theory test 2

In which situations are fourth-graders displaying developed metacognition? 1) Gabriela deliberately uses her knowledge of cognates in Spanish to help retain new information. 2) Addison asks herself, "What's the best way for me to organize this new information in my brain?" 3) Tiffany, who does not recognize a word, goes on to another word. 4) Libby, who does not recognize a word, looks at the illustrations for clues to its meaning.

1, 2, and 4 (not 3)

Which of the following is an example of proactive inhibition? A) A North American driver who is used to driving on the right side of the road has difficulty driving in England where they drive on the left. B) A student forgets the name of last year's teachers when meeting this year's instructors. C) A student says each letter of the alphabet while trying to think of an old friend's last name. D) Emily can play her first song on the violin very well, until she learns a second song. After learning the second song she has trouble remembering the first.

A) A North American driver who is used to driving on the right side of the road has difficulty driving in England where they drive on the left.

Coach Squires tells his swimming class that the human stroke is similar to the dog paddle that they learned last week except that the arms reach out more and pull farther down. What instructional strategy is he using?

Activation of prior knowledge

According to the three-component model of memory, how does information enter long-term memory?

After information is perceived by the stimulus register, it enters working memory and then goes to long-term memory.

Which of the following is not true regarding the role of attention in the three-component model of memory?

Attention plays a very minor role in memory.

The Harlem Globetrotters have practiced their basketball plays so thoroughly that they make them look easy; however, these plays really take a high level of skill. This is an example of

Automaticity

All of the following statements are examples of retroactive inhibition EXCEPT A) a student forgets the name of last year's teacher after meeting new teachers. B) a student can recite all of the counties in the state after studying. C) a student has difficulty remembering how to get around her old high school once she transfers to a new school. D) a student forgets an old telephone number after learning a new one.

B) a student can recite all of the counties in the state after studying.

The levels-of-processing theory says that information that is processed at various levels is more likely to be remembered. According to this theory, after which of the following will Brisa remember the most about the word "circus?"

Brisa attends a circus

An example of proactive facilitation would be A) learning swimming first, which may help a student later learn conducting. B) learning the wrong spelling of a name first, which later creates difficulty in learning the correct spelling. C) learning Spanish first, which may help an English-speaking student learn Italian (a language similar to Spanish). D) learning Spanish, which may help an English-speaking student better understand English.

C) learning Spanish first, which may help an English-speaking student learn Italian (a language similar to Spanish).

Courtney learned the sound that "b" makes last week. This week she's trying to learn "d" but she keeps calling it "b." This is an example of

Interference

What do the words "maintenance rehearsal" refer to in terms of memory?

Maintenance means that you're trying to keep or maintain something in memory; rehearsal means that you repeat it over and over.

Does your long-term memory ever get "filled up" so that there is no room for more information?

No

In which type of long-term memory is information organized in schemata?

Semantic

What are the three parts of long-term memory?

Semantic, procedural, and episodic.

You want your students to remember the parts of the food pyramid. Of the following, how does research say it's best to teach that concept?

Teach it verbally and visually so they have multiple ways of encoding the concept.

About half of the class (the Donkeys) knows more about the Democratic party while the other half (the Elephants) knows more about the Republicans. The teacher presents a weeklong lesson of new information on both parties. Which of the following is likely, based on schema theory?

The Donkeys will retain more about the Democrats than will the Elephants.

Which of the following shows the role of working memory in the three-component model of memory? a.Kristen catches a glimpse of her boyfriend's lock combination; he has refused to give it to her in the past so she tries to find a place to write it down before she forgets it. b.After studying his spelling list at home all week, Henry remembers how to spell every word except "tyrannosaurus" on his Friday spelling test. c.Your parents are trying to remember the name of a movie from the '70s. They keep talking about what they do remember about the movie until one of them finally comes up with the name. d.Mateo has rehearsed his part in the class play for 4 weeks. When it comes time to deliver his lines in front of an audience, he's so nervous that he can't remember them until one of the other actors gives him a hint.

a.Kristen catches a glimpse of her boyfriend's lock combination; he has refused to give it to her in the past so she tries to find a place to write it down before she forgets it.

Initial-letter strategies include

acronyms.

An initial statement or visual figure about a subject to be learned that provides structure for the new information and relates it to information students already possess.

advance organizer

The Halpern study found that these work best for students when they are most different from the process being explained.

analogies

This method of facilitating learning helps students absorb new information by relating it, through comparisons or parallels, to concepts they already understand.

analogies

This is the process of focusing on certain stimuli while screening out others

attention

There can be great variation in students' capacity for memory. Which of the following conditions might interfere with a student's working memory? a. Low mental ability b. Being under stress c. Having ADHD d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Human beings often complain about having poor memories. This inadequacy of the memory system is primarily due to

difficulties in gaining access to information in long-term memory.

Technique in which items to be learned are repeated at intervals over a period of time.

distributed practice

A concept—related to levels-of-processing theory—that hypothesizes that information is retained in long-term memory in two forms: visual and verbal.

dual code

The process of thinking about material to be learned in a way that connects the material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind.

elaboration

What is the term used by cognitive psychologists to refer to the process of thinking about material to be learned in a way that connects the material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind?

elaboration

A teacher tries to help a student recall an event that took place during a field trip to the natural history museum by saying, "Remember, it was the time when you went off to see the skeletons." Which memory component was most directly involved?

episodic memory

The part of long-term memory from which we try to recall personal experiences.

episodic memory

What is it called when something new you are learning aids in your understanding of something you already know?

facilitation

What is it called when something you already know helps you in learning something new?

facilitation

A phenomenon in which the occurrence of an important event fixes mainly visual and auditory memories in a person's mind.

flashbulb (or episodic) memory

Schemata consist of

frameworks for organizing ideas in memory

Type of learning tasks that may involve memorizing a list, but not in a special order.

free-recall

Semantic memory would be most directly involved in trying to remember

information from a textbook.

The cognitive theory of learning that describes how individuals take in, work with, store, and retrieve information about the world is called

information processing.

What is it called when something new you are learning confuses you about something you already know?

inhibition

What is it called when something you already know interferes with learning something new?

inhibition

A student uses the term ROY G BIV to remember the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. What type of memory strategy is this?

initial-letter

A memory strategy that involves using the first letter of each word in order to remember a number of items.

initial-letter strategy

Rote learning can be characterized as

involving arbitrary associations.

One of the most extensively studied methods of using imagery and mnemonics to help students with paired-associate learning.

keyword method

describes the capacity of working memory

limited

A mnemonic device for serial learning in which the student thinks of a very familiar set of ordered locations, and then mentally places each item on the list into a consecutive location.

loci method

What is the term for the process in which students identify main ideas and then diagram connections between them?

mapping

The type of practice that occurs when new information is practiced intensely within a short period of time.

massed practice

According to the text author, which of the following strategies facilitates learning and remembering?

organizing information into a hierarchy

An imagery method useful for learning ordered lists. To use this mnemonic the student creates mental images that relate items on the list to a well-learned set of words, such as a nursery rhyme.

pegword method

The process that occurs when we select stimuli from the sensory register to attend to. This activity is more than reception of stimuli, and is influenced by our mental state, past experience, knowledge, motivations, and other factors.

perception

When prior learning makes it more difficult to learn something new, this type of inhibition is said to occur.

proactive

The tendency to learn things more easily when they occur at the end of a presentation is referred to as what kind of effect?

recency

Short-term memory is also called working memory because we often maintain an item through this process.

rehearsal

The process of maintaining a thought in working memory is called

rehearsal.

The most important principle of this theory is that information that fits into an existing framework is more easily understood.

schema theory

A seventh grade middle school science teacher wants students to know a particular organism they studied under a microscope. Based on the dual code theory, what is the best strategy for students to use?

seeing it and naming it

The part of the memory system that is most directly involved in receiving incoming information.

sensory register

The conscious part of memory.

short-term memory

A visiting curriculum evaluation team criticized a school district for teaching too much inert knowledge. A disadvantage, they said, is that, according to educational psychologists, inert knowledge is

useless due to the students' inability to apply it outside the classroom.