Training & Development - Chapters 1- 4

Cognitive Strategies

Manage One's Own Thinking & Learning Processes, (e.g. Deciding to use 3 different strategies to diagnose engine malfunctions).

Proc of Soc LT - Match Modeled (P)

Performance

Proc of Soc LT - Motor Reproduction (PAF)

Physical Capability Accuracy Feedback

Orientation to Learning - Implications

Problem Centered instead of Subject Centered

Proc of Soc LT - Motivational Processes (R)

Reinforcement

A Model of Human Information Processing

Self-concept Experience Rediness Timeline Orientation to Learning

Implications of the Adult Learning Theory for Training: Design Issue - SER TO

Self-concept Experience Rediness Timeline Orientation to Learning

Verbal Information

State, Tell or Describe Previously stored information, (e.g. tell 3 reasons why knowing safety rules are important)

Expectancy

The Link between Trying to perform a behavior and Actually performing well.

T/F A person's self-efficacy can be increased using several methods: verbal persuasion, logical verification, observation of others (modeling), and past accomplishments.

True

T/F If certain basic needs of trainees are not met, they are unlikely to be motivated to learn.

True

T/F Learning is also influenced by a person's self-efficacy,

True

Self-Efficacy

A person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn KS knowledge and skills.

What is Learning?

A relatively permanent change in human capabilities that is not a result of growth processes. These capabilities are related to <<Specific Learning Outcomes>>.

Intellectual Skills

Apply Generaliable Concepts and Rules to Solve problems & generate new products. (e.g. design & code computers to fit the requirements of customers.

Valence: Value of Outcome means

Are Outcomes related to training valued

Rediness - Implications

Develop instructions based on learner's interest & competencies

Instrumentality (Performance -> Outcome) means

Does the trainee believe training outcomes will be delivered?

Expectancy (Effort -> Performance) means

Does the trainee have the ability or believe the can learn?

Goal theories

Goal setting theory - assumes that Behavior results from a Person's Conscious Goals and Intentions.

Need theories

Helps to explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes.

Timeline - Implications

Immediate application of content

Social learning theory (narrowed Definition 1)

Learning new skills or behavior comes from: directly experiencing the consequences of using a behavior or skill, or the process of observing others and seeing the consequences of their behavior.

Experience - Implications

Use learner Experience as a basis for examples and application

External events influence learning by using these methods:

Verbal instructions, pictures, diagrams, and maps suggesting ways to code the training content so that it can be stored in memory. Meaningful learning context (examples, problems) creating cues that facilitate coding. Demonstration or verbal instructions helping to organize the learner's response as well as facilitating the selection of the correct response.

Reinforcement Theories

emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors.

Need theories The major difference between Alderfer's and Maslow's hierarchies of needs

is that Alderfer allows the possibility that if higher-level needs are not satisfied, employees will refocus on (LLN) Lower-Level needs. McClelland's need theory focused primarily on needs for (AAP) achievement, affiliation, and power.

Valence

the value that a person places on an outcome.

Need theories: To motivate learning

trainers should identify trainees' needs and communicate how training program content relates to fulfilling these needs.

Reinforcement theory (narrowed Definition)

. The trainer needs to identify what outcomes the learner finds most positive and negative. . Trainers then need to link these (Outcomes) to learners acquiring K,S or changing behaviors. . Trainers can Withhold or Provide (JPC) job-related, personal, and career-related (Benefits) to learners who master program content.

Goals influence a person's behavior by: (DSM)

.Directing energy and attention. .Sustaining effort over time. .Motivating the person to Develop STRATEGIES for Goal Attainment.

Social learning theory

.Emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons (models) whom they believe are credible and knowledgeable. .The theory recognizes that behavior that is reinforced or rewarded tends to be repeated

Processes of Social Learning Theory (ARMMM)

1 Attention 2 Retention 3 Motor Reproduction 4 Motivational Processes 5 Match Modeled Performances

Goal orientation

1 It affects the amount of effort a trainee will expend in learning (motivation to learn). 2 Learners with a high learning orientation will direct greater attention to the task and learn for the sake of learning in comparison to learners with a performance orientation. 3 Learners with a performance orientation will direct more attention to performing well and less effort to learning.

Several processes in reinforcement theory are: (PNEP)

1 Positive reinforcement 2 Negative reinforcement 3 Extinction, and 4 Punishment.

Learning Theories (Resign-A)

1 Reinforcement Theory 2 Expectancy Theory 3 Social Learning Theory 4 Information Processing Theory 5 Goal Theories 6 Need Theories 7 Adult Learning Theory

Learning Outcomes (VIMAC)

1)Verbal Information 2) Intellectual skills 3) Motor Skills 4) Attitudes 5) Cognitive Strategies

External events influence learning by:

Changes in the intensity or frequency of the stimulus that affect attention. Informing the learner of the objectives to establish an expectation. Enhancing perceptual features of the material (stimulus), drawing the attention of the learner to certain features.

Attitudes

Choose a Personal Course of Action, (e.g. choose to respond to all incoming mails within 24 hours)

Proc of Soc LT - Retention (COR)

Coding Organization Rehearsal

Motor Skills

Execute a Physical Act with precision & timing, (e.g. riding a bicycle)

Expectancy theory: (EIV) suggests that a person's behavior is based on three factors:

Expectancies - Instrumentality - Valence -

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Expectancy (Effort -> Performance) Instrumentality (Performance -> Outcome) Valence: Value of Outcome = Effort

Goal setting theory: characteristics

It is used in training program design. It suggests that learning can be facilitated by providing trainees with specific challenging goals and objectives. The influence of goal setting theory can be seen in the development of training lesson plans.

Proc of Soc LT - Attention (MTC)

Model Stimuli Training Characteristics

Information processing theory

More emphasis is placed on internal processes that occur when training content is learned and retained. It highlights how external events influence learning

Self-concept - Implications

Mutual Planning & Collaboration in instruction

Maslow's and Alderfer's

Need theories focused on physiological needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.

Instrumentality

a belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome.

Need

a deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time.