Tophat Exam 2
Hemoglobin can unload more oxygen in metabolically active tissues than in tissues at rest because
- the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher - lactic and carbonic acids produced by metabolically active tissues decreases pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increasing body - temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Blood through the heart
-Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava -The blood travels into the right atrium and, during contraction of the atrium, flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. -Blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs when the right ventricle contracts (picks up oxygen). -Oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (by pulmonary veins) into the left atrium (by mitral valve) into the left ventricle. -Contraction of left v forces blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out to the body.
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ______.
Afterload
The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called
Agglutination
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which
And Rh- mother is carrying a second fetus with Rh+
T and B lymphocytes _____
Are involved with specific immune function.
Vaccination falls under this category
Artificial active immunity
Most blood enters the ventricle during _____.
Atrial diastole
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the
Common pathway
A molecule of hemoglobin _______.
Consists of 4 globin proteins each bound to a molecule of heme
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of
Elastic fibers
The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ______.
Emigration
The diaphragm lowers its dome during exhalation.
False
Which class of antibody is found in mucus?
IgA
Which class of antibody crosses the placenta in pregnant women?
IgG
People with ABO blood type O
Lack antigens A and B on their erythrocytes
The myocardium would be the thickest in the _______.
Left ventricular
What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?
PO2
Thrombocytes are more accurately called
Platelets
Recognize exogenous antigen fragments associates with MHC-II molecules at the surface of APCs
Th cells
Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?
They have no nucleus
The first step in hemostasis is
Vascular spasm
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows _____.
Ventricular re polarization
Which of the following describes a neutrophil?
abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Which component of the respiratory system is the main site for gas exchange?
alveoli
What does stroke volume represent?
amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles with every beat
The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________.
antigen processing
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
bicuspid valve
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as
cardiovascular center
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?
closing of the atrioventricular valves
Restrictive airway diseases
decrease the compliance of the lung
Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?
endocardium
The majority of oxygen in the blood is transported by ________.
hemoglobin
A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is
hypovolemic shock
Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation?
increased blood flow
Which of the following cells is phagocytic?
macrophage
Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response?
macrophages
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
medulla oblongata
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells?
platelets
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a
sinusoid capillary
Net filtration pressure is calculated by
subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is
the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space
Which of the lymphoid nodules is most likely to see food antigens first?
tonsils
The name of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid valve
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar
