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What cue should be given to the individual pictured performing a hamstring stretch? "dorsiflex the ankle" "continue with the current technique" "reach the arms towards the foot of the stretched limb" "keep an upright trunk"

Correct Answer: "keep an upright trunk" The hamstrings act to extend the hip and flex the knee. Therefore, trunk flexion does not significantly add to the stretch of the targeted muscle and in fact this positioning increases the risk of injury to the lumbar spine. To perform the stretch properly the individual should maintain an upright trunk and lean forward at the hips.

At what angle of knee flexion is the quadriceps femoris capable of producing a maximum force contraction? 15 degrees 45 degrees 90 degrees 135 degrees

Correct Answer: 45 degrees The range of 30-70 degrees of knee flexion is consistent with the maximum force production of the quadriceps femoris. As a result, many functional tasks occur with the knee positioned within this range.

Which principle of strength training states that improvements in strength will be specific to the training method that is employed? overload principle SAID principle reversibility principle transfer of training principle

Correct Answer: SAID principle The specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID) principle states that the adaptive effects of training, such as improvement of strength, power, and endurance, are highly specific to the training method that is employed. The principle is an extension of Wolff's law, which states that body systems adapt over time to the stresses placed on them.

What would be the most appropriate method to decrease stress on the patella during a squat exercise? decrease the depth of the squat widen the base of support increase the speed of the squat exhale during the downward portion of the squat

Correct Answer: decrease the depth of the squat Decreasing the depth of the squat will reduce the external torque on the knee, which will reduce the pressure placed on the patella.

Which of the following forms of stretching is most appropriate for the period prior to engaging in an athletic activity? static dynamic ballistic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Correct Answer: dynamic Static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation forms of stretching have been shown in multiple studies to either decrease performance, strength, and/or power. Dynamic stretching has not been shown to have the same detrimental effects on performance as the other options and conversely, has been shown to improve performance in several athletic activities.

Which of the following types of contraction has the potential for the highest force production? eccentric isotonic isometric concentric

Correct Answer: eccentric An eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while developing tension. This type of contraction involves dynamic loading of a muscle beyond its typical force producing capacity.

Which of the following activities is most likely to increase an individual's bone mineral density at the hips and spine? baseball swimming gymnastics golf

Correct Answer: gymnastics Research indicates that high-impact loading exercises for the lower body, such as gymnastics, volleyball or basketball, selectively increase bone mineral density at the hips and spine as compared to low-impact activities. Bone mineral density is regulated by what is known as "specificity of loading". Specificity of loading states that increases in bone mineral density will occur only at sites of the body that are exposed to the minimal essential strain threshold needed to spur bone growth.

A muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens or lengthens while resisting a constant load is known as: isometric concentric isokinetic isotonic

Correct Answer: isotonic An isotonic contraction occurs when the muscle shortens or lengthens while resisting a constant load. Performing dumbbell curls would be an example of an isotonic contraction.

Which of the following is the most appropriate instruction to provide to a patient who is performing a sidelying hip abduction strengthening exercise? lie on your side with the affected leg on the bottom bend your top knee slightly to improve your balance lift your top leg straight up without allowing the leg to come forward hold your breath while performing the exercise

Correct Answer: lift your top leg straight up without allowing the leg to come forward The patient should be instructed to lie on their side with the affected leg on top and the bottom knee bent slightly to provide balance and stability during the exercise. The top leg should be lifted straight up and not allowed to drift forward or backward. The patient should be instructed to breathe throughout the entire exercise.

Which of the following is an indication for soft tissue stretching? limited motion due to a bony block recent fracture with incomplete bony union limited motion due to shortening of opposing tissues at a joint hypermobility at a joint

Correct Answer: limited motion due to shortening of opposing tissues at a joint Limited range of motion at a joint due to shortening of opposing tissues is an indication for stretching the affected soft tissue. The other answer options are all contraindications for stretching soft tissue.

What form of stretching is considered the safest and most significant for long-term plastic changes in soft tissue? low-intensity, short-duration high-intensity, short-duration low-intensity, long duration high intensity, long duration

Correct Answer: low-intensity, long duration A lower intensity of stretch lessens the amount of soft tissue damage and post-exercise soreness compared to high intensity. A low intensity with a long duration allows for permanent deformation of the tissues after the stress is released.

What muscles are emphasized in a standing row exercise with the arms parallel with the floor using a cable system? anterior deltoid and pectoralis major infraspinatus and teres minor middle trapezius and rhomboids upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Correct Answer: middle trapezius and rhomboids The standing row exercise requires the patient to start with the arms extended grasping the handles of the cable system. The patient then pulls the cables toward their body while retracting the shoulders and scapulae.

The ability of an individual to use greater resistance with an exercise during their second session as compared to their first session is most likely due to which of the following? neuromuscular adaptation muscle hypertrophy increases in muscle fiber strength muscular atrophy

Correct Answer: neuromuscular adaptation The most immediate response to resistance training is an increase in the amount of motor units activated during a particular movement. Muscular hypertrophy and true muscular strength gains take approximately four weeks or more to be realized.

Which strengthening principle states that in order to increase strength, the load placed on a muscle must be greater than those normally incurred? overload specificity reversibility periodization

Correct Answer: overload The overload principle states that in order for strengthening to take place, the load placed on the muscle must be greater than the load normally incurred. Increasing the amount of weight that a patient used with a particular exercise would be an example of adherence to the overload principle.

New bone formation in response to resistance training occurs primarily in which area of the bone? periosteum endosteum epiphysis undefined

Correct Answer: periosteum Bone formation occurs with resistance training due to the body's response to mechanical loading. Forces against the longitudinal axis of bone cause the bone to bend. This bending of the bone signals the body that there is weakness in the areas that experience the greatest amount of deformation. The body responds through the application of new bone cells (osteoblasts) in the periosteum of those areas of the bone experiencing the greatest amount of deformation.

Temporarily diminished blood flow to the working muscles during a set of a resistance exercise, which then increases during the rest period following the completion of the set is known as: reactive hyperemia vascular claudication hyperperfusion erythema

Correct Answer: reactive hyperemia Muscular contractions greater than approximately 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction impede blood flow during a set, however, blood flow increases during the rest period after the set has been completed. This is known as reactive hyperemia and is a potent stimulus for muscle growth.

The floor press exercise pictured acts to strengthen all of the following muscles except the: rectus abdominis pectoralis major triceps brachii anterior deltoid

Correct Answer: rectus abdominis The floor press exercise is performed with the individual in supine. The individual begins the exercise with the upper arms at a 45 degree angle relative to the midline of the body and the elbows touching the floor and in 90 degrees of flexion. The individual then extends the elbows and performs horizontal adduction of the shoulders. This exercise primarily strengthens the pectorals, triceps brachii, and anterior deltoids.

The muscle that is primarily being targeted in the depicted stretch is the: gastrocnemius gluteus minimus anterior tibialis soleus

Correct Answer: soleus The soleus muscle acts to plantar flex the ankle. Therefore, to stretch the soleus, the ankle must be placed in end range dorsiflexion. Since the gastrocnemius and soleus both insert through the Achilles tendon, the knee must be flexed to place the gastrocnemius on slack in order to focus the stretch on the soleus.

Which of the following would be the best indicator that the amount of weight used is excessive in a progressive resistive exercise? red flushed color in the face substitute motions are required increase in measured respiratory rate increase in systolic blood pressure

Correct Answer: substitute motions are required An excessive amount of weight often requires a patient to use a variety of substitutions to successfully complete a progressive resistive exercise. The use of substitutions can jeopardize patient safety and in many cases can be avoided by decreasing the amount of resistance used.

Which muscle group is not targeted with the depicted exercise? abdominals trunk extensors scapular stabilizers hip flexors

Correct Answer: trunk extensors The pictured exercise targets the abdominals to stabilize the trunk while the hips are actively flexed. The scapular stabilizers assist the patient to maintain a firm base of support with the ground. Although the trunk extensors may be active during portions of the activity, the exercise does not specifically target that particular muscle group.

What is the sequence of progression from beginner to advanced for an individual sitting on a ball performing voluntary movements of the arms or legs? bilateral, reciprocal limb movements, unilateral reciprocal limb movements, unilateral, bilateral unilateral, reciprocal limb movements, bilateral unilateral, bilateral, reciprocal limb movements

Correct Answer: unilateral, bilateral, reciprocal limb movements The appropriate sequence of progression is unilateral, bilateral, and reciprocal limb movements. When ready to advance, a therapist can add resistance using elastic bands, a weighted ball, or cuff weights on the ankles or wrists.

Which exercise would be appropriately classified as a closed chain exercise? wall squats knee extension in short sitting sidelying hip abduction supine straight leg raise

Correct Answer: wall squats A closed chain exercise occurs when the distal body segment is fixed, while an open chain exercise occurs when the distal body segment moves freely. When performing a wall squat, the feet are fixed to the floor while the ankles, knees, and hips move through a range of motion.

Which of the following terms describes the application of force over a specified distance? work power torque acceleration

Correct Answer: work Work results when a force acts on an object and moves it some distance. The formula to determine work is force multiplied by distance (W=FxD).