Tri 2 Physiology Past Quizzes
A cord or strap of dense tissue that connects a muscle to bone is called a: A) tendon B) ligament C) bursa D) arthritis
A
Cell membranes are constructed mainly of... A) Phospholipid bilayers B) Protein pumps C) Glycoproteins D) Carbohydrates E) Cholesterol F) Transport proteins
A
Diffusion of K+ out of the cell makes the inside of it less positive, or more negative and acts to restore the original resting membrane potential. This process is called A) Repolarization B) Depolarization C) Hyperpolarization D) Overshoot
A
In excitation-contraction of smooth muscle, calcium binds to what protein after influx into the cytoplasm? A) Calmodulin B) Myosin light chains C) Troponin D) Tropomyosin E) Protein kinase A
A
Na+, and K+, Ca2+, and Cl− permeation through their respective ion channels represents an example of: A) Passive transport B) Primary active transport C) Secondary active transport D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
A
Small inhibitory cells in anterior horns of spinal cord receive signal from a collateral branch of alpha motor neuron and propagate an inhibitory signal to the motor neurons to focus a signal and prevent tetany A) Renshaw cell B) muscle spindle C) clonus
A
The "thick" muscle filament is composed of: A) myosin B) actin C) Z-lines D) sarcomeres
A
The membrane potential across the cell membrane is the result of: A) the difference in concentration of K+ and Na+ on either side of the membrane B) more positively charged ions outside and more negatively charged ions inside C) opening and closing of voltage gated channels in the membrane D) electrodes that generate different charges on either side of the membrane
A
These events can be associated with which event? 1. during the withdrawal reflex, sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 2. sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex 3. the excitatory interneurons that are part of the withdrawal reflex stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles,causing withdrawal of the limb from the painful stimulus 4. collateral branches of the sensory neurons also synapse with excitatory interneurons that cross to the opposite side of thespinal cord as part of the crossed extensor reflex 5.the excitatory interneurons that cross the spinal cord simulate alpha motor neurons supplying extensor muscles in the oppositelimb, causing them to contract and support body weight during the withdrawal reflex A) Steps in Crossed Extensor Reflex B) Steps in Patellar Reflex (knee jerk) C) When is clonus (oscillation) seen D) Steps in Muscle Fiber activation
A
These events can be described as _________________ 1 tapping of the patellar ligament with tendon hammer 2 muscle spindle stretches (in quads) 3 type Ia afferent stimulates alpha motor neuron in L4 (NO INTERNEURONS) 4 antagonist flexor (hamstring) relaxes via inhibitory interneuron 5 alpha motor neuron stimulates quads to contract 6 leg kicks A) Steps on Patellar Reflex (knee jerk) B) When is clonus (oscillation) seen C) Steps in Crossed Extensor Reflex D) Steps in Muscle Fiber activation
A
This process releases energy stored in sugar. A) Cellular respiration B) Photosynthesis C) Active transport D) Diffusion
A
Which muscle type is most suited to low work aerobic activity such as maintenance of posture or walking? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIb D) Type III
A
Which of the following is NOT a monosynaptic reflex? A) nociceptive reflex B) stretch reflex C) knee jerk reflex D) afferent neuron synapsing with efferent neuron
A
Which of the following statements about action potential is false? A) Na+/K+ pumps are directly involved in creating the action potential B) Na+ and K+ concentrations are not significantly changed during action potential C) This includes both positive and negative feedback loops D) Only a relatively small number of Na+ and K+ actually diffuse across the membrane
A
Which of the following statements is true concerning calcium ions? A) in smooth muscle it binds with calmodulin. B) in skeletal muscle it binds with calmodulin. C) in smooth muscle it binds with troponin. D) in skeletal muscle it binds with tropomyosin. E) in smooth muscle it binds with myosin light-chain kinase.
A
Which statement is true regarding motor units? A) Muscles which serve fine movements have fewer fibers per motor unit B) Muscles which serve fine movements have more fibers per motor unit
A
Which type of muscle fiber is most resistant to fatigue? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIb D) Type III
A
relay or connect, they intensify a stimulus (excitatory), slow down a stimulus signal (inhibitory), or affect multiple muscles A) What can interneurons do? B) Gamma motor neurons stimulate C) What is hyperflexiveness due to? D) The components of a reflex arc
A
Match each of the following with the most correct item. A. Transmits a signal to the CNS B. Transmits a signal to an effector C. Transmits signals to another neuron (to amplify, inhibit or continue signal) D. Detects changes in the muscle length E. Detects changes in the muscle tension 1. Golgi tendon organ 2. motor neuron 3. stimulus 4. interneuron 5. muscle spindle 6. sensory neuron
A6 B2 C4 D5 E1
Which of the following is/are true of the absolute refractory period? (MACA) A) NA+ channel inactivation is responsible for the absolute refractory period B) The absolute refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the cell will not lead to a second action potential C)The absolute refractory period takes about 5ms D) The absolute refractory period precedes the relative refractory period E) The absolute refractory period sets the upper limit for the maximum frequency of action potentials generated
ABDE ? ( not 100%)
What are the five possible components of a reflex arc? A) interneuron B) sensory neuron C) stimulus D) condensing neuron E) effector F) motor neuron G) receptor
ABEFG
Which muscle types are innervated by the autonomic nervous system? (MACA) A) Cardiac B) Skeletal C) Smooth
AC
Acetylcholine is released by: A) all postganglionic autonomic neurons B) preganglionic sympathetic neurons C) all postganglionic sympathetic neurons D) A and C E) All of these are true
B
If a membrane is permeable to hydrogen, but impermeable to sodium ions. Which molecule cannot move into the cell? A) Hydrogen B) Sodium Ions C) Both hydrogen and sodium ions D) Neither
B
In smooth muscle, when the cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) concentration is elevated, Ca2+ binds to this regulatory protein in order to initiate muscle contraction. A) tropomyosin B) calmodulin C) troponin D) myosin light chain kinase
B
The main function of muscle spindles is to A) pass neural information evenly to all parts of the muscle B) act as stretch receptors C) bind myofibrils together in bundles D) enable contraction of the muscles
B
The stretch reflex serves as a ________ feedback that ________ passive change in muscle length A) Negative, accentuates B) Negative, resists C) Positive, accentuates D) Positive, resists
B
Voluntary skeletal muscles in the leg are innervated by: A) postganglionic neurons B) somatic motor neurons C) preganglionic neurons D) CNS fibers E) All of these
B
What is the function of the carbohydrates in the cell membrane? A) Pumps and channels B) Communication C) Strength D) Break down organelles
B
Which of these statements best describes the function of the cell membrane? A) it allows substances to freely enter and exit the cell B) it controls which substances enter and exit the cell C) it prevents substances from entering the cell D) it prevents substances from leaving the cell
B
Which type of muscle fiber is "fast oxidative"? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIb D) Type III
B
Why does rigor mortis occur in death? A) ATP is depleted and cannot create the myosin and actin cross-bridge B) ATP is depleted and cannot separate the myosin and actin cross-bridges C) Magnesium ATPase depletes so the myosin and actin cross-bridges cannot be created D) Magnesium ATPase depletes so the myosin and actin cross-bridges cannot be separated
B
A skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract when its is excited by a_____________ at the neuromuscular junction A) sensory neuron B) motor unit C) motor neuron D) sarcoplasm
C
A small motor unit would control which type of movement? A) fast but brief B) intense and strong C) delicate and precise D) sprinting E) marathon running
C
Muscle spindles are known as what? A) Extrafusal fibers B) Interfusal fibers C) Intrafusal fibers
C
Smooth Muscle is not cross striated because: A) Myosin and actin in the myofibril B) Myofibrils are in register with each other C) Myofibrils are not in linear structures D) It has gap junctions E) It is surrounded by a basal lamina.
C
Substances outside the membrane are called: A) intracellular material B) intercellular material C) Extracellular material D) Both A and B E) None of the above
C
The neurotransmitter always used at the neuromuscular junction is A) noradrenaline B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) asparate
C
The number of muscle fibers innervated by an alpha motor neuron is A) one B) two C) dependent on the type of muscle being innervated D) none (muscle cells are innervated by Gamma motor neurons)
C
The structure that connects muscles to bones is the ______ A) aponeurosis B) fascicle C) tendon D) ligament
C
What triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? A) Formation of actin-myosin cross-bridges B) Sarcomere contraction C) An action potential D) An increase in calcium ion concentration
C
When does saturation occur? A) When molecules are moved by the use of vesicles B) When the energy from a high-energy bond is required to move molecules C) When a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate D) When a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules
C
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for phosphorylating myosin light chains in order to activate smooth muscle contraction? A) Calmodulin B) Protein kinase A C) Myosin light chain kinase D) Phospholipase C E) Actomyosin ATPase
C
Which of the following is a somatic reflex? A) Reflexes that are mediated through the autonomic nervous system, we are not usually aware of them. Activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, regulate body function B) Reflexes that are initiated and completed at the spinal cord level, occur without the involvement of higher brain centers C) Reflexes that involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic divisions of the nervous system
C
Which of the following statements concerning the contraction of smooth muscle are correct? A) Individual muscle fibers are innervated by autonomic nerves. B) All smooth muscles behave as a single motor unit C) All smooth muscles have pacemaker potential Although smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerves there is no specific neuromuscular junction D) The contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by calcium in the same manner as cardiac muscle.
C
Which one of the following is NOT true about smooth muscle? A) Both actin and myosin are found in the smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, but these are not arranged in sarcomere units. B) The needed calcium (Ca2+) for contraction comes primarily from the extracellular fluid. C) Similar to skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are capable of only all-or-nothing twitches. D) Smooth muscle cell contractions are weak but sustained. E) Unlike the myosin molecules of skeletal muscle cells, the myosin found in smooth muscle cells is quite long, with its entire length covered with myosin head groups.
C
Which statement is most true? A) The contraction of extrafusal fibers does not contribute to the overall strength of the muscle contraction B) The contraction of intrafusal fibers does contribute to the overall strength of the muscle contraction C) The contraction of intrafusal fibers does not contribute to the overall strength of the muscle contraction D) The contraction of intrafusal fibers greatly contributes to the overall strength of the muscle contraction
C
Which type of muscle fiber is most suited to jumping? A) Type I B) Type IIa C) Type IIb D) Type III
C
the actin and myosin within the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle to contract (help initiate appropriate reception of signal to CNS); adjust sensitivity of muscle spindle A) What can interneurons do B) Alpha motor neurons (1a) stimulate C) Gamma motor neurons stimulate D) The components of a reflex arc are
C
In skeletal muscle which option describes the origin of the calcium required for contraction? A) Ca++ ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum B) Extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum C) Intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and sarcoplasmic reticulum D) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D
Single-unit smooth muscle differs from multiunit smooth muscles how? A) Single-unit muscle contraction speed is slow, while multiunit is fast B) Single-unit muscle has T-tubules, while multiunit does not C) Single-unit muscles are not innervated by autonomic nerves D) Single-unit muscle produces action potentials spontaneously that spreads to neighboring cells, while multiunit does not
D
Smooth muscle maintains a state of contraction while using little energy --> prolonged tonic contraction - - due to low level of activity of enzymes involved in formation + breaking of bridges A) long latent period B) longer latent period C) because it is a single unit smooth muscle D) latch mechanism of smooth muscle
D
Smooth muscles are found in A) walls of urinary bladder B) walls of blood vessels C) walls of alimentary canal D) All of above
D
The fiber cell membrane is termed the _____ . A) myofibril B) myosin C) myofilament D) sarcolemma
D
The sequence for skeletal muscle contraction is... A) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction. B) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. C) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. D) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. E) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction.
D
Voltage regulation means A) Na+/K+ pumps controls potential B) Unless the voltage is regular gates will not respond C) Oscilloscope only can control potential D) With changes in the membrane potential voltage gated ion channels open and close
D
What is the efferent (motor) nerve supply for muscle spindles A) Alpha motor neurons B) Beta motor neurons C) Delta motor neurons D) Gamma motor neurons
D
Which of the following is energy independent? A) Active transport B) Primary active transport C) Secondary active transport D) Passive transport
D
Which of the following muscle proteins plays a critical role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle? A) Calmodulin B) Troponin C) Tropomyosin D) Actin D) Myosin light chains
D
Which of the following statements is false. A) Endomysium surrounding smooth muscle is very rich in reticular fibers B) Smooth muscle specializes for continuous contractions of relatively low force resulting in contraction of the whole muscle C) There are no tendons in smooth muscle D) Smooth muscle is responsible for the movement of the skeleton. E) The nuclei of smooth muscle cells are heterochromatic
D
Which out of the following is NOT a mediated transport? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Primary active transport C) Secondary active transport D) Simple diffusion
D
Which statement is false about muscle contraction? A) ATP is required for contraction B) ATP is required for relaxation C) Calcium opens up the myosin binding site of actin D) Magnesium ATPase is required for attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament
D
the knee jerk reflex and reciprocal inhibition A) What is hyperflexiveness due to? B) What is the job of the muscle spindle C) What are the names of the fibers the muscle spindles consist of D) What 2 systems make up the alpha gamma coactivation
D
A sarcomere is found between two what? A) A bands B) H zones C) I bands D) M lines E) Z lines
E
The sequence for smooth muscle contraction is... A) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction. B) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. C) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. D) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction. E) increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction.
E
This energy-rich molecule, produced by cellular respiration, is vital for the functioning of the cell. A) Sugar B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Water E) ATP
E
The head of a phospholipid is... A) Made of carbohydrates B) Made of proteins C) Made of nucleic acids D) Hydrophobic E) None of the above
E (hydrophilic, made of a phosphate group)
The tail of a phospholipid is... A) Made of carbohydrates B) Made of proteins C) Made of nucleic acids D) Hydrophilic E) None of the above
E (hydrophobic, made of fatty acids)
True/False: Diffusion is a process where a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
False
Which statement most accurately describes muscle striation?
The dark bands are the thin actin filaments and the light bands are the thick myosin bands
True/False Movement of ions through ion channels represents an electrogenic process.
True
True/False: All muscle cells contain actin and myosin.
True
True/False: Both smooth muscle contractions and skeletal muscle contractions involve thin (actin) filaments sliding over the thick (myosin) filaments.
True
True/False: In smooth muscle contraction, the majority of calcium (Ca2+) needed for contraction enters the cell from the extracellular fluid.
True
True/False: Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle fibers both have their contractions triggered by calcium ions.
True
True/False: The sodium/potassium pump moves sodium and potassium against the concentration gradient.
True