past?

Sociocultural Evaluation

The Broader Field of Anthropology: _______________________ - How do people live, organize and find meaning?

Anthropology

The Doctrine of Humanity

Eschatology

The Doctrine of Last Things

Soteriology

The Doctrine of Salvation

Hamartiology

The Doctrine of Sin

Ecclesiology

The Doctrine of the Church

Traducian

The Origin of The Soul: The _________ View: Tertullian, Treatise on the Soul. Comes from Latin word tradure which means "generation." The soul as well as the body are inherited from the parents.

Pre-Existent

The Origin of The Soul: The ___________ View: The souls of people exist in heaven long before their bodies are conceived in the womb. God brings the soul to be joined with the body. This view is held by no Roman Catholic or Protestant theologians, but is commonly held in religions that believe in reincarnation.

Creationist

The Origin of The Soul: The ____________ View: Lactantius, The Divine Institutes. The soul comes directly from God and it is sent by God sometime between conception and birth.

sanctity

The Unborn: Christian believe that the Bible upholds the ________ of human life. Key texts: Psalm 51; Luke 1:41-44; Hebrews 7:9-10; Exodus 21:22-25; Leviticus 24:17-20.

Relational

The ___________ View: The image of God is man has the capacity for partnership. The image of God in man is experienced in our relationship with God. The image of God in man is experienced in our relationship with others.

Substantive

The ____________ View: A physical image; A psychological or spiritual quality; A rational quality.

Functional

The _____________ View: The image of God is found in something that humanity does. The image of God is functioning as mankind gains dominion over the rest the of creation.

independent; creation; unique; brotherhood/sisterhood; highest; limitations; inherently; finiteness; wonderful

Theological Meaning of Human Creation: Humans being created means they have no _________________ existence. Humans are part of ___________. Humans have a _________ place in creation. There is ___________________ among humans. Humanity is not the __________ object in the universe. There are definite ___________ upon humanity. Limitation is not ________ bad. Proper adjustment in life can be achieved only on the basis of acceptance of one's own _________. Humanity is something ___________.

Greek Philosophy

Trichotomism: This view seems to be heavily influences by _______ ________ that believed in the superiority of the "soul" over the body. The New Testament does not demean the body over against the soul (ex. the resurrection of Jesus).

Genesis 1:26, 27; Genesis 2:7

Two Pertinent Old Testament Biblical Texts: ____________ - So God created man in His own image; He created him in the image of God; He created them male and female. ______________ - Then the Lord God formed the man out of the dust from the ground and breathed the breath of life into his nostrils, and the man became a living being.

Complementarians

Understand that men and women are equal in their worthy, but have different roles.

Egalitarians

Understand that men and women are equal in worth and women are not restricted in the roles that they can perform.

sexual being

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Human as a _______ _________. Human behavior is derived from sexual motivation and energy (ex. Sigmund Freud). Much of today's entertainment and advertisement culture is heavily influenced by this presupposition.

free being

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as a _______ _______. Humans exercise the essence of who they are by having the freedom to chose their destiny. One must except responsibility for self-determination.

machine

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as a _______. People are valuable as long as they are useful in the production of goods or services. The revolution of robots versus human labor.

pawn of the universe

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as a __________ ___ ___ ______. The universe is neither hostile or indifferent to the welfare and needs of humanity (ex. Albert Camus, Bertrand Russell & Jean-Paul Sartre). Humans are to embrace their unyielding despair.

social being

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as a __________ ________. Humans are fundamentally a member of society. The person is merely a set of relationships in which he/she is involved. Someone who does not interact with others is less than human.

animal

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as a highly adaptive _________. No qualitative difference between humans and animals (manipulated by positive reinforcement). Behavioral psychology works off of this presupposition of human understanding.

economic being

Varied Interpretations of Humanity: Humans as an ________ _______________. Humans are in a struggle to provide for themselves adequate food, clothing and housing. Humanity will progress from slavery, feudalism, capitalism to communism (ex. Karl Marx).

interpretation; formulation

What is Historical Theology?: It is the study of the ___________ of Scripture and the ___________ of doctrine by the church of the past. Reveals to us the accumulated wisdom of the church. Reveals to us our own cultural perspective.

relationship; converge; disciplines; self-understanding; minister

Why is a Christian evaluation needed of the human person?: It is needed because of its _________ with other Christian teachings. It is needed because it is a place where biblical teaching and human beings themselves ___________ (biblical understanding/self-understanding). It is needed because the large amount of study given to humans in the various intellectual ___________. It is needed because there is a present crisis in ___________________. It is needed because it affects the nature of how we ____________ to others.

Theology

________ is "simply statements of the most fundamental beliefs that the Christian has, beliefs about the nature God, about his action, about us who are his creatures, and about what he has done to bring us into relationship with himself." (Erickson, p. 16). It is about an integrated biblical understanding of major topics found in the Bible.

Anthropology (full definition)

________________ is the study of humans, past and present. One of four areas: sociocultural anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.