TXMI 3500 final UGA
most commonly used fibers in the past; economic importance has decreased
wool, flax, cotton or silk (all natural fibers)
Skewed definition
yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted angularly in a straight line
bulk yarn
yarns with greater covering power or appearing to have greater volume than conventional yarns
plisse is a permanent finish used to make seersucker
yes
milkweed (seed fiber)
(aka. silkweed fiber or asclepias cotton) From a Asclepias Incarnate plant that resembles Kapok Characteristics: soft, lustrous, hollow-floss seed hair fiber Uses: fiber fill in comforters and upholstery Difficult to spin into yarns bc its weak smooth and straight
manufactured fibers
(man-made) made into fiber form from chemical compounds produced in manufacturing facilities
Difference between yarn and thread
-A thread is a tightly twisted strand of 2 or more yarns -used to sew garments Yarn is used to make textiles
Describe the two types of dye molecules and their function
-Auxochrome- responsible for modifying color -Chromophore- responsible for color
What are the resist dye methods we discussed? Which one uses wax?
-Batik-uses wax -Ikat -Tie-dye
What are the two ways of coloring textiles?
-Dyeing -printing
Identify the two ways to make a correct notation for a fabric's ypi. What does this notation indicate?
-Yarn per inch—indicates yarn count -Warp x weft or combine the 2 and make one whole number
a woven fabric with a count of 144 x 76:
-is unbalanced -could be broadcloth
finishes are used to:
-modify the appearance of a textile -add comfort to fabrics -enhance the performance of fabrics
repetition(scientific method)
-repeating an experiment to see if you get the same results both times; -same results= probably accurate
match the following synonyms or definitions for wovens
1. slashing: sizing 2. selvages: the edge of a woven fabric 3. ends: warp yarns 4. picks: filling yarns 5: bowed: yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted
cotton is classified into three basic characteristics:
1. staple length 2. grade 3. character
diameter of wool varies from ___ to ___ micrometers
10-50
Tex is the weight in grams per ______ meters
1000
tex is the weight in grams per ___ meters
1000
If a fabric, which is to be printed by the flat screen process, will have a design of red and yellow flowers against a printed background, how many screen will be needed?
3
If the interlacing pattern is 2/2 how many yarns are being used to create the fabric?
4
skin
A ______ is a leather that weighs less than 15 lbs.
nep
A ______ is a small knot of entangled fibers which can create problems in yarn appearance by not accepting dye.
staple
A fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of ______ fibers.
mixture
A fabric of cotton warp and silk filling is a _______.
Finishes are used to A. Modify the appearance of a textile. B. Enhance performance of fabric. C. Add comfort to fabrics. D. All the above are correct. E. Only B and C are correct.
All the above are correct.
A group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, or color describe a/an: -Confinement -Assortment -Quality -Catalog -Bolt
Assortment
A group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, or color describes a/an
Assortment
Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability?
Availability
What are some characteristics imparted by texturing?
Bulk and softness Stretch and elasticity warmth and comfort
major 4 elements of organic fibers are
C, H, O, N
Serviceability deals with _______ of the product
Comfort
Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
Controls the sale, distribution and application of pesticides; amended in 1972, 1988, and 1996. See also Food Quality Protection Act
wider, quieter, greater
Developments in weaving include: _____ looms, faster and ______ looms, and _______ control of warp yarns.
What are the beneficial properties of nylon?
Dimensional stability, durability, and elastic recovery
Acetate is produced by
Dry spinning
Which process involves solvent evaporating and fibers solidifying?
Dry spinning
Type of silk that occurs when two worms end up in the same cocoon
Duppioni
_________ describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased
Durability
The ability of a textile to return to its original dimension or shape after elongation
Elasticity
Covalent bonds are formed when _________ are shared
Electrons
neutralizing, agitation
Electrostatic soils are removed by _________ and _________.
A fabric with good elongation will also have good elasticity. A. True. B. False.
False.
Silk fibers are _________ fibers?
Filament
acetate
Fume fading is a big problem with _______ fibers.
a textile company that purchased fabrics that are discontinued styles, colors, and overruns
Jobber
add interest
Novelty yarns are used to ___ ________
This fiber tends to pick up color from soil and wash water
Nylon
What fiber is not a natural fiber?
Nylon
Which of these fibers are not a natural fibers? Options: Nylon, Cotton, Wool, Ramie, and Acrylic
Nylon and acrylic
Nylon is a
Polyamide
Which of the examples below is a novelty yarn?
Ratine
The fiber has low wet strength.
Rayon
Staple fibers are _______ fibers
Short
Twistless spun yarns are
Soft with good luster
a fiber with high crystallinity and high orientation is: -Amorphous. -Susceptible to acid degradation. -Weak and flexible. -Strong and stiff. -Absorbent.
Strong and stiff.
More crystalline polymers cause
Stronger polymer and less flexible polymer
T/F: polymers are found in fibers and films
TRUE
T/F: textiles include only apparel and interiors
TRUE
T/F: the convolutions contribute to cottons cohesiveness and soiling characteristics
TRUE
most silk is removed from the cocoon in filament form.
TRUE
the differences in the cortical cells produce the bicomponent nature of wool and contribute to its crimp
TRUE
virgin wool has never been processed before being made into a specific product
TRUE
What are types of BCF yarns?
Textured, stretch, and bulk
What process increases the absorbency potential of synthetic yarns?
Texturizing
Elongation stands for
The degree of stretching
filature
The process to obtain filament silk from a cocoon takes place in a factory called a ________.
rayon
The term "artificial silk" refers to what fiber?
false
True/False: The solvents used in dry cleaning are not harmful to the environment.
changing the actual spinning process
Which method is not used to modify fibers during spinning? Changing size and shape of spinneret holes, adding other components to the dope, changing the actual spinning process, respinning a spun fabric.
fake fur
Which of the fabrics is a sliver knit?
batik
Which resist dye method uses hot wax to create the design?
A fiber with high tenacity is able to: -Absorb a large amount of moisture. -Conduct a high amount of electricity. -Withstand a heavy pulling force. -Resist abrasion. -Resist degradation by chemicals.
Withstand a heavy pulling force.
natural protein
Wool and silk are ______ ______ fibers.
Monofilament yarn
Yarn consisting of a single, usually large, filament
wet
______ spinning is the manufacturing process for rayon.
Find nylon in the image
a
pima refers to
a long staple variety of cotton
safety
a textile's ability to protect the body from harm
cuticle
a waxlike film covering the primary, or outer, wall. the secondary wall is made up of layers of cellulose
denier per filament (DPF)
a way of identifying fiber size; it is often used when describing or specifying yarns. -calculated by dividing yarn size by the # of filaments -technical fibers exhibit broadest range, less than 1.0-several thousand
find nylon 6,6 in the image
a) c=o-c=0-n-h
find the formula of determining PDI
a) pdi= mw/mn
cotton and rayon
absorbant fibers
how are fibers delustered?
add particles on the surface to scatter light
How are fibers delustered?
add titanium dioxide
yarns that run in the vertical direction
are usually more tightly twisted, are known as warp yarns, and have a higher count ALL OF THE ABOVE
Find polyester in the image.
b
triangular or trilobal fibers
better at hiding soil; carpets
more than 90% of the carpet in the us is constructed
by tufting
horizontal rows in a knit fabric are
called courses and show on the back
Hackled yarn example
carded linen yarn
cotton fibers are made up of a
cell wall lumen waxy cuticle
which of the following fabrics is considered a pile weave fabric
corduroy
when color from a dyed fabric rubs off rather easily
crocking
special dyeing affect used to produce stripes and plaids when a fabric is composed of two or more fibers having different dye affinities
cross dyeing
once the color is set on the fabric, it must then go through a setting process. whats the last step of the process?
curing
Find polypropylene in the image.
d
Serviceability of fibers includes
durability, comfort, aesthetics, care, costs
can either cause resistance to wrinkles or permanently set a crease
durable press
the ability to be stretched:
elongation
the art of creating raised designs on woven fabrics is known as
embroidery
when manufacturing a fiber, it's important to know the *blank* for optimal performance characteristics
end use
filament fibers are exclusively man made fibers
false
which fabric structure is held together by fiber scales
felt
manufacturers are able to make last minute color decisions when the dyeing method is
garment dyeing
*blank* is a fiber used in window treatments because it has the highest resistance to ultraviolet degradation
glass
Find nylon in the image
h-n(ch2)5c=o
the part of the loom that controls the basic fabric structure is the
harness
the part of the loom that controls the basic fabric structure:
harness
hydrophobic fibers
have little or no absorbency; tend to be *oleophilic* meaning they have a strong affinity of attraction for oil.
if a fiber if damaged at a high temperature in the dryer, the fiber is
heat sensitive
which of these fabrics is a twill weave
herringbone
which of these fabrics is a twill weave?
herringbone
which is not a characteristic of textured yarn?
high abrasion resistance
which fiber is stronger
high tenacity
applied designs:
include flocked and embossed
a woven fabric with a count of 144 X 76
is unbalanced
the protein of wool is
keratin
which of the following does not describe percale
lower quality than muslin
the fiber that is produced by the Angora goat is called
mohair
hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces
molecular chains that are held close to one another by intermolecular forces, the closer the chains are to each other, the stronger their bonds. -occur in the crystalline areas and help make crystalline polymers stronger than amorphous polymers
process of making a fabric
molecule --> polymer --> fiber --> yarn --> fabric --> finishes
S and Z twist yarns when combined
non of the above
the fiber of choice for excellent abrasion resistance
nylon
Fiber properties are determined by:
physical structure, chemical composition, and molecular arrangement
cross and union dyeing are types of
piece dyeing
which are the basic weaves
plain, satin, twill
which fiber is less expensive
polyester
which of these are polyolefin/s
polyethylene polypropylene
above the glass transition temperature:
polymer undergoes transition from the glass to viscoelastic state polymers becomes softer
major 5 classes of synthetic polymers used in textile industry
polyolefins, polyamide, polyesters, polyacrylates, polyurethanes
Sustainability
practices and policies that reduce environmental pollution and do not exploit people or natural resources in meeting the lifestyle needs of the present without compromising the future
used to add color at the last possible moment
product
tenacity is ability of fibers to resist
pulling force
this yarn uses fiber strength to the best advantage.
regular filament yarns
the carbonizing process
removes cellulosic materials from wools
spandex replaced which fiber
rubber
abrasion resistance is the ability of textiles to withstand
rubbing
miscellaneous fibers
rush, sea grass, maize, palm fiber
what is the only filament fiber that exists in nature?
silk; all other natural fibers are only measured in staple form.
Static electricity can cause
sparks or shock, garment cling, and attraction of lint ALL OF THE ABOVE
textile processes:
spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing, and finishing of fabrics
colorfastness is impacted by
sunlight, moisture, gas, and abrasion ALL OF THE ABOVE
common uses for BCF
swimwear blankets sweaters
a finish that straightens fabric, removes wrinkles, and dries fabric to an even width is
tentering
Comfort stretch
the amt of fabric that moves w the body to create flexibility
plain weaves are:
the largest category of woven fabrics
comfort
the way textiles affect heat, air, and moisture transfer, and the way the body interacts with a textile product
basket weave
two yarns over, two yarns under, two yarns under, two yarns over...
ramie
(bast fiber); known as rhea, grasscloth, china grass, and army/navy cloth. used for several thousand years in china, japan and kinda. uses: imported apparel like sweaters, shirts, blouses, suits. interiors such as window treatments, pillows, table linens. blended to make ropes, banknotes, cigarette paper, twines. characteristics: fast growth, frequent harvest (min. 60 days), tall shrub that grows in hot climate (heat resistant), cut not pulled because its perennial, strong, least flexible (breaks easily) *relatively inexpensive, cottonized and blends well with other fibers*
interior textiles
(interior textiles or home furnishings) describes textiles and textile products used in the home and other building interiors for functions such as absorbency
identify six issues related to cotton and sustainability
*COTTON CAN NOT BE PRODUCED WITHOUT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT* 1. cotton that is harvested by machine is often treated with defoliant chemicals to remove the leaves. machine-picked cotton usually also includes impurities such as seeds, dir, and plant residue that requires more effort in cleaning. 2. water-intesntive crop requiring at least 20 inches of rain per year. *rain-fed* 3. tilling the soil contributes to soil erosion by water and wind. *trying to improve production by focusing on locally adapted varieties that require fewer agricultural chemicals and less irrigation, wide crop rotation to avoid depleting the soil of necessary nutrients and mechanical and manual weed control instead of chemical herbicides* 4. genetically modified cotton alters the use of pesticides and is tolerant of herbicides -- insect resistance to GM crops and weed proliferation which leads to pesticide use 5. since cotton is a major cash crop in more than 80 countries, farmers raise cotton for income. so when cotton prices drop or production falls, incomes suffer a similar decrease. (droughts, floods, disease, insect problems or forced child labor) 6. mainstreaming farming methods use extensive agricultural chemicals to fertilize the soil but excess rain can create problems with runoff can be toxic to other plants, insects, animals, and even people.
smart textiles
*are able to deliver medication in slow and controlled doses, monitor pulse and body temperature, promote safety with sensors that identify seat occupancy in vehicles , and keep wearers comfortable by promoting heat loss in warm weather and minimizing heat loss in cooler weather.* sense and react to the environment or stimuli of an electrical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, or other nature. undergoing rapid change and of interest to govt. agencies, military, and consumers.
in order for it to be true felt it must be
- 100% wool - at least 50% wool blended with cotton - at least 50% wool blended with rayon - ALL OF THE ABOVE
What is the difference between hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and hygroscopic in terms of fibers and moisture?
- Hydrophobic- repels water - Hydrophilic- absorbs water -Hygroscopic- absorbs water but remains dry
When examining wool, flax, and cotton fibers under the microscope, what does each look like?
- Wool- scales - Cotton- convolutions -Linen- nodes
which of the following statements is representative of pigment dyeing?
- pigments can be applied quickly and economically - excellent fastness to light - loss of color when cleaned - color crocking ALL OF THE ABOVE
a major advantage to importing textile goods
- sewn products are labor intensive and wages overseas can be lower - some textiles products from around the world are superior to the products we have domestically - giving third world countries the opportunity to grow economically ALL OF THE ABOVE
Name some of the "firsts" that happened because of the textile industry
-1st employment for women in factories -1st computer came from jacquard loom
Know the difference between the AATCC and ASTM
-AATCC- Organization that develops standards related to color and wet processing -ASTM-voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services
Describe the characteristics of wool, cotton, nylon, and acetate. What end uses would be appropriate for these fibers?
-Acetate- good draping and low in cost; interiors and cigarette filters -Cotton- comfy fiber, most preferred; apparel -Wool- poor in dimensional stability and tenacity; suits -Nylon- 1st synthetic fiber good in everything except comfort; carpets
How can you best tell the difference between acetate, nylon and polyester fibers?
-Acetate: silk-like -Nylon: fine glass rods -Polyester:looks like nylon but not clear
Which type of loom has the highest production speed for the widest range of fabrics? The lowest production speed?
-Air-jet fastest -Hand loom- slowest
What characteristics of a textile can a finish change?
-Appearance -Hand -Performance
Describe the components of color theory. What are the variables that influence determining color?
-Biology of the eye -Physics of light -Chemistry of colored objects
What is the difference between gray goods and converted or finished goods?
-Converted or finished goods- wet or dry finishing treatments - Gray goods- fabrics produced but have not had wet or dry finished operations
What do denier and tex measure? How do you interpret the numbers?
-Denier-defines fineness and coarseness (9000m/fiber or yarn) -Tex- weight in grams (1000m/fiber or yarn)
What types of prints fall under the direct printing process category?
-Direct roller -Block -Warp printing
characteristics of Dispersed Dyes
-Dye becomes entrapped btwn fibers and color is seen by the eye -Used to dye synthetic fibers -Dye cannot be absorbed- must be trapped
What are the four stages of dyeing?
-Fiber -Yarn -Piece -Product
3 Classes of Dye
-Fiber Reactive (basic dyes) -acid dyes -dispersed dyes
Describe the factors to consider when identifying and classifying yarns.
-Fiber length -Yarn size -Yarn twist -Yarn regularity/ irregularity
Describe the difference between cut and sew knit and fully-fashioned knit.
-Fully fashioned- shape armholes, neckline curves and collar points -Cut and sew- 2 pieces of fabric sewn together (front of shirt and back of shirt)
Name and describe the two basic stitches used in filling knitting a fabric.
-Knit stitch- basic stitch used to produce the majority of filling knit fabrics -Purl or reverse stitch- forms fabric that looks like technical back of basic knit stitch
What are the color measurement methods for textiles? Name two specific machines used in determining color matches.
-Lap dip -color match and shade sorting
2 Dye Categories
-Natural dyes: from plants or animals -Synthetic Dyes:acid or anionic(negative charge), basic or cationic(positive charge), reactive or fiber-reactive, azoic, disperse
characteristics of Fiber Reactive(basic)dyes
-Negative charge -Poor colorfastness to light & washing -Crocks -Used to dye cellulose fibers -Hydroxl group
Common characteristics of bast fibers include: -Irregular thick-thin structure. -High orientation. -Good elongation potential. -All of the above are correct. -Only A and C are correct.
-Only A and C are correct.
alternatives to cotton
-Organic Cotton -Transitional Cotton -Conventional Cotton -Green Cotton -Color grown cotton
What is the difference between permanent, durable, temporary, and renewable finishes? What are examples of each, and which end use might be appropriate for each?
-Permanent- lasts life of item; apparel -Durable- may last for life of product but effectiveness diminishes w/ age of product; curtains -Temporary- lasts until item is washed/dry cleaned; shoes
What are the two primary categories of textile colorants?
-Pigments -Dyeing
characteristics of Acid Dyes
-Positive charge -Poor colorfastness to washing -Used to dye protein fibers -Amine group
How would you tell a printed fabric from one where the yarns were dyed and the pattern was woven in?
-Printed fabric is only vibrant on one side but yarns that were dyed and the pattern woven into it have the pattern on both sides
Name the regenerated manufactured fibers and their characteristics we studied
-Rayon- 1st regenerated cellulosic fiber, high absorbency, soft, comfortable, easy to dye and versatile -Lyocell- made similar to rayon due to the negative environmental impacts, similar to cotton -Acetate- 1st thermoplastic fiber, low cost and good draping qualities
What are the components of a printed pattern (repeat, colorway, etc)?
-Sharp edges on design portion of face -Pattern is clear and precise on face and irregular on the back
What are the characteristics of spun and filament yarns? When is each more appropriately used?
-Spun- short, staple fibers, twisted or bonded together, fuzzy yarn -Filament- long smooth fibers, slightly twisted together.
What is the difference between union dyeing and cross dyeing?
-Union dyeing- produces finished fabric in a solid color -Cross dyeing- piece dyeing of products and sometimes yarns
three important cotton groups that are commercially produced
-Upland Cottons (medium staple) (predominately in US, 97%) -Long Staple Cottons (longest) (Egyptian and South American Cottons 3% in US) -Short staple Cottons (shortest) (India and eastern Asia)
What is the difference between a vertically integrated company and a textile converter?
-Vertically integrated- means they do all of it; American apparel -Textile converter- means they make textile but don't sell the actual product
cellulose (plant) fibers
-absorbent -heavy -heat resistant -prone to wrinkling -damaged by acids and mildew -highly flammable
How do you identify a basket weave? A twill weave?
-basket weave:two or more adjacent warps controlled by the same harness -Twill weave: each warp or filling yarn floats and creates a diagonal line
What are the differences between colorfastness, metamerism, migration, bezold effect, and color measurement?
-colorfastness: colorant that stays when exposed to certain conditions -metamerism: 2 colors that look the same under one light and different under the other -migration: dye shifts to a different area on fabric -bezold effect: 2 or more colors merging into one -color measurement: assigning numbers to colors
cottons high absorbency contributes to its
-good comfort characteristics -good dyeability -propensity to be damaged by mildew
Power stretch
-has the ability to exhibit retractive forces -can mold the body -compression garments
jacquard looms:
-have chains of punched cards or microprocessors controlling individual warp yarns -are used to create permanent designs -are used in large repeating designs requiring 25 or more warp yarn arrangements
Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
-hydrophobic -heat sensitivity and heat stability -oleophilic
Fibers may be blended to
-improve performance -improve comfort -decrease cost
coloration and finshing are used to:
-improve product performance -improve product appeal to customers -enhance appearance
which of the following is true for cotton
-increases strength when wet -attacked by mildew, must be stored in dry place
what kinds of products are produced from textiles?
-interior products -sporting goods -apparel
common characteristics of bast fibers include
-irregular, thick thin structure -good elongation potential
The process of tentering
-is used in drying fabrics -may use either pins or clips to hold fabric in place -must be done carefully to avoid setting fabrics off-grain
explain the differences among naturally colored cotton, organic cotton, green cotton, transition cotton, and conventional cotton.
-naturally colored cotton: has been cultivated for thousands of years. reemergence in the beginning of 1990's to minimize the environmental impact and sustainability concerns of conventionally produced cotton. *produce less fiber per acre, but sell for about twice the price of regular white cotton* the colors deepen with age and care (differs from other fabrics that fade) shorter, weaker, less absorbent and have less uniform properties than white cotton. higher metal content. lower environmental impact, especially in yarn and fabric finishing processes. -organic cotton: produced following state fiber-certification standards on land where organic farming practices have been used for at least three years. *no synthetic commercial pesticides or fertilizers are used.* (more expensive than conventional), to whiten safe peroxide is used. -green cotton: cotton fabric that has been washed with mild natural-based soap but *has not been bleached or treated with other chemicals, except possibly natural dyes*. -transition cotton: produced on land where organic farming is practiced, but the three-year minimum has not been met. (more expensive than conventional) -conventional cotton: cotton that is treated with fungicides etc, possible genetic modification, uses synthetic soils, to white bleach is used.
Fibers based on synthetic organic compounds: esters (polyester)
-nonabsorbent -lightweight -resistant to wrinkling -resistant to most chemicals -melt when exposed to flames or high heat
environmental impacts of bast fibers
-retting (chemical retting = water pollution) -Dew retting is the least harmful to environment, it actually very environmentally sustainable) -fewer chemicals used with flax -soil erosion can be an issue because of how it is harvested -overall less impact than cotton
compare the processing needed to separate fibers from the plant component for each of these groups: seed fibers, bast fibers, and leaf fibers.
-seed fibers: must be separated from the seedpod. (the seed is used to produce animal feed and refined cottonseed oil is used in many human foods.) -bast fibers: come from the stem of the plant, near the outer edge. time-consuming and requires specialized machinery. uses cottonizing makes he bast fiber a length similar to that of cotton (seed fiber) which makes the fibers process-able for equipment designed for cotton (will lack some of their more traditional characteristics like hand, luster, durability) -leaf fibers: the leaf is cut from the plant and fiber is split or pulled from the leaf. *all are either shorter size or cut to be a shorter size similar to the seed fibers, and then is pulled from the original stem, root, leaves.*
cotton
-standard in the industry -slightly irregular contour; pleasing to skin -little crimp -amorphous fiber -opaque -hydrophilic -good heat conductivity/ release heat quickly -poor resiliency -easily compressible; wrinkles easily -poor elasticity -great aging resistance
low-absorbency fiber characteristics include consumer advantages and disadvantages:
-static cling can occur -dries rapidly -has a cool and slick hand -feels clammy next to the skin -waterborne soils do not stain -liquids wick along the fibers' surface, but absorbency is low -does not shrink when machine-washed and machine-dried -does not require ironing after washing -difficult to dye, but dyes are colorfast to washing
resins used in finishes like durable press may create problems with
-strength and abrasion loss -yellowing -stiffness and unpleasant odor
fibers classified by two criteria
-the source (natural or manufacturers) -chemical composition (cellulose, protein, mineral, or synthetic)
developments in weaving includes:
-wider looms -faster and quieter looms -greater control of warp yarns
explain the relationship among serviceability, product development, and product performance
....
linters
.very short cotton fibers that remain attached to the cotton seed after ginning. Can be used to stuff small decorative pillows, candlewicks, mattresses ect. They can be converted into cellophane, photographic film ect.
cotton's major producers are:
1) China (32%) 2) India (21.8%) 3) USA (12.2%)
properties common to all cellulosic fibers
1) Good absorbency 2) Good Conductor of heat 3) ability to withstand high temperature 4)low resiliency 5) low loft, good compressibility 6) good conductor of electricity 7) Heavy fibers 8) Harmed by mineral acids, minimal damage by organic acids 9) Attacked by mildew 10) Resistant to Moths but eaten by crickets and silverfish 11) Flammable 12) Moderate resistance to sunlight
match the type of knit to the description of consumer need
1) greatest stretch potential: jersey 2) good dimensional stability: tricot 3) high elasticity where snug fit is needed: rib 4) crosswise structured ridges: purl
five ways we are constantly trying to breed a better cotton plant
1) minimizing environmental impact 2) better resistance to insects 3) longer cotton fibers 4) enhanced reactivity to dyes 5) better resistance to disease
match the following
1) name: when a fabric is described as denim 2) fiber content: if a fabric is described as cotton, the reference to 3) Construction: if a fabric is referred to as a woven, the reference is to the
Above the glass transition temperature:
1) polymers become softer 2) polymer undergoes transition from glass to viscous-elastic state
natural fibers derive their shape from:
1) the way the cellulose is built up during plant growth (cotton) 2) shape of the hair follicle and the formation of protein substances in animals (wool) 3) the shape of the orfice through which the insect extrudes the fiber (silk) *ways how cross-sectional shapes can not be controlled*
match the following yarn related definitions
1)monofilament yarn: yarn consisting of a single, usually large, filament 2) core-spun yarn: yarn with central area of one fiber around which is wrapped or twisted 3) crepe yarn: yarn with exceptionally tight twist 4) bulk yarn: appearing to have greater volume than conventional yarns 5) cord yarn: yarn composed of two or more plys
Most apparel fibers are in a denier range (in dpf)
1-7
filament fibers are in a denier range
1-7
identify a natural protein fiber that would be appropriate for each of the end uses listed below and describe the properties that contribute to the end use:
1. area rug in front of a fireplace: wool because of the rich color, texture and appearance retention, durable nature and natural flame resistance. 2. upholstery for corporate boardroom: 3. suit for business travel: 4. tie with small print pattern: 5. casual sweater: 6. sutures for medical use: 7. summer shawl: 8. wall covering:
identify consumer expectations for each serviceability concept for the following products and target markets:
1. carpet for a high-traffic area: durability, safety. 2. shirt/blouse for internship/interview: quality, comfort, appearance retention, aesthetics 3. house coat/robe: safety, comfort, care 4. upholstery of chairs: comfort, appearance, durability, care 5. adhesive bandage: environmental concern, durability, comfort, quality, safety.
describe the properties of wool and silk that some manufactured fibers attempt to duplicate
1. carpeting:
compare cotton performance related to polyester
1. cotton is poor in resiliency, thermal retention, good for light resistance 2. polyester is excellent at abrasion resistance, thermal retention, good for resiliency, excellent at light resistance.
cotton contains:
1. cuticle 2. primary wall 3. secondary wall 4. *LUMEN*
negative environmental effects of cotton
1. excessive use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides 2. soil erosion due to heavy water use 3. pollution 4. water consumption 5. water runoff of combined chemicals can be toxic to other plants, animals, and humans.
what differences in performance might you expect from fibers in jeans for gardening, day care center carpet, and an erosion control fabric?
1. jeans - u-shaped fiber, absorbent, heat conductive 2. carpet - durable, safety, 3. erosion control fabric - abrasion resistant
describe the similarities in the properties common to all protein fibers
1. resiliency 2. hygroscopic 3. weaker when wet 4. specific gravity 5. harmed by alkali 6. harmed by oxidizing agents 7. harmed by dry heat 8. flame resistance *HYGROSCOPIC*
four types of cellulosic fibers
1. seed fiber 2. bast fiber 3. leaf fiber 4. misc. fibers
to what fiber aspects are differences among cellulosic fibers attributed?
1. seed fiber: grows within a pot or boll from developing seeds 2. bast fiber: obtained from the stem and root of the plant 3. leaf fiber: removed from the views or ribs of a leaf. they differ in the percentage of cellulose present and in their physical structure. molecular chains varies in orientation and length, making for different performance characteristic and hand.
identify a cellulosic fiber that would be an appropriate choice for each of the following end uses and explain why you selected that fiber:
1. sheets for a twin bed in a child's room: cotton because it's hand is good, thermal retention is low, aesthetics are all pleasant. durability is good. comfort is excellent. 2. table cloth: flax because its relatively high in cost, durability is good, aesthetics is good, comfort is high, can be machine washable. 3. area rug home furnishing designers's showroom: sisal because it provides complementary texture and background for interior styles. can be used by itself or with wool and acrylic. durable, ease of application. 4. man's blazer for summer wear: linen (AKA FLAX) because it has excellent comfort, has a good conductor of heat. can be dry-cleaned or machine washed. 5. socks for an athlete: cotton because it is comfortable, it can be machine washed, good hand, thermal retention is low. 6. rug for a fair-trade apparel store: 7. erosion control fabric for a freshly seeded slope: 8. welcome mat for an entry into a home: coir because has good resistance to abrasion, water, and weather. has a stiff wiry texture and coarse size produce fabrics who's weave, pattern or design is clearly visible. 9. fiber for paper currency: cotton and linen because abrasion resistance, poor elongation, recycled denim scrapes are used to make paper currency.
list five aspects related to textile that concern you in terms of their sustainability or impact on the environment
1. water 2. chemicals 3. forests 4. human health 5. animals that carry diseases
compare the performance characteristics of the following fiber pairs:
1. wool and angora: do not have good dye ability, comfortable, 2. cashmere and silk: lustrous, hand, high quality draping, dry-clean only preferable. 3. mohair and llama: lustrous, high heat retention, less pronounces scales so felting not a big problem *resilient* 4. silk and spider silk: 5. alpaca and camel: heat retention, comfortable, fine fiber
match the identifying characteristics of these filling knit structures
1.Purl: wales not visible 2. plain: wales predominate 3. rib: alernating
length of cotton staple fiber
1/2 to 2 inches
Diameter of wool fibers varies from ____ to____ micrometers
10-50
If a fabric has a count of 75 x 75, that count could also be written as
150
if a fabric has a count of 75 X 75 that count could also be written as
150
if a fabric has a count of 75 x 75, that count could also be written as
150
There are __ standard staple lengths of cottons, all within a __ inch range. Fiber length is very important!
19, 2
rayon was introduced in
1910
double weaves
2 independent layers, attached with another thread in between
textiles are flexible materials that are composed of....(select best match from the list)
2) thin films of polymers or of fibers, yarns, or fabrics
1. open, figure eight construction 2. flat, uniform surface 3. smooth, lustrous surface 4. fabric with dimensional surface made from extra set of yarn 5. repeating geometric patterns
2. plain 3. satin 4. pile 5. dobby
correct way to write yarns per inch of a fabric containing 120 warp yarns and 80 filling yarns per inch
200 or 120x80
how many minimum harnesses are required to make a twill weave
3
Cotton & Polyester account for more than ____ of the global textile fiber market
3/4; agricultural and manufacturing segments depend on them; less responsive to change and provide fewer consumer choices.
Satin weaves require a loom with _________ or more harnesses for commercial production.
5
length of flax
5-21.5 inches in length 12-16 microns diameter
Flax is similar to cotton in its chemical composition in that its
71% cellulose
Denier is the weight in grams per _______ meters
9000
denier is the weight in grams per __ meter
9000
nanofibers are fine fibers with a diameter
<1 micrometer
explain why wool is not more commonly used in apparel and interiors? what are the reasons you do not own more wool items?
??? only a small amount of wool is used in the united states, domestic consumption of wool compromises only a fraction of a percentage of all fiber used in the united states
sliver
A _______ knit is a very weak rope of fibers produced in intermediate steps in the production of spun yarns.
combed
A ________ yarn is a yarn with short fibers removed and a very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers.
acetate, rayon
A buyer is seeking to stock a line of dresses that are shiny and smooth. The buyer also knows that the consumer may only wear this dress one or two times before discarding it so appearance retention and durability may not be so important. The buyer needs to look at dress with either a 100% ________ fiber content or a 100% ______ fiber content.
sustainability
A company that practices _________ uses practices and policies that reduce pollution, does not exploit people or natural resources, and does not compromise the future.
discharge printed
A disadvantage of a ________ ________ fabric which was laundered frequently by the consumer might be that it weaken in the design areas.
abrasion resistant
A durable fabric usually contains fibers that are ________ ________.
high
A fiber with _____ tenacity is able to withstand a heavy pulling force.
high, high
A fiber with ______ crystallinity and _____ orientation is strong and stiff.
opaque
A fiber with good cover would be ________.
take it to dry cleaners and identify the stain so they can spot treat it
A friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. To remove the satin you, what do you recommend?
fiber
A garment made from ______ dyed materials has subtle variations in color from fiber to fiber.
higher
A hand, silk screen printed fabric is _______ in cost than a roller printed fabric.
Pima Refers to: -A long staple variety of flax. -A highly crimped variety of ramie. -A wild cotton. -A long staple variety of cotton. -A naturally brown variety of cotton.
A long staple variety of cotton.
tentering
A process which straightens the fabric and dries it to an even width is ________.
unbalanced, has twice as many warp yarns as filling yarns
A woven fabric with a count of 144x72 is:
float
A yarn that crosses over more than 1 yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a ______.
elasticity or elastic recovery
A&R properties; ability of a textile to return to its original dimension or shape after elongation -cotton and rayon have poor elastic recovery -nylon and polyester have good recovery
loft of compression resiliency
A&R properties; ability to spring back to the original thickness after being compressed; important for pile fabrics, most knits, and carpets and rugs.
compressibility
A&R properties; resistance to crushing -cotton (can produce heavy and compact fabrics like denim) -wool (does not compress easily; bulky fabrics)
moth resistance
A&R properties; resistance to insect damage, including moths, beetles, crickets, roaches, and spiders.
shrinkage resistance
A&R properties; the ability of a fabric to retain its original dimensions throughout care. related to reaction to moisture or heat; first cleaning cycle will shrink the most; some continue to shrink (residual shrinkage)
dimension stability
A&R properties; the ability of a fabric to retain its original size and shape through use and care; it includes the properties of shrinkage resistance and elastic recovery. - fabrics are carefully measured, cleaned and measured again -calculated based on the difference between the original measurements and the after-cleaning measurements.
resiliency
A&R properties; the ability of a textile to return to it's original shape after bending, twisting, or crushing. -evaluated by # of sharpness and wrinkles in fabric after it is compressed and twisted for a set length of time
mildew resistance
A&R properties; the resistance to the growth of mold, mildew, or fungus. if cotton and other plant fibers are stored in humid and warm conditions, mildew, mold, or fungus growth can occur.
compare the type of textile information available in a technical journal such as AATCC, WWD, and GAP
AATCC - most GAP - average WWD - least
Polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are
Above the glass transition temperature
Which fiber is the most heat sensitive?
Acetate
Which fiber is often considered a wool substitute? When would it be used?
Acrylic- fleece fabrics; apparel; interiors; technical products.
How are fibers delustered?
Add titanium dioxide
Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
All of the above are correct.
What kinds of products are produced from textiles? A. Sporting goods B. Apparel C. Interior products D. All of the above are correct. E. Only B and C are correct.
All of the above are correct.
calendaring
All of the below are pre-treatment processes except: scouring, singeing, bleaching, calendaring, carbonizing
flax
All of the fibers listed below are leaf fibers except: Flax, Sisal, Abaca, Pina, Henequen
gas spinning
All of the following are methods of manufactured fiber spinning except: dry spinning, wet spinning, gas spinning, melt spinning
Coloration and finishing are used to A. Enhance appearance. B. Improve product appeal to consumers. C. Improve product performance. D. All the above are correct. E. Only A and C are correct.
All the above are correct.
Cotton's high absorbency contributes to its? -Good comfort characteristics. -Good dye-ability. -Propensity to be damaged by mildew. -All the above are correct. -Only A and B are correct.
All the above are correct.
Identify which of these products is not a textile. A. Ankle support wrap B. Lead rope for horse C. Headliner for car or truck interior D. Reinforced fiberglass boat hull E. All the above could describe a textile.
All the above could describe a textile.
weighting
An outdated method of adding metallic salts to silk is called _______.
Classification of textiles. Select major classes of textiles from the list:
Apparel Interior Technical Smart Textiles
This fiber is used to produce warm and lightweight wool-like fabrics
Arcylic
Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability? A. Cost B. Appearance retention C. Comfort D. Aesthetics E. Availability
Availability
These yarns are used as filling yarns to add comfort stretch to woven fabrics
BCF yarns
The greater polarity of the surface, the _________ is the wetting
Better
Yarns that have more air/space insulates (better or worse) than yarns that have less air/space
Better insulation
What fabric preparation steps make the fabric whiter? Why would one do this?
Bleaching; removing irregular natural color
Transfer of color during laundering
Bleeding
What are some of the problems that arise when printing on textiles?
Bleeding, crocking, migration, frosting, off-grain and out of register
What is an intimate mixture of different fibers?
Blend
A fiber with high luster would be described as? -Bright. -Shiny. -Dull. -Matte. -Both A and B are correct.
Both A and B are correct.
Which of the following statements are true for cotton? -Increases in strength when wet. -Impervious to insect damage. -Attacked by mildew; must be stored clean and dry. -Both A and C are correct. -All of the above are correct.
Both A and C are correct.
absorbency
C&S properties; the ability of a fiber to take up moisture from he body or from the environment -increase in mass when fiber is exposed to humid air -do not build up static or have cling & they do not attract lint
major 4 elements of organic fibers
C, H, O, N
A natural protein fiber that is water repellent and a good insulator is: -Angora. -Camel's hair. -Abaca. -Coir. -Fibroin.
Camel's hair.
Major 4 elements of organic fibers are (multiple correct answer)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Which cotton spinning process utilizes small wires and wheels to partially align fibers and form a thin web?
Carding
What information is required to be present on a label or hangtag?
Care labeling regulation; requires manufacturers to label regular care information and instructions on tag of product
Cotton fibers are made up of
Cell wall, waxy cuticle, and lumen
The major polymer of cotton fiber is
Cellulose
Rayon, acetate, and lyocell are
Cellulosic fibers
Major classes of chemical reaction/s used for synthesis of polymers
Chain polymerization and polycondensation
Generic Name
Chemical Structure
Generic name differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on
Chemical composition
Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on
Chemical composition
This is useful as the basis for designating generic names of fibers. -External structure. -Cross-sectional shape. -Denier. -Plant or animal source. -Chemical composition.
Chemical composition.
water soluble
Cofffee, tea, and soda are all considered ______ ________ adhered soils.
In museums, moth or insect control finishes may be replaced with
Cold storage
The equivalent of woolen and worsted yarns in cotton is
Combed and carded
Which pair of processes create similar yarn characteristics
Combed and lined
A yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a
Combed yarn
A yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a
Combed yarn and worsted yarn
bast
Common characteristics of _____ fibers include irregular, thick-thin structure, and high orientation.
Describe a power stretch fabric. When would it be used?
Composite/spandex; fabrics exhibits high retractive force that molds, supports or shapes body; swimsuits, belts, etc.
A print pattern that is exclusive property of one design firms with restrictions so that printers cannot sell the print to other companies describes
Confinement
A print pattern that is exclusive property of one design firms with restrictions so that printers cannot sell the print to other companies describes? -Contract restrictions. -Consignment. -Configuration. -Confinement. -Conscription.
Confinement
disposable
Cosmetic wipe is an example of a _________ nonwoven material.
seeds
Cotton _______ are considered a bi-product of cotton fiber production because we use them as cattle feed and cottonseed oil.
absorbency
Cotton's high _________ contributes to its good comfort characteristics, good dyeability, and propensity to be damaged by mildew.
Mercerization is a finish used to modify the performance of? -Cotton. -Coir. -Flax. -Jute. -Ramie.
Cotton.
fineness is measured in millimeters:
Cotton: 16-20 Flax: 12-16 Wool: 10-50 Silk: 11-12
What is the name of the finish that wool is given?
Crabbing
piece
Cross and union dyeing are types of ______ dyeing.
Melting temperature corresponds to
Crystalline to amorphous phase transition
fiber content and percentage and recommended care procedure
Currently, the information that is required to be present on a label or hangtag at the point of purchase includes:
A common method to increase the tenacity of synthetic fibers
Drawing
The ability of a fiber to be stretched is called? -Stretch resistance. -Creep. -Elongation. -Elasticity. -Recovery
Elongation.
What does the Environmental Protection Agency do?
Enforces and regulates air, water, and noise pollution and waste disposal
reversible twills
Even-sided twills are also known as ______ ______.
T/F: a fabric with good elongation will also have good elasticity
FALSE
T/F: a fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6
FALSE
T/F: chemical reactivity of fibers is of little concern to consumers since they rarely come in contact with chemical
FALSE
T/F: cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form
FALSE
T/F: fibers that wick well are also very absorbent
FALSE
T/F: ramie and flax are the same fiber
FALSE
T/F: soft goods are textiles that sense and react with the environment
FALSE
T/F: textiles are no longer made in the US
FALSE
T/F: the burn test is an easy and sure way to determine fiber content especially for blends with synthetic fibers
FALSE
T/F: the central portion of the flax fiber is called the core
FALSE
T/F: the textile complex changes slowly and lacks innovation
FALSE
both llama and linen are natural protein fibers
FALSE
the scales contribute most to wools ability to insulate
FALSE
felt
Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together is called _______.
abrasion
Fabric pills occur because of __________.
Describe and be able to physically identify the difference between fabrics made from fibers, fabrics made from yarns, and fabrics made from fabrics.
Fabrics made from fibers are non woven since they are not made from yarn and fibers do not have to be processed.
apparel
Fabrics used for running shorts would usually be categorized in which end use grouping?
What creates a rib in a knit? In a woven? When are these seen in end uses?
Face and back ales; unbalanced plain weave
Which of the fabrics below is a sliver knit
Fake fur
A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6.
False
Both llama and linen are natural protein fibers. A. True. B. False.
False
Disposal of manmade fibers have minor impact on environment
False
Gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment
False
Hydrophilic surfaces repeal water
False
If you know the cost of the fabric and other materials used to produce a textile product, you can determine the cost of the product to the consumer. A. True B. False
False
Nylon is the lightest of the synthetic fibers.
False
Olefins are known for their high heat resistance
False
Soft goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment A. True B. False
False
T/F Kevlar is an example of Polyacrylate
False
T/F: A raschel is a fancy type of filling double knit
False
T/F: Acrylic is often heat set to maintain its shape
False
T/F: Blended yarns are made from staple fibers
False
T/F: Care describes the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance, but not cleanliness
False
T/F: Cross-dyeable fibers are colored when they are extruded.
False
T/F: Fibers arrangement or orientation in the woolen system are more parallel/aligned than the worsted system
False
T/F: Filament fibers are exclusively man-made fibers
False
T/F: For all manufactured fibers, the shape of the spinneret hole controls the cross-sectional shape of the fiber.
False
T/F: If you know the cost of the fabric and other materials used to produce a textile product, you can determine the cost of a product to the consumer
False
T/F: In spun yarns, yarn twist only determines the surface texture of the fabrics
False
T/F: Lyocell is a type of acetate.
False
T/F: Lyocell is highly abrasion resistant and is used for work clothing and heavy duty interiors.
False
T/F: Manufactured and Synthetic fibers are bad of the environment.
False
T/F: Manufactured and Synthetic fibers comprise less than 15% of the fibers used world-wide today.
False
T/F: Nylon is the lightest of the Synthetic fibers
False
T/F: Olefin is known for its high heat resistance
False
T/F: PLA is made from waste from the production of rubber
False
T/F: Parent fibers are fibers that have been modified for specific end uses.
False
T/F: Poromeric fabrics are a type of tufted fabric
False
T/F: Rayon is significantly heavier than cotton.
False
T/F: Solution-dyed fibers are modified to accept dye more readily
False
T/F: Textile should perform the same regardless of the target market for which it is intended.
False
T/F: The technical face of a knit terry is the loop side
False
T/F: The terms 'repeating unit' and 'monomer' can be used interchangeably in all cases
False
T/F: There is no difference between blended fabrics and mixture fabrics
False
T/F: Trade name and generic name are the same for all fibers.
False
T/F: Vinal is used for bone grafts because of its biocompatibility
False
T/F: Vinyl films can be dry cleaned
False
T/F: Wool has the lowest among fibers moisture regain
False
T/F: Yarns produced from filament fibers require more processing than yarns made from staple fibers
False
T/F: Yarns with metallic components are not considered novelty or fancy yarns
False
T/F: carding is a step in the production of filament yarns.
False
Textiles should perform the same regardless of the target market for which it is intended. A. True B. False
False
The textile complex changes slowly and lacks innovation. A. True B. False
False
There is only one best choice for any textile product need. A. True B. False
False
True or False: Lyocell fibers are soluble in acetone
False
True or False: The stress-strain curve of polymer first goes through a plastic region before elastic region
False
A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6. A. True. B. False.
False.
Chemical reactivity of fibers is of little concern to consumers since they rarely come in contact with chemicals. A. True. B. False.
False.
Cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form. A. True. B. False.
False.
Fibers that wick well are also very absorbent. A. True. B. False.
False.
Ramie and flax are the same fiber. A. True. B. False.
False.
Textiles are no longer made in the United States A. True B. False
False.
Textiles include only apparel and interiors. A. True B. False
False.
The burn test is an easy and sure way to determine fiber content, especially for blends with synthetic fibers. A. True. B. False.
False.
The central portion of the flax fiber is called the core. A. True B. False
False.
The scales contribute most to wool's ability to insulate. A. True. B. False.
False.
When compared to weaving, knitting is
Faster, more versatile, produces less stable fabric and more permeable fabric
Which stage in dyeing provides the quickest response to fashion change? The slowest response to fashion change?
Fastest: fabric stage Slowest:fiber stage
Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together
Felt
Which fabric structure is held together by fiber scales?
Felt
Wool tweed suit jacket- dyeing method?
Fiber dyeing
Polymers are found in:
Fibers Yarns Fabrics Films
hygroscopic
Fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are _________.
thermoplastic
Fibers that melt or glaze at a relatively low temperature are called __________.
These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill
Filament
These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill
Filament yarns
Denier
Fineness of the yarn
mercerization of cotton
Finish for cellulosic materials that gives a lustrous finish and strengthens them. Treating yarns or fabrics with with sodium hydroxide causes a permanent physical change. Not good for the environment
A yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a
Float
Ply yarn example
Folded yarn
coir (seed fiber)
From the husk of coconut from Sri Lanka Fibers: long and curly Characteristics: stiff, cinnamon brown color, coarse, wiry, durable Uses: rugs, mats, floortiles, brushes
Stonewashed, blue jeans- dyeing method?
Garment dyeing
If a fiber is damaged in the dryer, that means the fiber is
Heat sensitive
Comfort includes the way textiles affect
Heat transfer, moisture transfer, and flammability
A fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd2 is
Heavy weight fabric
Which bast fiber has the strongest potential to be a sustainable fiber? -Pina. -Cotton. -Coir. -Wicker. -Hemp.
Hemp.
Select correct characteristics for polyester;
High elastic recovery
What is a characteristic of polyester?
High elastic recovery
Wool fiber properties
High resiliency, high elongation, and poor tenacity
Combed and worsted yarns are (higher or lower) quality than carded and woolen yarns
Higher quality
3
How many layers typically compose a quilted material?
4
How many screens are needed to make a design with 4 different colors?
Serviceability describes
How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations
Serviceability describes? -How well the product lives up to the company's claims. -How satisfied the consumer is with with the product based on its price. -How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations. -How durable a product is. -How well a product fits within the allocated budget.
How well a product meet consumers' needs and expectations
What is a property that is not common for synthetic fibers?
Hydrophilic
Fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are? -Hydrophilic. -Hygroscopic. -Hydrophobic. -Nonabsorbent. -Saturated.
Hygroscopic.
binder
In a 3-ply fancy yarn the ______ holds effect ply in place.
finer
In a knitted fabric, a higher gauge will produce a ______ fabric.
tie-dye and batik
In addition to discharge printed fabrics, what other coloration methods insure the consumer dye penetration on both sides of the fabric through piece dyeing?
pina
In class, we watched a video of a woman from the Philippines extracting what type of fibers?
strength
In spun yarns, the higher the twist the greater the _______ up to a certain point.
shuttle
In the loom, the ________ is responsible for carrying the weft/filling yarns back and forth across the fabric.
advantages to crimping
Increases cohesiveness Increases resiliency Increases resistance to abrasion Increases stretch Increases bulk Increases warmth
Even-sided twills have a(n)/are
Interlacing pattern of 2 up 2 down.
To which fiber aspects does wool owe its resiliency? -Its crimp and scale structure. -Its low degree of orientation and polymerization. -Its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure. -Its staple form and convolutions. -Both C and D are correct..
Its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure.
An inexpensive cellulose fiber with poor sunlight resitance used in rope and carpet backing is: -Sisal. -Ramie. -Jute. -Kenaf. -Flax.
Jute.
Wool fibers are made of the protein
Keratin
The protein of wool is? -Glucose. -Keratin. -Fibroin. -Sericin. -Casein.
Keratin.
Describe the performance and serviceability differences between woven and knit fabrics.
Knit fabrics are able to adapt to body movement, have outstanding elasticity and wrinkle recovery
basic
Knit, purl, missed/float, and tuck are all _______ stitches.
Which fabric uses yarns in an open-work area with some elaborate pattern in the design?
Lace
Which of the following is not a nonwoven fiberweb structure?
Laminated
The greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its
Larger surface area
Aspects of physical structure of fibers are
Length and shape
warp, filling
Lengthwise yarns are _____ and widthwise are ______.
A fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is
Leno
A fiber with a denier of 16 is (LESS or MORE) flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6
Less flexible
What are the characteristics of warp knits? What are some common end uses?
Less resilient and lighter weight; end uses are underwear, lingerie and sportswear
Spun yarns are (likely or unlikely) to pill
Likely
tendering or tender spots
Loss of strength due to adverse reaction between dye and fiber is called ___________. This is sometimes seen in discharge printed fabrics.
Olefin is known for its (low or high) heat resistance
Low
Acrylic fibers have
Low regain
The greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its
Lower degree of crystallinity
The way that light is reflected from a textile's surface is called
Luster
spandex
Lycra is the brand name for ________ fiber.
This fiber is most cotton-like manufacted fiber available.
Lyocell
Which fiber is the most cotton-like manufactured fiber?
Lyocell
With abrasion, this fiber has a tendecy to fibillate.
Lyocell
What is calendaring? Name types of fabric that are made with calendaring.
Mechanical finishing done by series of rollers; moire
Which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?
Melt Spinning
Which method is used to produce nylon and polyester?
Melt spinning
the highest quality of wool is
Merino
Which of these describes the smallest diameter?
Microfiber
A fabric of cotton warp and silk filling is a
Mixture
what is the difference between a blend and mixture
Mixture composes of different yarns in different fabric places; blend composes of different fibers in one yarn
The fiber produced by the angora goat is called? -Cashmere. -Mohair. -Lamb's wool. -Tussah. -Angora.
Mohair.
The fabric is an historic fabric, a faille rib silk, with a pattern on the outer-side that looks like the grain of wood or a water mark
Moire
A warp knit is (less or more) stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey, all other aspects being the same
More stable
Elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is
Much below the ambient temperature
Formula for PDI
Mw over Mn
young modulus units are
N/M2, and Pa
Young modulus units are
N/m squared AND Pa
which of these describes the smallest diameter
Nanofibers
How do you achieve a soft "furry" surface on a textile with a finish?
Napping finish
Lyocell fibers are __________ polymer fibers
Natural
What are the two categories of dyes?
Natural and synthetic
Suede-like fabrics
Needle-punched fabric made of micro-denier fibers combined with a resin coating and non-fibrous polyurethane
Do waterproof and water repellent mean the same thing?
No
the majority of textile mills in the U.S. are located in
North Carolina, South Carolina. Georgia ALL OF THE ABOVE
Fancy yarn example
Novelty yarn
availability
Of the items listed here, which one is not considered a component of serviceability? availability, aesthetics, appearance retention, comfort, cost
Because of its low absorbency, this fiber is almost always colored by mass pigmentation
Olefin
The least absorbent of those listed below is
Olefin
Rayon and lyocell is oleophobic or oleophilic?
Oleophilic
flax
One of the oldest textile fibers dating back to 8,000 to 10,000 BC from Northern Ireland and Belgium originally. Popular until cotton came up in the 18th century.
Quality of cotton fiber is related to: -Length of the fiber. -Number of convolutions per inch. -Brightness of the cotton fiber. -All of the above are correct. -Only A and B are correct.
Only A and B are correct.
Which of the following is/are true for wool? -Cellulose chemical composition. -Only natural bio-component fiber. -Available in either staple or filament form. -Stronger when wet. -Both B and D are correct
Only natural bio-component fiber.
A fiber with good cover would be? -Opaque. -Translucent. -Transparent. -Both B and C are correct.
Opaque.
Which of the following are impacts of yarn manufacturing?
Opening steps create airborne dust Hearing protection is required Wastewater creation
What is perc and how is it used?
Organic solvent used in dry cleaning and spot cleaning; dissolves grease and oil stains
This fiber made from a biopolymer, but not a regenerated fiber is
PLA
the fiber made from biopolymer, but not a regenerated fiber is:
PLA
percale
Percale is plain weave cotton made from combed, Muslin is plain weave cotton made from carded. Which has more tensile strength?
dry cleaning solvent
Perchloroethylene is a ____ _______ _______.
Cross and union dyeing are types of
Piece dyeing
Select correct characteristics for nylon:
Pills readily
Natural fibers come from
Plants, animals and minerals
cotton properties:
Pleasing appearance, comfort, easy care, moderate cost, durability.
The fabric is a plain weave cotton with alternating flat sections and puckered sections
Plisse
__________ of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces
Polarization
Major 5 classes of synthetic polymers used in textile industry are
Polyacrylates, Polyamide, Polyesters, Polyolefins, Polyurethanes
The most widely used synthetic fibers are made of
Polyamide
The most widely used synthetic fibers are made of:
Polyamide
This fiber can be made to resemble most natural fibers in appearance and is often used in blends
Polyester
Which fiber is less expensive?
Polyester
Which fiber is more heat resistant? Nylon or Polyester?
Polyester
What are examples of polyolefins?
Polyethylene and Polypropylene
Select major textile components from the list
Polymer Fiber Yarn Fabric
Above the glass transition temperature
Polymers become softer and undergoes transition from the glass to viscous-elastic state
Polyester fibers have (poor or high) absorbency?
Poor
Properties of cotton fibers
Poor resiliency, high absorbency, comfortable
Environmental concerns focus on impact of textiles on environment during
Production, care, use and disposal
Which of the fibers below is a bast fiber? -Kapok. -Cotton. -Coir. -Ramie. -Pina.
Ramie.
What are NOT examples of conventional looms?
Rapier Projectile Circular Triaxial
wood pulp
Rayon is considered a regenerated cellulosic fiber because it is manufactured from ______ ______.
Rayon fibers are what kind of fiber?
Regenerated cellulose
______________ could be produced using various sources of cellulosic biomass
Regenerated cellulosic fibers
What are the two basic types of shrinkage and which fabrics are most likely to do each?
Relaxation and progressive- cotton, flax, lyocell, rayon, wool, HWM rayon
The process of removing the bast fiber from the stem is: -Mercerizing. -Retting. -Scouring. -Degumming. -Spinning.
Retting
process of bast fibers
Rippling (seed removal by pulling plant through machine)--> Retting (loosening fibers by stem rotting)--> Scutching (crushes outer covering)--> Hackling/combing (removes short or irregular fibers left over. Removes any remaining woody portions left and arranges fibers in parallel)
Abrasion resistance is the ability of textiles to withstand
Rubbing
Which of these weaves are most likely to snag?
Satin
eyelet fabric is made on
Schiffli machine
Finishing step that removes the natural wax from cotton fibers is
Scouring
Rayon has a ________ cross section?
Serrated
A fiber that has good dimensional stability does not? -React with chemicals. -Shrink or stretch when cleaned. -Break when bent repeatedly. -Elongate with use. -Degrade when exposed to sunlight.
Shrink or stretch when cleaned.
What is the only natural filament yarn?
Silk
dupioni
Silk that is created by 2 silkworms spinning together is called ________ silk.
Which finish reduces pilling by exposing the fuzzy surface fibers to heat?
Singeing finish
regular filament yarns in a satin weave
Slippage of yarns in a fabric is a problem with
What are dobby fabrics?
Small figured designs requiring fewer than 25 different warp yarn arrangements.
dobby
Small pattern with less than 25 yarns
Surface contour may be
Smooth, serrated, or rough
The steps of leather finishing in the correct order
Soaking in the salt solution, Removing the hair and the flesh layer, Tanning using plant tannin or chrome
synthetic
Solution dyeing has been especially useful in dyeing _______ fibers.
Two Azion fiber sources are
Soybeans and Milk
The fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation is
Spandex
The fiber listed below that is an elastomeric fiber is
Spandex
In processing staple fibers, which step inserts twist and reduces the roving, increasing the parallel alignment of the fibers?
Spinning
This year relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strenght
Spun yarns
yarn
Stage of production when color is applied to denim is the _______ stage.
A fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of? -Filament fibers. -Resilient fibers. -Amorphous fibers. -Filament tow fibers. -Staple fibers.
Staple fibers.
Which one is defined by extension per unit length
Strain
Which is not a characteristic that is imparted by texturing
Strength
tenacity
Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?
Wool proteins contain _________
Sulfur
Indicate which of the following are common uses for BCF
Swimwear, sweaters and blankets
BIGGEST DISTRIBUTORS
TABLE 3.2 IMPORTANT AF.
T/F: a fabric is defined as a planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any combination of these
TRUE
T/F: a fiber with good resiliency has good wrinkle resistance
TRUE
T/F: a hydrophilic fiber is likely to have low static potential:
TRUE
T/F: fibers that have good thermal retention are poor heat conductors
TRUE
T/F: microscopy works well to identify many natural fibers, but not so well to identify most manufactured and synthetic fibers
TRUE
T/F: most contemporary textiles and textile products are mass produced
TRUE
T/F: pilling refers to the formation of tiny balls of fiber on the fabrics surface
TRUE
explain the fiber characteristics that has the greatest influence on thee fiber properties. identify three fibers that perform well for each property
Table 3.2 middle column! 1. absorbency: PBI or wool, chemical composition and amorphous areas 2. cohesiveness: cotton and wool , crimp/twist, surface contour 3. elasticity: rubber and spandex, chemical and molecular structure 4. flexibility: silk and wool, flexible molecular chain 5. hand: crimp, chem. comp., cross sectional shape 6. loft: fiber crimp, stiffness 7. luster: silk, smoothness of fiber, yarn, fabric 8. pilling: cotton and polyester, strength of fiber 9. strength: molecular structure and orientation 10. texture: physical structure 11. wicking: chemical and physical composition
A friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. To remove the stain you recommend: -Using a strong, alkaline detergent to remove the stain. -Bleaching it with a chlorine bleach. -Taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain. -Hand-washing with lots of scrubbing and wringing to force the stain out. -Using hot water and lots of agitation to remove the stain.
Taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain.
When examining a printed fabric, what are the terms used to refer to the side that was printed (has brighter, more vibrant colors) and the other side of the fabric where there is less color?
Technical face and back
Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?
Tenacity
A finish that straightens fabric, removes wrinkles, controls grain, and dries fabric to an even width is
Tentering
Which finish straightens the fabric (realigns the grain), removes wrinkles, and arranges the fabric to an even width?
Tentering finish
elongation
The ability of a fiber to be stretched is called _________.
shed
The area of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the ______.
Knit stitch
The basic stitch that forms the majority of knit fabrics
The affinity of a dye for a particular fiber depends on
The chemical structure of the fiber and the finishes on the fiber
silk
The design of a garment requires both spun and filament yarn fabrics. You want it to be made entirely of one fiber. Which would you choose?
environmental protection agency
The federal agency that enforces and regulates air, water and noise pollution is the _________ ________ _____.
mohair
The fiber that is produced by the Angora goat is called _______.
The (lower or higher) the fabric count in a fabric, the less resilient and less flexible
The higher the fabric count
Flammable Fabrics Act
The legislation that protects the consumer in relation to flammability
Product performance describes
The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it
Product performance describes? -The degree of satisfaction a consumer will have with a textile product. -How well a product carries over from one selling season to another. -The overall quality of a textile or textile product. -How well a product sells when it is on the market. -The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it.
The manner in which a textile product responds when something is done to it.
water
The most commonly used solvent is _______.
flammable fabrics act
The name of legislation regulating the flammability of textile products is the _______ ______ _____.
heddle
The part of the loom that looks like small, metal eyelets where warp yarns are inserted is the ______.
spinneret
The piece of machinery used to extrude manufactured fibers is called a ________.
tanning
The process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is called _______.
retting
The process of softening the stems of a flax plant to remove the fiber is called ________.
sericin
The sticky, gummy protein found on a silk fiber is called _______.
feels
The term "hand" is used to describe how a fiber _______.
dope
The thick solution of raw material and chemicals needed to produce a manufactured fiber is called ______.
bleeding
The transfer of color during washing is called ________.
What is drape?
The way a fabric falls over a 3D form
Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
Third-party testing of children's products by certified laboratories for certification purposes; Certificate of conformance required for all consumer products
Environmental Protection Agency
This agency enforces air, water, and noise pollution; and waste disposal
wool
This fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp.
deluster
To make a fiber less shiny, one would ________ the fiber.
Describe Gore-tex, define what kind of a name it is (trade name or generic fiber?), what it does, and identify the fabric category it belongs to.
Trade name for fabrics with thin microporous film of PTFE; wind and liquid resistant.
Which cross section below is most often used to create silk-like fabrics?
Trilobal
Durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased
True
Hydrophobic surfaces repeal water
True
Nylon and polyester are durable fibers
True
Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production.
True
Organic molecules are major building blocks of fibers.
True
Polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces.
True
Polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains
True
Safety issues related to flammability apply to both apparel and furnishings. A. True B. False
True
Sustainability issues address production, use, cleaning, and disposal of textile products. A. True B. False
True
T/F Acetate fibers are derivative cellulose fibers
True
T/F Synthetic fibers are made of petroleum products
True
T/F polyester is synthetic?
True
T/F: A covered yarn is completely wrapped with another yarn
True
T/F: A durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age
True
T/F: A warp knit is more stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey, all other aspects being the same
True
T/F: Absorbency is moisture regain
True
T/F: Acetate is often used in lining fabrics because of its smooth, slick surface and ease of handling in sewing facilities.
True
T/F: Acrylic and wool are related chemically
True
T/F: Antistatic compounds increase the electrical conductivity of fibers
True
T/F: Aramid is related chemically to nylon
True
T/F: Azion is a regenerated protein fiber.
True
T/F: Blending of fibers is usually done at the roving stage
True
T/F: Bulk yarns are a type of filament yarn
True
T/F: Combed and worsted yarns are higher quality than carded and woolen yarns
True
T/F: Denier can be refer to both fiber size and yarn size
True
T/F: Double-knit fabrics have high dimensional stability than single-knit fabrics
True
T/F: Dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble
True
T/F: Grain in leather refers to its natural texture and surface elements
True
T/F: Leather and fur require specialized cleaning procedures to maintain an appearance as close to new as possible
True
T/F: Manufactured and synthetic fibers make possible many aspects of contemporaty life.
True
T/F: Nanofiber technology is used to produce some biocomponent-bigeneric fibers
True
T/F: Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine or acid used in its production
True
T/F: Polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains
True
T/F: Safety issues related to flammability apply to both apparel and interiors
True
T/F: Shape memory fiber are also known as active polymers
True
T/F: Sustainability issues address production, use, cleaning, and disposal of textile products.
True
T/F: Synthetic fibers are produced as filament and can be either staple or filament
True
T/F: Textile knowledge provides the professional with the ability to make more informed product development decision.
True
T/F: The chromophore is the colored portion of the dye molecule.
True
T/F: The types of gaiting are rib and interlock
True
T/F: Wrap-spun yarns have a core of staple fibers (often a twistless yarn) wrapped or bound by filament fibers
True
Textile knowledge provides the professional with the ability to make sure a more informed product development decision. A. True B. False
True
True or False: Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production
True
True or False: Polyolefin fibers have poor comfort properties if not specially surface modified
True
A fabric is defined as a planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any combination of these. A. True B. False
True.
A fiber with good resiliency has good wrinkle resistance. A. True.. B. False.
True.
A hydrophilic fiber is likely to have low static potential. A. True. B. False.
True.
Fibers that have good thermal retention are poor heat conductors. A. True. B. False.
True.
Microscopy works well to identify many natural fibers, but not so well to identify most manufactured and synthetic fibers. A. True. B. False.
True.
Most contemporary textiles and textile products are mass produced. A. True B False
True.
Most silk is removed from the cocoon in filament form. A. True. B. False.
True.
Pilling refers to the formation of tiny balls of fiber on the fabric's surface. A. True. B. False.
True.
Polymers are found in fibers and films. A. True B. False
True.
The convolutions contribute to cotton's cohesiveness and soiling characteristics. A. True. B. False.
True.
The differences in the cortical cells produce the bicomponent nature of wool and contribute to its crimp. A. True. B. False.
True.
Virgin wool has never been processed before being made into a specific product. A. True. B. False.
True.
true
True/False: A durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age.
false
True/False: A mechanical finish is applied in a liquid bath.
false
True/False: A raschel is a fancy type of double filling knit.
false
True/False: A rib gait and an interlock gait are identical.
false
True/False: All basket weaves have low yarn counts with loose interlacing patterns
false
True/False: Carding is a step in production of filament yarns.
true
True/False: Dyes are fiber specific.
true
True/False: Dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble.
true
True/False: Filling knit stitches can be created by hand, on a flat knitting machine or circular knitting machine.
false
True/False: In spun yarns, yarn twist only determines surface texture of fabric.
false
True/False: Indigo was the first synthetic dye.
false
True/False: Mercerization is treating fabric with an acid to remove plant debris.
true
True/False: Natural dyes and developed direct dyes are minor dye classes.
true
True/False: Nonwoven fabrics can be durable or disposable.
false
True/False: OSHA is responsible for enforcing and regulating waste disposal.
true
True/False: Plain weave fabrics are more likely to have novelty yarns.
true
True/False: Relaxation shrinkage occurs during the first cleaning cycle.
false
True/False: Soaps are synthetic and detergents are natural.
true
True/False: Stuffer yarns are used to make the ribs in some pique fabrics more pronounced.
true
True/False: The term plisse refers to both a fabric and a finish.
false
True/False: Warp yarns can be identified because they have more stretch and are less regular.
false
True/False: Water repellent and waterproof are synonymous terms.
false
True/False: When acetate was first developed it was explosive.
true
True/False: Whitener solutions that are used to mask the yellowing of a textile reflect blue light.
What fabrication method uses a backcoating to lock yarns in place?
Tufting
Which weave can you see diagonal lines on the fabric?
Twill
_________ has distinct wales or diagonal line
Twill weaves
soybeans, milk
Two azlon fiber sources are ________ and _____.
tanning
Vegetable and mineral are examples of different methods of leather ________.
What are the different categories of wool used for labeling?
Virgin wool- never processed Wool- new wool or reclaimed wool Recycled wool- scraps of new woven/felted fabrics
Describe the environmental impact of textile finishing.
Water and energy, releasing heat, ash, C02, formaldehyde and sulfur into air creating acid rain
Denier refers to the? -Abrasion resistance of the fiber. -Strength of the fiber -Weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber. -Weight in grams per 1,000 meters of yarn or fiber. -Density of the fiber.
Weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber.
Fibers solidify in a solvent bath in...
Wet spinning
Rayon fibers are produced by
Wet spinning
Which is the oldest method of spinning manufactured fibers?
Wet-spinning
product
What stage in production is considered the last possible moment to add color?
batch
When a fabric is circulated through a dye bath it is undergoing the technique of _______ dyeing.
structural, fancy
When compared to applied designs, ________ designs or _____ weaves are more time consuming to produce.
faster
When compared to weaving, is knitting is faster or slower?
When would one comb a yarn, what does it mean, and why would one do this operation? When would combed yarns be used?
When long-staple fibers are to be spun;aligning fibers in a parallel arrangement; remove short fibers to create uniform length;cotton
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
Which elements from the Periodic Table are found in natural cellulosic fibers?
lace
Which fabric uses yarns in an open-work area with some elaborate pattern in the design?
napping
Which finishing process contributes softness, loft and depth to the fabric design?
laminated
Which of the following is not a method of creating a nonwoven fiber web structure? Spunlaced, spunbonded, laminated, air laid, needlepunched
acid, mordant, and reactive
Which type of dye class would you use when dyeing a textile made of 100% wool fiber?
Which fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp? -Wool. -Cotton. -Ramie. -Tussah silk. -Cultivated silk.
Wool.
Which of the following terms is defined as an assemblage of fibers, twisted or laid together, so as to form a continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric? A. Fiber B. Yarn C. Fabric D. Finish E. Textile
Yarn
What is gingham fabric and at what stage was the color added to obtain the effect?
Yarn dyed fabric in checks, plaids, or solids; yarn
Stage when color is applied to denim
Yarn stage
uniformity
Yarns are plied to increase their _________ and strength.
Are nylon and polyester durable?
Yes
tex system
____ _____ is a direct yarn-numbering system. The yarn size is the weight in grams of 1000 meters of yarn.
fume fading
_____ ______ is a color-retention problem. Colors alter when exposed to gases, fumes, or other atmospheric pollutants.
jacquard
______ looms: have chains of punched cards or computer programs controlling individual warp yarns, are used to create permanent designs, and are used in large repeating designs requiring 25 or more warp yarn arrangements.
grain
______ refers to the position oF warp yarns relative to filling yarns.
pulled
______ sheep wool is the wool fibers that are taken from the carcasses of sheep.
melt
______ spinning method is used to produce nylon and polyester.
plain
______ weaves are the largest category of woven fabrics.
spun
______ yarns are short lengths of fiber twisted/spun to hold together
cotton
_______ increases in strength when wet, and is attacked by mildew so it must be stored clean and dry.
jersey
_______ knits tend to curl up at the edges.
cottonizing
_______ reduces a bast fiber to a length similar to that of cotton.
filament
_______ yarns have low to no twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill.
serviceability
________ describes how well a product meets consumers' needs and expectations.
flammability
________ describes the ease of ignition and ability to sustain combustion.
applied
________ design includes those appearance aspects related to luster, drape, texture, hand, or design that are added to the fabric after it has been produced.
pigment
_________ coloring can be adhered to fabrics with low dye affinity, and can contribute metallic effects to fabrics.
metamerism
_________ describes when two items match in color under one light source, but not under another light source.
mercerization
_________ improves strength and increases absorbency.
elasticity
_________ is the ability of a strained fiber to recover to its original size when the stress is removed.
bleaching
_________ works by removing irregular natural color; usually through oxidation.
flexibility
_________, as a fiber property, will allow the fiber to bend repeatedly without breaking.
greige
__________ goods have been neither wet nor dry finished.
which diagram depicts a twill weave fabric
a
which diagram shows a one-bar tricot knit
a
find nylon in the image
a --H(over)N (CH2)5 C(double under)O--
which of the diagrams shows a fabric that is skewed
a straight diagonal
Poromeric fabric
a composite textile textile that incorporates a thin film that is microscopic in nature
creep
a delayed or gradual recovery from elongation. (i.e. the difference in fit between denim shorts at the end of one day of wearing and the fit at the beginning of the next day of wearing
matelasse has/is:
a double cloth with a bubbled or puckered surface
durability properties
a durable product should last a period of time adequate for it's end use; lab results cannot always predict performance when used by consumers. -abrasion resistance -flexibility -tenacity -elongation Review table 3.3 and pg. 46
the term linen refers to...
a fabric made from flax
heat sensitivity
a fiber's reaction to heat; identify safe pressing temperatures and restrict some end uses. (i.e. children's clothing) -nylon and polyester shrink and melt with heat; problem when working near high voltage power lines
fabric
a flexible planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, or fabrics in any combination. cloth and material.
assortment
a group of fabrics that share a commonality of design, structure, and color. (i.e. an assortment could consist of fabrics of the same structure available a range of colors or one color available in several fabrications)
a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd is:
a heavy weight fabric
a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/yd2 is
a heavy weight fabric
abaca
a leaf fiber obtained from a member of the banana tree family
density or specific gravity
a measure of fiber weight per unit volume. *lower density fibers can be made into thicker fabrics that tend to be more comfortable than higher density fibers made thicker leading to heavier fabrics*
Young modulus stands for
a ratio of stress over strain
using figure 3.3 consider how changing a fiber's shape from round to trilobal would impact performance.
a round fiber would attract light and is dirtier than trilobal, trilobal traps light and appears less dirty
Purl, or reverse, stitch
a stitch that looks the same on both sides of the fabric
textile
a term originally applied to woven fabrics, now generally applied to any flexible material that is composed of thin films of polymers, yarns, or fabrics or materials made of films, yarns, fabrics or fibers. *ever-changing*
appearance-retention properties
a textile should maintain it's appearance during care, use, and storage. resiliency, dimensional stability, shrinkage resistance, elasticity, etc.
Flocked fabric
a textile with an imitation surface pile made by adhering very short fibers to the fabric surface with adhesive.
Tuck stitch
a type of knit stitch in which the previous stitch is not cleared from the needle that creates a pucker in the fabric and is used in creating patterns
Float or miss stitch
a type of knit stitch in which yarn lengths float past but do not inter-loop with the previous stitch; used to create a more stable structure or a pattern in the fabric.
Rapier loom
a type of loom in which the filling yarn is inserted in the shed using a rigid or flexible rod or steel tape
Projectile loom
a type of loom in which the filling yarn is inserted in the shed with a small metal projectile or gripper
Water jet loom
a type of loom in which the filling yarn is inserted in the shed with a stream or jet of water.
Air jet loom
a type of loom in which the filling yarns is inserted in the shed with a puff or jet of air
polymer
a very large molecule made by connecting many small molecules together. *almost all fibers are polymers made of organic materials*
differentiate between the following pairs of related terms:
a. elongation and elasticity: elongation is the material being stretched to form a slightly different form than the original where as elasticity is the material being stretched and then going back to the form it was originally. b. absorbency and wicking: absorbency is the fiber taking up moisture and wicking is when the fiber does not soak in the moisture. the water just sits on the surface c. loft and resiliency: loft is similar to a temperpedic mattress where the original thickness is conserved, resiliency is more like wrinkle free fabric d. heat conductivity and heat sensitivity: conductivity is the ability to transfer heat through fabric (i.e. cotton) and sensitivity is the reaction to heat (i.e. nylon and polyester they shrink) e.hand and texture: hand is the surface of a textile where hand is the way the surface feels on the skin f. cover and translneuce: the ability of a fiber to conceal or protect where translneuce is the ability of a textile to allow light to pass through it. (cotton vs. chiffon) g. care and chemical sensitivity: care is the treatments necessary to maintain the look of a textile product. where chemical sensitivity is the way a textile reacts to the treatments h. strength and abrasion resistance: ability to resist stress and abrasion is the ability to withstand rubbing. (abrasion = pills on clothing, strength = bounty paper towels) i. drape and stiffness: flowy dress vs. small jean jacket j. electrical conductivity and cohesiveness: ...
compare the performance characteristics of the following fiber pairs
a. ramie and cotton: luster is matte, tenacity is good, absorbency is high-excellent, resiliency is poor. both can be machine washed. b. flax and hemp: comfortable, machine washable, good absorbency, low poor elongation, strong, bast fibers c. cotton and hemp: comfortable, good absorbency, machine washable, poor elongation,
polymers are processed at temperatures that are
above the glass transition temperature
polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are:
above the glass transition temperature, Tg
Polymers are processed (to shape fibers and make other commodity plastic shapes) at temperatures that are:
above the glass transition temperature, Tg;
What does the taber abrader test
abrasion resistance (circle)
Crockmeter
abrasion resistance(back and forth)
Durability
abrasion resistance, flexibility, pilling, strength, tenacity, cohesiveness
mechanical factors of performance
abrasion, impact or pulling forces
hydrophilic fibers
absorb moisture readily; cotton (casual work apparel and children's wear)
hygroscopic fibers
absorb moisture without feeling wet. -absorbency is related to static buildup; these fibers do not conduct electrons readily so they will have static -often used in the winter apparel because it will absorb the moisture of perspiration during physical activity or moisture from melting snow without feeling wet next to the skin.
Comfort
absorbency, heat retention, density, elongation
fume fading resistant finishes are most often used on fabrics of
acetate dyed with disperse dyes
Novelty yarns are used to
add interest
aesthetics
addresses the appearance or attractiveness of a textile product.
drape
aesthetic properties; a fabric characteristic, the way a fabric falls over a 3D form like a body or a table -fine fibers produce a softer drape than coarse ones -yarns and fabrics are important than fibers in determining drape -chiffon is free flowing - formal dresses; chintz falls in graceful folds - decorative furnishings, and garbadine is stiff & heavy - suits and overcoats.
luster
aesthetic properties; results from the way light is reflected by a surface. shiny or bright fabrics reflect a great amount of light and are used in selected fashion instances or for safety reasons -high luster fibers = bright fibers -low luster = dull -medium = semi-bright or semi-dull -yarn, fabric structure, and finish may change fabric luster -lustrous fabrics reflect a fair amount of light -used in formal apparel and interiors silk is usually lustrous -shiny or bright ones reflect a great amount of light -cotton and wool are usually matte
cover
aesthetic properties; the ability of a fiber t conceal or protect.(cotton is opaque and can be used to produce lightweight fabrics like batiste with good opacity)
translucence
aesthetic properties; the ability of a textile to allow light to pass through it(nylon and polyester are translucent and must be altered by additives or change cross section to provide good cover)
texture
aesthetic properties; the nature of the textile's surface. -natural fibers = more texture due to variations in the structure -yarns, finish, fabric structure affect texture
hand
aesthetic properties; the way a textile feels to the skin. -warm or cool -bulky or thin -slick or soft -feel between finger and thumb -human assessment and instrument measures used to determine suitability for end use important for designers and consumers
when a particular dye is capable of combining with a fiber and can impact color to it, the dye has *blank* for the fiber
affinity
in postcured durable press items, the curing takes place
after the fabric is heat set
What purposes in yarn spinning do carding and combing processes serve?
aligning staple-length fibers and removing short fibers
what purposes in yarn spinning do carding and combing processes serve
aligning staple-length fibers and removing short fibers
a silk boil-off is similar in that it produces greater yarn mobility to which other finish
alkali treatment
which of these are not conventional looms
all are not conventional looms (rapier, projectile, circular, triaxial)
identify which of these products is not a textile
all are textiles
common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
all of above hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic
Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
all of the above
Which fibers are used to manufacture carpets
all of the above
in relation to flammability, textiles for interiors are measured using which of the following criteria
all of the above - if material adds fuel to fire - degree of flammability - amount of smoke - amount of toxic fumes
which fibers are used to manufacture carpets
all of the above nylon, polyester, olefin
which of the following are impacts of yarn manufacturing?
all of the above opening steps create airborne dust, hearing protection is required, wastewater creation
common characteristics of wool fibers include
all of the above are correct high water regain, heat sensitivity, poor mechanical properties when wet
common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
all of the above are correct hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic
quality of cotton fiber is related to
all of the above are correct length of the fiber, number of convolutions per inch, color of the fibers
conventional cotton
all other cotton; cotton grown and processed by regular mainstream practices
even-sided twills have a/are
also known as reversible twills
yarn
an assemblage of fibers that is twisted or laid together so as to form continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric. *can be used to make fabrics that are smooth and slick like satin or soft and fuzzy like brushed denim*
product quality
an important dimension in the competitive global marketplace. the term is difficult to define because it means different things to consumers and producers
natural fibers come from
animals, plants, minerals sources that are mined from the ground
coloration
any dying process or printing used to add color with dyes or pigments to a textile
gray goods
any fabrics that has not been finished. consumers rarely see grey goods except for home sewers and quilters who work with muslin
finish
any process that modifies appearance or performance of gray goods ( unfinished fabrics). some make them more comfortable (soft surface) with others. the consumer can't determine the presence of a finish.
fiber
any substance natural or manufacturered, with a high length-to-width ratio possessing suitable characteristics for being processed into fabric; the smallest component, hairlike in nature that can be separated from a fabric. fibers can be: stretchy, absorbent, warm and bulky or strong and abrasion resistant
classification of textiles. select major classes of textiles from the list
apparel, interior, technical, smart textiles
classification of textiles: select major classes of textiles from the list
apparel, interior, technical, smart textiles
schiffli embroidery is an example of a
applied design
The fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is
aramid
the fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is
aramid
the fiber known for its high impact and heat resistance is:
aramid
natural fibers like cotton, ramie, wool, and silk
are subject to growth irregularities and are not uniform
what does a molecular arrangement do?
arrangement of molecules can change the fiber's performance
braid structures always have
at least 3 yarns
which of the following is/are not true for wool (M)?
available in either staple or filament form, cellulose chemical composition, stronger when wet
which manufactured fibers are not cellulose-based
azlon
find polyester in the image
b --C(double over O)--big square thing--C(double over O)-O-CH2-CH2-O--
fabric weight may be specified as
b and c ounces per square yard, grams per square meter
retting
bacterial rotting process in bast fibers where the fibers are loosened so they can be removed from the stalk and the pectin is decomposed. fiber quality is greatly impacted.
which of these fibers is the most sustainable: seed fibers, bast fibers or leaf fibers? why?
bast fiber, retting removes the fibers from the stem in a bacterial rotting process.
hemp
bast fiber;
flexibility, as a fiber property, will allow the fabric to
be repeatedly bent without breaking
resiliency is a fiber property that allows the fiber to
be repeatedly bent without breaking
fabrics elongate most in which direction
bias
indicate which of the following are common uses for BCF
blankets, swimwear, sweaters
transfer of color during laundering is the definition of
bleeding
the name for an intimate mixture of different fibers (varied by type, length, size, color, etc) in one yarn
blend
the name for an intimate mixture of different fibers in one yarn
blend
what is an intimate mixture of different fibers
blend
unique and desirable characteristics of flax
body, strength, durability, low pilling, low linting, pleasant hand, and thick and thin texture.
when filling yarns curve or dip below warp yarns instead of being at right angles, this flaw is known as
bowing
a fiber with high luster would be described as
bright and shiny
what are some characteristics imparted by texturing
bulk and softness stretch and elasticity warmth and comfort
Find polyethylene in the image.
c
which diagram depicts a plain weave fabric
c
which diagram shows a rib knit
c
which diagram shows double knit weft knit?
c
which of the diagrams shows a fabric on "true grain"
c
find polyethylene in the image
c ---ch2--ch2---
which diagram depicts a plain weave fabric
c one over one under
which of the diagrams shows a fabric on "true grain"
c straight across
a high speed, high temperature, high pressure pressing of fabric is called
calendaring
vertical rows in a knit fabric
called wales and show on the front
a natural protein fiber that is water repellent and a good insulator is
camel's hair
physical structure, or morphology
can be identified by observing the fiber using a microscope. in this book, photomicrographs, in which fibers are magnified 250-1,000 times show details about a fibers physical structure.
the fiber used as nano fibers and nanotubes in smart textiles is:
carbon
raschel knitting can be used to make
carpet, lace and open fabrics, blankets, and ALL OF THE ABOVE
stretching/drawing
causes the chains to slide and become more parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the fiber; it also reduces fiber diameter and compacts the molecules.
the major polymer of cotton is
cellulose
rayon, acetate, and lyocell are
cellulosic fibers
Find polypropylene in the image
ch2-ch-ch3
Find polyethylene in the image
ch2-ch2
major class/es of chemical reaction/s used for synthesis of polymers
chain polymerization polycondensation
Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on
chemical composition
generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on
chemical composition
this is useful as the basis for designating generic names of fibers:
chemical composition
Generic names differentiate among manufactured and synthetic fibers based on
chemical composition.
all matter is made of:
chemicals
Describe the issue of flammability for both apparel and interior textiles
children's sleepwear, mattresses, small carpets, rugs, flammability of clothing
fabric count definition
closeness of the weave of a fabric expressed as the number of yarns in one inch of the warp and in one inch of the filling
apparel
clothing and accessories made from flexible materials
loss of color from a dyed fabric when the fabric is immersed in liquid
color bleeding
this is used to facilitate the matching of colors between designers and manufacturers
color management systems
which pair of processes create similar yarn characteristics
combed and line
a yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a
combed yarn worsted yarn
these yarns are more expensive to make, have a smoother appearance, higher quality and durability
combed yarns
a yarn with short fibers removed and very parallel arrangement of remaining fibers is a
combed yarns, worsted yarn
which is not one of the three large groupings of the textile industry?
commercial
round fibers
common in natural fibers; easy to produce in manufactured fibers; small surface area and may magnify soil, not used for carpet; beside wool -- because it will show dirt more.
alkalis (bases)
compounds that remove hydrogen ions from acids and combine with the acid in a chemical reaction. (soaps, baking soda, ammonia)- bathroom, laundry, kitchen, cleaning supplies
acids
compounds that yield hydrogen ions to alkalis in chemical reactions(fruit or vegetable juice, vinegar, salad dressing, first aid supplies, battery acids, grass stains)- kitchen, bathroom, outdoor, garage
the most widely used and least expensive method for dyeing
conventional dyeing
a *blank* buys grieve goods for the purpose of dyeing, printing, or finishing the fsbric
converter
______ is the single most important apparel fabric in the united states
cotton
glazed chintz is made from
cotton
mercerization is a finish used to modify the performance of
cotton
solution dyed colors are NOT possible with
cotton
which fiber has long linear chains is arranged in spiral form?
cotton
which fiber wrinkles the most
cotton
which of the following fivers would chlorine bleach safely clean
cotton
which is available as a spun fiber?
cotton, polyester, nylon ALL OF THE ABOVE
*blank* has highest TPI
crepe
starches, resins, and acid finishes are used to create a stiffness in
crinoline, lawn, voile, and organdy ALL OF THE ABOVE
luster of a fabric is affected by:
cross sectional shape, surface characteristics, and generic class ALL OF THE ABOVE
this modification is common with melt-spun fibers because it is relatively inexpensive to do and produces significant changes in fiber properties:
cross-sectional shape
filling is a yarn in a ____ direction
crosswise
melting temperature corresponds to
crystalline to amorphous phase transition
naturally color grown cotton
cultivated for thousands of years, regained importance in the beginning of the 1990's in regards to minimizing the environmental impact and sustainability concerns of conventional cotton. more than 10 color varieties are made but only brown and green color families are commercially available due to their better fiber quality. *color deepens with time instead of fading like most fabrics*
The number of needles per inch in a knit is a
cut
The number of needles per inch in a knit is the
cut or gauge
the number of needles per inch in a knit is the
cut or gauge
velvet is an example of
cut pile weave
find polypropylene in the image
d --CH2--CH(with CH3 below)--
which diagram depicts a basket weave fabric
d double over and under
ramie is harvested by:
decortication. the bark and woody portion of the plant stem are separated from the fiber (83% cellulose) *requires a lot of hand labor didn't become important until less expensive production methods were created*.
What is the name of the finish that silk is given?
degumming
medium weight, twill weave, cotton type fabric usually used to make pants or work clothes, typically in blue
denim
specific gravity
density. affects fiber size; dense fabrics like rayon (1.48) will have a larger tex or denier number.
for apparel on a hot summer day, which would you prefer -- a fiber that absorbs perspiration quickly or one that wicks perspiration? explain your response
depends on preference and activity.
left-hand twill description
diagonal lines run from lower left to upper right
right-hand twill description
diagonal lines run from lower right to upper left
resistance to chemicals
different fibers react differently to chemicals, determines the appropriateness of care procedures and end uses for fibers as well as selection of appropriate dyes and finishes for fabrics and products.
to what fiber aspects are the difference in properties among the natural protein fibers attributed?
different physical and molecular structures, have different proteins such as wool is keratin but silk is fibroin. types and percentages of amino acids differ in-between wool and silk (more in wool and less in silk.. aka wool is bulkier and silk is thinner). wool is resilience and contains sulfur where silk does not. wool is more prone to insect damage.
Potential problems with bonded or laminated fabrics due to the fabrication method include
differential shrinkage and delamination
compared to wovens, knits are less
dimensionally stable
which of the following weaves are used to create a pattern
dobby, jacquard, and clip spot, ALL OF THE ABOVE
a common method to increase tenacity of synthetic fibers is
drawing
recommended care for lyocell fibers is
dry clean
Solvent evaporates and fibers solidify in
dry spinning
acetate is produced by
dry spinning
solvent evaporates and fibers solidify in
dry spinning
how must wool be cleaned?
dry-cleaned
Lyocell fibers are produced by
dry-jet wet spinning
lyocell fibers are produced by
dry-jet wet spinning
serviceability of fibers includes
durability comfort aesthetics care costs
elongation
durability properties; refers to the degree to which a fiber may be stretched without breaking. (i.e. cotton t-shirt being stretched over knees to make bigger but not broken)
tenacity or tensile strength
durability properties; the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force. - measured by securing both ends of the fiber in clamps and measuring the force needed to break or rupture the fiber.
abrasion resistance
durability properties; the ability of a textile to withstand the rubbing it gets during use -abrasion- occurs when textile is flat like carpet -edge abrasion- pant hem rubs on sidewalk; folded -flex abrasion- moving and bending like shoelaces
cohesiveness
durability properties; the ability of fibers to cling together during spinning, can be a factor of durability
flexibility
durability properties; the ability to bend repeatedly without breaking - an important property related to abrasion resistance -silk and wool have superior flexibility -glass does not obviously! :) -in relation to abrasion
strength
durability properties; the ability to resist stress
pilling
durability properties; the formation of balls of fiber on the fabric surface. -most often occurs when fibers of differing abrasions (i.e. polyester and cotton) are combined into one fabric. -unattractive and uncomfortable -short pieces of the less-resistant cotton break off and become entangled with the more abrasion-resistant polyester.
comfort stretch is the ability of fibers to their high:
elongation and recovery
cradle to cradle
environmentally intelligent design framework that examines the overall impact of the production, use, care, disposal, and recycle potential of products, including textiles, from economic, industrial, and social perspectives.
filament yarn fabrics
ex: silk crepe de chine, acetate taffeta, polyester satin, and polyester gabardine.
microscopy
examine lengthwise (longitudinal) and crosswise (cross section); take photomicrographs
Why is olefin used for thermal underwear and active sportswear?
excellent wicking
fiber parts (natural)
except for silk, the natural fibers have three distinct parts: - an outer covering called a cuticle or skin - an inner area - a center core that may be hollow
environmental factors of performance
extremely warm or extremely cold temperatures, intense light, and frequent or prolonged wetting
Aesthetic finishes may change
fabric appearance or hand.
a problem with acid resizing of cotton is that
fabric may become tender if time and concentration are not controlled
Tensile Testing Machine
fabric strength
Top weight definition
fabrics weighing 2 to 4 ounces per square yard and typically used for shirts or blouses
sliver knitting is used to produce
fake fur fabrics
A fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexible than a fiber with a denier of 6.
false
Bow and Skew are issues with on-grain woven fabrics.
false
Carding is a step in the production of filament yarns
false
Gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment
false
Hdryophilic surfaces repel water
false
High Wet Modulus Rayon is mechanically weaker when wet as compared to regular rayon
false
Nylon is the lightest of all synthetic fibers
false
Olefins are known for their high heat resistance.
false
Rayon and wool are related chemically
false
Satin weaves have diagonal wales on the technical face
false
T/F: a cire finish adds a water marked or wood grain effect to the fabric
false
T/F: ecating produces a wrinkly finish on woolen and worsted fabrics
false
T/F: elastoester is an elastomeric fiber:
false
T/F: extra yarn fabrics are always made with an extra set of warp yarns
false
T/F: halogenation is a method of imparting a waterproof finish on wool
false
T/F: liquid barrier fabrics are the same as water repellent fabrics
false
T/F: napping is a process that controls the height of the fibers raised from the fabric's surface
false
T/F: polytetrafluoroethylene is water soluble:
false
T/F: satin weaves have diagonal wales on the technical face.
false
T/F: shearing and brushing are similar processes except for the intensity of the physical action
false
T/F: slack tention fabrics have warp or filling pile depending on the fabric being examined.
false
T/F: slashing is done to filling yarns to increase their weave-ability
false
T/F: solution colored fibers are capable of reacting with a broader range of dye classes
false
T/F: twill weaves include fabrics like denim, duck, and monk's cloth.
false
T/F: warp yarns can be identified because they have more stretch and are less regular.
false
T/F:mercerization is treating fabric with an acid to remove plant debris
false
Trade names and generic names are the same for all fibers
false
True or false: Cotton is stronger than flax.
false
When resiliency is desired for ease of care and absorbency for comfort, woven fabric would be preferred over knit fabric.
false
Yarns that have more air/space insulates worse than yarns that have less air/space.
false
a carpet padding has no effect on the durability of a floor covering, so purchasing the least expensive one is perfectly acceptable
false
a fiber with a denier of 16 would be softer and more flexibly than a fiber with a denier of 6
false
a herringbone design is made with a satin weave
false
acetate fibers are manufactured using melt- spinning
false
acetate fibers have higher regain than lyocell fibers
false
blended yarns are made from staple fibers
false
carding is a step in the production of filament yarns
false
care describes the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance, but not cleanliness
false
cellulose and wool are related chemically
false
cotton and flax are available in both staple and filament form
false
cotton can be purchased both in staple and filament form
false
cotton is known for its high resiliency
false
detergent curds form rings around the tub in hard water, leaving less detergent to do the cleaning job
false
disposal of man-made fibers has minor impact on environment
false
disposal of manmade fibers have minor impact on environment
false
dry cleaning is most effective method for cleaning textile goods and is safe for all fibers and materials
false
dry cleaning is the most common method for cleaning textile products
false
flame resistant finishes, as mandated by federal law, must be applied to all fabrics used in hospital setting
false
gray goods are textiles that sense and react to the environment
false
heavy tex threads are most widely used in the production of blouses
false
hydrophilic surfaces repeal water
false
hydrophobic fibers tends to absorb soils, but also clean more easily because of liquid penetration
false
interfacing is best made with leno weave
false
kevlar is an example of polyacrylate
false
low gauge knit would be expected to shrink more than high gause knits
false
lyocell fibers are soluble in acetone
false
lyocell fibers are synthetic polymer fibers
false
manmade fibers demonstrate high regain
false
metallic fibers are most likely used for strengthening a fabric
false
nylon is the lightest of the synthetic fibers
false
olefins are known for their high heat resistance
false
polyolefin fibers are hydrophilic
false
rayon and lyocell are oleophobic
false
rayon and wool are related chemically
false
silk fibers are staple fibers
false
spun yarns are not likely to pill
false
staple fibers are the basis for making textured yarns
false
textile fibers can always be identified through the burning test
false
textiles companies are typically vertically integrated
false
the scales contribute most to wool's ability to insulate
false
the stress strain curve of a polymer first goes through a plastic region before elastic region
false
the terms 'repeating unit' and monomer can be used interchangeably in all cases
false
the warp direction in a fabric is perpendicular
false
the warp direction in a fabric is perpendicular to the selvage
false
there is no difference between blended fabrics and mixture fabrics
false
water repellent finishes provide total protection against moisture and is breathable
false
when identifying warp and filling, there are usually more yarns in the filling direction
false
wool has the lowest among fibers moisture regain
false
yarns produced from filament fibers require more processing than yarns from staple fibers
false
yarns that have more air/space insulates worse than yarns that have less air/space
false
match the following yarn related definitions
fancy yarn- novelty yarn hackled yarn- carded linen yarn ply yarn- folded yarn slub yarn- ply or single yarn with areas of looser twist that create long, thick, soft areas in the yarn
consider the working life of a fast-food worker, a construction worker, and a physician. identify textiles that these individuals might interest with in the course of their day.
fast food wrappers, belts, duct tape backing, hoses, surgical masks, gloves, etc.
Fiber Products Identification Act
federal law requiring that all apparel sold in the US have a label that identifies fiber content, manufacturer (importer), and country of origin
What are the rules defined by the Textile Fiber Products Identification Act?
federal law requiring that all apparel sold in the US have a label that identifies fiber content, manufacturer (importer), and country of origin
Care labeling regulations
federal law requiring the all apparel sold in the US have a permanent label that provides full instructions for the regular care of the garment
Fabric made by interlocking scales of wool fibers together:
felt
what is the only fiber that you could pull off a single strand of that is not a yarn?
felt
stage when color is applied to true tweed
fiber
bamboo
fiber made from regenerated bamboo pulp
bast fiber
fiber removed from the stem of a plant; longer and stronger than seed fibers. flax, ramie, hemp, kenaf, hibiscus, nettle, bamboo, jute
A textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order:
fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing
a textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order
fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing
a textile product is constructed by combining components in the following order:
fiber, yarn, fabric, finishing
electrical conductivity
fibers w/ good absorbency also have this; ability to transfer electrical charges
dyeability
fibers with good absorbency also have this; fibers that are receptive to coloration by dyes; fibers that absorb water quickly also have a good dye affinity
polymers are found in
fibers, yarns, fabrics, films
polymers are found in:
fibers, yarns, fabrics, films
microdenier yarns are made from
filament fibers
These yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill
filament yarns
these yarns have low twist, less cover, and do not lint or pill
filament yarns
if you wanted a very elastic fabric, which structure would you choose?
filling knit
tend to unravel quickly
filling knits
factor in determining quality of fiber
fineness -- fine fiber is better quality
longer cotton fibers are ____ and make _____ yarns.
finer and stronger
the final process that takes place in fabric production that prepares the fabric for a specific end use is:
finishing
Rayon ("artificial silk" until 1924)
first fiber to be manufactured; acetate and nylon also introduced in silklike fabrics
visual inspection
first step in fiber identification; helpful 1. length of fiber 2. luster or lack of luster 3. body, texture, hand
Safety
flammability, allergenic potential, heat sensitivity
Irish linen always refers to fabrics made from
flax
which fiber has the the safest high ironing temperature
flax
bast fibers most commonly cottonized
flax, ramie, and hemp
why are multifilament yarns used more frequently than monofilament yarns in textile fabrics? multifilament yarns have greater
flexibility
A yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called?
float
a yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a
float
a yarn that crosses over more than one yarn at a time in an interlacing pattern is called a:
float
when a yarn passes over two or more adjacent yarns
float
when fibers are adhered to the surface of a fabric, a *blank* print is created
flock
*blank* increase the light reflection of yarns but do not clean clothes
fluorescent brighteners, optical brighteners, and whitening agents ALL OF THE ABOVE
the fiber with a very low friction coefficient is:
fluoropolymer
ASTM F963-07
for toy safety, now mandatory Ban on children's products containing more than a minimal amount of lead
which would NOT be a finish used on denim
fulling
which one is correct about a spun yarn
fuzzy more comfortable separate easily with force
which of the following is untrue about the care of textile goods
garments/fabrics frequently cleaned wear out more quickly
the fiber that is very brittle with good heat resistance is:
glass
the safest fiber from a flammability standpoint
glass
a fabric that has been glazed might be called
glazed chintz
the most basic monomer is...
glucose
correct tentering is important in controlling
grain
Flax fibers are ___ when dew retted and more ____ when water retted.
grayish, yellowish
seed fiber
grows within a pod or boil from developing seeds; cotton, kapok, coir, milkweed
generic group
have similar chemical compositions that differs from those in another group. (chemical compositions determine fiber properties and thus end use)
for apparel on a cold, windy day, which would you prefer -- a fiber with good heat retention or a fiber with good heat transference? explain your response,
heat retention because textiles that are heavy in heat retention have a better ability to hold heat.
Comfort includes the way textiles affect
heat transfer air transfer moisture transfer
Comfort includes the way textiles affect
heat transfer, air transfer, moisture transfer
thickness of textile materials is important in terms of
heat transfer, flexibility, drape
comfort includes the way textiles affect
heat, air, and moisture transfer
a fabric with a weight of 8 oz/ yd2 is
heavy weight fabric
which bast fiber has the strongest potential to be a sustainable fiber?
hemp
Which of these fabrics is a twill weave?
herringbone
select correct characteristics for polyester
high elastic recovery
wool fibers have
high resiliency poor tenacity
Products with power stretch require fibers with
high retractive forces
Which fiber is more heat-resistant:
high retractive forces
products with power stretch require fibers with
high retractive forces
comparing yarns of high twist with yarns of low twist
high twist is stronger
A filling-knit structure has (high, low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors
high, horizontal
a filling knit structure had (high, low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors
high, horizontal
a filling-knit structure has (high,low) crosswise stretch and (diagonal, horizontal) interconnectors
high, horizontal
Among 19 staple lengths, long staple fibers are ____ quality. Examples are pima, Egyptian, supima, and sea island.
higher
Flax has a ____ ____ ____ ____than cotton, which makes it stronger than cotton.
higher oriented molecular arrangement
Naturally creamy white cotton is ____ ____ because it can be dyed or printer to meet fashion consumer needs.
highly desirable
flammability
how a fabric reacts to ignition sources and how it burns. -fabrics that are highly flammable are banned from interstate commerce in the US and many other countries because of the safety risk they pose
Cost
how the fiber is produced, the number and type of modifications present, and how the fiber is marketed
appearance retention
how the product maintains its original appearance during use and care
all cellulosic fibers contain:
hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
select a property which is not common for synthetic fibers
hydrophilic
Common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic
common characteristics of synthetic fibers include
hydrophobic, heat sensitivity, oleophilic (all of the above)
fibers that absorb moisture from the atmosphere without feeling wet are
hygroscopic
solubility test
identify the manufactured fibers by generic class and confirm identification of natural fibers.
cross-sectional shape
impacts luster, bulk, body, texture and hand. -round -dog-bone -triangular -lobal -multisided -hollow *natural fiber cross-section can not be controlled, but performance properties of cross-section can be controlled*
the polymers in manufactured fibers are:
in a random, unoriented state immediately after production (aka amorphous... until stretching/drawing)
technical or industrial textiles
include a broad range of materials that are widely used in special applications of technical nature and that are generally not considered apparel or furnishings (tire cords, seat upholstery, seat belts, toothbrushes, bandages, etc.)
comfort and safety properties
include absorbency, heat retention, density, and elongation.
fiber properties affected by crystallinity and orientation
include: strength, elongation, moisture absorption, abrasion resistance, and dyeability
textile serviceability
includes: the concepts of aesthetics, durability, comfort, safety, appearance retention, care, environmental concerns, sustainability, and cost.
what do natural cellulosic fibers contribute to synthetic blends in wearing apparel
increased absorbency
Weft yarn insertion in a filling knit
increases crosswise stability
type of yarn and structure
influence hand and performance
diameter
influences a fabric's performance and hand or how it feels. large fibers: -crisp, rough, and stiff -resist crushing-a property that is important in products such as carpets (LOFT) -used to produce more durable products such as book bags and luggage fine fibers: -soft and pliable -used to produce softer and more comfortable products such as apparel and bed linens. -drape more easily and are more comfy next to the skin
even sided twills have a
interlacing pattern of 2 up 2 down
to make knit fabrics, yarns are:
interlooped
nodes
irregular crosswise markings, can look slightly swollen and resemble stalk of bamboo.
When compared to weaving, knitting
is faster
cost
is impacted by how a fiber is produced, the number and type of modifications present and how the fiber is marketed. -actual costs are related to supply and demand for the fiber as well as cost of raw materials to grow or produce it. (typically a smaller cost than consumer price) -non-wovens tend to be less expensive
drape: a fabric characteristic
is the way a fabric falls over a 3d form like a body or table
a woven fabric with a count of 144 x 76
is unbalanced
Why does plain weave hold wrinkles more?
it's interlacing makes it hold wrinkles more
why does plain weave hold wrinkles more
it's interlacing makes it hold wrinkles more
which is NOT true about cotton
it's lint free (p. 37)
to which fiber aspects does wool owe its resiliency?
its crimp and spiral helix molecular structure
*blank* sells to decorators and designers, as well as furniture companies and upholstery shops
jobbers
an inexpensive cellulose fiber with poor sunlight resistance used in rope and carpet backing is
jute
wool fibers made of protein
keratin
what fabric structure is formed by interconnecting loops
knit
The fabrication method that is made with a series of interlocking loops is
knitting
What is the name of an open mesh fabric with a fancy or floral pattern?
lace
what is the name of an open mesh fabric with a fancy or floral pattern
lace
which of the following is not a nonwoven fiberweb structure
laminated
aspects of physical structure of fibers are
length shape
a fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is
leno
a fabric with an open appearance and warp yarns that cross over each other is:
leno
fiber parts (manufactured)
less complex -- skin and a core
tow yarns are___and___ fibers?
less parallel, shorter
100% flax fabric is called
linen
the ability to spring back ti the orginal thickness after being compressed is
loft
the ability to spring back to the original thickness after being compressed is
loft
luster in satin fabrics is a result of
long floats, filament yarns, and bright warp yarns, ALL OF ABOVE
A satin weave is characterized by
long warp-yarn floats
mature cotton fibers are...
longer and thinner
filament fiber
longer fiber, measured in miles or kilometers. filament yarn; may be monofilament or multifilament -monofilament or multifilament) -smooth (silklike fabrics) or bulked (crimped in some way-used in cotton or wool)
flax has a ________ more than cotton.
longer polymer (higher degree of polymerization), finer, greater orientation and crystallinity
why are non-woven fabrics used
low cost, for disposable fabrics, and ease of production ALL OF THE ABOVE
acrylic fibers have
low regain
main disadvantages to flax
low resiliency, lack of elasticity
the greater absorbency of rayon compared to cotton can be explained by its
lower degree of crystallinity
the way the light is reflected from the textile surface is
luster
The cross-sectional shape of a fiber impacts
luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand
Aesthetics
luster, drape, texture, hand
This fiber is most cotton-like manufactured fiber available
lyocell
A leather product labeled "top grain cowhide" is
made of the most durable and expensive part of leather
manufactured fibers can be...
made uniform in diameter or can be thick and thin at regular intervals throughout their length
luster or lack of luster
manufactured fiber luster may range from harsh and shiny to dull and matte
flax cross section has
many sides or polygonal with rounded edges.
information about a fabric
may be limited to its style number as determined by the producer, width, fiber content, weight or additional information related to yarn size, yarn spinning method, weave structure, and finishes.
stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?
mechanical strength or tenacity
Which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?
melt spinning
which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers
melt spinning
which is the most commonly used method of spinning manufactured fibers?
melt spinning
which method is used to produce nylon and polyester
melt-spinning
What is the name of the finish that cotton is given?
mercerization
Sodium hydroxide is used in which of the following finishes
mercerization scouring of cotton
which statement is not true in regards to to the mercerization of cottons
mercerization results in greater softness
Most common type of natural protein fiber
merino (sheep) wool
a fabric that changes color when subjected to different lighting conditions has a problem called
metamerism
standard test methods
methods taken in assessing performance so that everyone will follow the same procedure and use identical equipment in the process
formed when a knitting needle is deactivated (drops) and does not accept a yarn
miss stitch
what is the difference between a blend and mixture?
mixture composes of different yarns in different fabric places; blend composes of different fibers in one yarn
To decrease static electric build-up in fabrics made from fibers that are poor conductors of electricity...
modify polymers to increase hydrophilic qualities and use a blend that includes fibers that are more conductive
speciality protein fibers include:
mohair, camel hair, cashmere ALL OF THE ABOVE
amorphous
molecular chains that are arranged in a random or disorganized way within the fiber. (wool, cotton, rayon)
orientation
molecular chains that are parallel to each other AND to the fiber's lengthwise axis; high degree of orientation (highly oriented and highly crystalline). However highly crystalline fibers are not necessarily highly oriented.
when compared to regular filament yarns, BCF yarns are:
more comfortable next to the skin
Textured or BCF filament yarn has all of the following characteristics except
more slippery
characteristics of bulk continuous filament (BCF) yarns
more smooth more permeable to air & liquids more absorbent less static prone
when compared to applied designs, structural designs or fancy weaves are:
more time consuming to produce
green cotton
most sustainably grown cotton, is washed with mild soap instead of chemicals or bleach
Elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is:
much above the ambient temperature
elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is
much below the ambient temperature
elastic fibers (highly stretchable) made of polymers with the glass transition temperature which is:
much below the ambient temperature
Coated fabric
multiplex fabric with a thin plastic film combined with a woven, knit or fiberweb fabrics
match the following
name- when a fabric is described as denim, corduroy or flannel, the fabric is being given fiber content- if a fabric is described as cotton, the reference is to construction- if a fabric is referred to as a woven, the reference is to the
finish that creates a pile-like appearance in a fabric is
napping
the fabric is a wool flannel with a soft, hairy surface
napping
the manipulation of low twist filling yarns using brushes to form the surface nap of flannel and fleece is
napping
explain why most natural fibers are available as staple only, but most manufactured and synthetic fibers are available in either staple or filament form.
natural fibers are not long enough to be in filament form except silk because filament is measured in kilometers and miles.
fiber identification
natural fibers- microscope manufactured-solubility/ burn tests and spectroscopic analyses
Fibers are made of
natural polymers synthetic polymers glasses metals
fibers are made of
natural polymers, synthetic polymers, glasses, metals
explain why most cotton that is produced is white or off-white color. what are the advantages or disadvantages of white versus naturally colored cotton?
naturally creamy white is highly desirable because it can be dyed or printed to meet fashion and consumer needs. the disadvantages are that these fibers may yellow with age.
The purpose of souring is to
neutralize the alkali after scouring
Flax fibers can be identified microscopically by crosswise markings called____ or ____ which contribute to their flexibility
nodes, joints
reclining twills are seldom used because they are:
non-durable
all are characteristics of bulk continuous filament yarns except
none of the above
all are characteristics of bulk continuous filament (BCF) yarns except:
none of the above more smooth, more permeable to air&liquids, more absorbent, less static prone
the synthetic fiber most used for carpets is
nylon
this fiber has excellent tenacity and abrasion resistance but poor sunlight resistance:
nylon
which of these fibers is not a natural fiber
nylon and acrylic
locate three different textile products that utilize the same fiber, such as nylon
nylon stockings, cookware, plastic fastners
Find polyester in the image
o=c-octagon-c=o
kapok (seed fiber)
obtained from:the seed of the Java Kapok (silk cotton) tree or the Indian Kapok tree. fiber is: lightweight, soft, hollow, and very buoyant Uses: primarily fiberfill bc its difficult to spin into yarns
hydrogen bonding and the van der waals bonding forces
occur in the crystalline areas and help making crystalline polymers stronger than amorphous polymers.
inherent crimp
occurs in wool; exists in an undeveloped state in bicomponent manufactured fibers in which it is developed in the fabric or the garment (with heat or moisture during finishing.
an imperfection of printed fabrics that occur when the pattern pieces of a printed design do not line up
off-register
*blank* is the manufactured fiber known for superior wickability
olefin
which is true for wool?
only natural bicomponent fiber
a fiber with good cover would be
opaque
using the serviceability concepts, debate the advantages and disadvantages from a consumer's perspective of an organic cotton t-shirt versus a polyester t-shirt made from recycled beverage bottles
organic cotton: advantages - environmental concerns, comfort, disadvantages- cost, environmental process. (page 73), care, durability polyester recycled: advantages - environmental concerns, care, air pollution is reduced up to 85%, care, appearance retention disadvantages- comfort, chemical process,
transitional cotton
organically farm techniques used, but not considered organic because 3 year process is not met
organic cotton
organically farm techniques used, must go through 3 year farming process to be considered organic
the strongest molecular chain is..
oriented, due to fibers being parallel to each other and the longitudinal axis of the fiber. makes it less flexible = stronger
edges of a print that do not match line for line describes
out-of-register
a *blank* acts as an intermediary and represents an exporter or importer in the countries overdress where it conducts business
overseas agent
which of these fabrics is a basket weave
oxford cloth
which of these fabrics is a basket weave?
oxford cloth
which of these fabrics is not made from the same gray goods or print cloth?
oxford cloth
the most common and oldest synthetic solvent used in dry cleaning
perchlorethylene
a *blank* finish usually involves a chemical change in the fiber structure of a fabric that does not alter or change throughout the life of the fabric
permanent
fulling is a *blank* finish used o wool fabrics to create the look of felt
permanent
extra warp or filling yarns are woven in to give a cut or uncut surface to a 3-D weave:
pile weave
select correct characteristics for nylon
pills readily
the simplest and most used weave
plain
luster in satin fabrics is a result of all of the following except
plain weave
rib and basket weaves are variations of
plain weave
yarns at right angles pass alternately over and under each other to form this weave with the maximum number of interlacings:
plain weave
match the weave with the appropriate description of its aesthetic contribution to the fabric
plain- flat, uniform surface satin- smooth, lustrous surface pile- fabric w dimensional surface made from extra set of yarn dobby- repeating geometric patterns
Slub yarn example
ply or single yarn with areas of looser twist that create long, thick, soft areas in the yarn
Nylon is a(n)
polyamide
nylon is a
polyamide
the most widely used synthetic fibers are made of
polyamide
pleats in a skirt only hold if the garment is made of
polyester
the design of a garment requires both staple and filament fibers. you want it to be made entirely of one fiber. which do you chose?
polyester
which fiber is less expensive?
polyester
which fiber is more heat resistant
polyester
the manufactured fibers most commonly used in contemporary apparel and fabrics for interiors include:
polyester, nylon, olefin, acrylic, rayon, lyocell, and acetate.
the #1 synthetic fiber is *blank* follows by *blank*
polyester/ nylon
select 4 major textile components from the list
polymer, fiber, yarn, fabric
select major textile components from the list
polymer, fiber, yarn, fabric
describe polymerization and the possible arrangements of molecules within fibers. list four aspects of performance that might be expected for each combo you describe.
polymerization: the gathering of smaller molecules to make a bigger molecule. 1. amorphous - absorbant, flexibilité, dyeability. easily elongated. relatively weak (cotton, wool, rayon) (1. poor elasticity, 2. good absorbency 3. dye ability 4. flexibility) 2. crystalline - stronger, forces of traction together, do not stretch much but do recover from stretch quickly. parallel. not necessarily oriented. strong and stiff. (1. nonabsorbent 2. difficult to dye 3. strong 4. stiff) i.e. polyester, nylon, arid 3. orientation - parallel to each other. highly crystalline.
cotton fibers have
poor resiliency excellent comfort
grain refers to:
position of warp relative to filling
sustainability
practices and policies that reduce environmental pollution and do not exploit people or natural resources in meeting the lifestyle needs of the present without compromising the future
sustainability
practices and policies that reduce environmental pollution and do not exploit people or natural resources in meeting the lifestyle needs of the present without compromising the future.
Bleaching is a preparation finish that....
prepares the fabric for further processing such as dyeing
lint
pressed into bales weighing 480 pounds each and sold to spinning mills or exported.
Flax is a ____ fiber as a result of its limited production and relatively high cost.
prestige
Geotextiles are used in which of the following applications?
preventing soil erosion roadbuilding
Finish definition
process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods
Finish is a
process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods
finish is a
process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods
finish is a:
process that modifies appearance or enhances performance of gray goods
smooth filament yarns
produce fabric that is shiny, lustrous, smooth, and slick; no fiber ends seen on surface; fewer turns to unravel yarn; fiber ends where fabric is cut and fibers are as long as piece of fabric -fold and view on contrasting surface- edge looks sharper and crisper than that of a spun yarn fabrics (staple fibers) -textured or bulked- spun and filament aspects -cannot see filament tow -*IF A FILAMENT FIBER HAS BEEN TEXTURED OR BULKED* it will resemble spun yarns in that the fiber ends only occur where the fabric is cut and the yarns are as long as the piece of fabric but the hand is not smooth and slick; surface will not look as flat as a smooth filament yarn fabric.
filament tow
produced as a loose rope of several thousand fibers, is crimped or textured, and cut to staple length.
textile production has been linear
producing a textile product and delivering it to the consumer as quickly and inexpensively as possible; sustainability is adding another dimension to this process.
fibers influence
product aesthetics, durability, comfort, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, sustainability, and cost; must have sufficient strength, pliability, length, and cohesiveness
environmental concerns focus on impact of textiles on environment during
production care use disposal
soft goods
products constructed of textiles and other flexible materials including apparel, interior textiles, and technical textiles
the term *blank* is used to indicate the way fabric is packaged when sold
put up
which of the following is a bast fiber?
ramie
This fiber has low wet strength.
rayon
this fiber has low wet strength
rayon
Cellulosic based
rayon / acetate/ lyocell
Cordonnet is a type of
re-embroidered lace
Comfort stretch is the ability of fibers to their high:
recovery
technical textiles
reduce environmental damage and protect buildings and pedestrians during demolition of buildings.
globalization
refers to companies purchasing from and/or selling to multiple sites int he world and applies to many industries including the textile complex. *requires use of advanced technologies to satisfy a wide variety of consumers and to coordinate the purchasing, manufacturing, and distribution to multiple locations worldwide* (includes offshore production)
technical front
refers to the outer side of the as knitted. This may not be the side that used as the Fashion side in a product.
quality
refers to the sum total of product characteristics such as appearance, end use, performance, material interactions within the product, consistency among identical products, and freedom from defects in construction or materials.
aslon
regenerated, protein based
these yarns are used in lightweight, sheer fabrics where strength is important.
regular filament yarns
slippage of yarns in a fabric is a problem with:
regular filament yarns in a satin weave
aesthetic properties
relate to the way sense such as touch and sight contribute to the perception of the textile. include: cover, translucence, luster, drape, texture, hand
leaf fibers
removed from the views or ribs of a leaf; pina, abaca, sisal, henequen.
Appearance retention
resiliency, compressibility, dimensional stability, shrinkage resistance, mildew/moth resistance
a batik print is an example of a
resist
aging resistance
resistance to deleterious changes over time; spandex and other elastic fibers have poor aging characteristics -- they become stiff, brittle, rigid; cotton can be stored for years without suffering significant damage
products with power stretch require fibers with high:
retractive forces
All bast fibers require a process of removing the fibers from the stem. The process starts with _____, which is the bacterial rotting of the stem.
retting
the process of removing the bast fiber from the stem is
retting
convolutions
ribbonlike twists along a cotton fiber; when the fibers mature and force the boll open, they dry out and the central canal collapses.
the most widely used method of yarn spinning is
ring spinning
abrasion resistance is ability of textile products to withstand:
rubbing
fiber with the best sunlight resistance:
saran
which of the weaves are most likely to snag
satin
which of these weaves are most likely to snag?
satin
which one is not considered a fancy fabric
satin
match the basic weaves and their variations to the most accurate description of the structure
satin- smooth surface formed by long, warp-yarn floats left-hand twill- diagonal lines run from lower left to upper right right-hand twill- diagonal lines run from lower right to upper left
a type of calendaring that is used with a resin or on thermoplastic fibers to create very fine diagonal lines that increase luster of a fabric surface
schreiner
Finishing step that removes the natural wax from cotton fibers is
scouring
tow
short flax fibers must be carded before dry spinning into yarns
staple fiber
shorter fiber, measured in feet, inches, centimeters. spun yarn -short fibers measured in inches or centimeters (less than 2 to 46 cm or 0.5 in-18 in) -produce spun yarn fabrics (cotton percale)
pieces of fabric shorter than 40 yards in length are called:
shorts
a fiber that has good dimensional stability does not
shrink or stretch when cleaned
The part of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the
shuttle
the part of the loom through which the filling yarn is inserted is the
shuttle
what is the only natural filament yarn
silk
which of natural fiber is finest?
silk
The routine steps in finishing a cotton fabrics
singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching
Yarn number refers to the
size of yarn
match the following synonyms or definitions for wovens
slashing-sizing selvages- the edge of a woven fabric ends- warp yarns picks- filling yarns bowed- yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted in a curved line
what are dobby fabrics?
small figured designs requiring fewer than 25 different warp yarn arrangements
surface contour may be
smooth serrated rough
anti slip finishes are most often used on fabrics such as
smooth filament yarn satin
satin weave description
smooth surface formed by long, warp-yarn floats
What additives are put into detergents, and what do they do to improve the laundering process?
soap, synthetic detergent. adding this solvent lowers the surface tension of the solvent allowing things to wet more quickly
when examining staple fibers
soft or matte luster and feel fuzzy, short fiber ends protrude above the surface when fabric is viewed closely; no fiber is as long as the yarn or piece of fabric fro which yarn was unraveled (short fibers pulled from yarn)
unlike conventional dyeing or pigment dyeing, this process take place during manufacturing before solution is extruded from spinerette
solution dyeing
Blue acetate fabric that is used in drapery fabric- dyeing method?
solution dyeing or dope dyeing
The fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation
spandex
the elastomeric fiber below would be most appropriate to make a stretch
spandex
the fiber known for its high retractive force and high elongation
spandex
fibers for special and technical applications include
spandex, aramid, polybenzimidazole (PBI), and sulfar
in processing staple fibers, which step inserts twist and reduces the roving, increasing the parallel alignment of the fibers
spinning
which yarn is least likely to snag
spun
which of the following is most likely to pill?
spun polyester
This yarn relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strength
spun yarns
this yarn relies most heavily on fiber cohesiveness for yarn strength
spun yarns
yarns which have tiny protruding fiber ends that prevent contact with the skin, creating comfort for the wearer
spun yarns
polyester can be purchased in which of the following forms
spun, monofilament, and textured ALL OF THE ABOVE
once the dyer has formulated a color match of the finished dyeing product, the color is known as
standard
polyester fibers are sold in
staple and filament form
a fabric in which lots of fiber ends can be seen throughout the fabric is made of
staple fibers
which one is defined by extension per unit length
strain
which is not a characteristic that is imparted by texturing
strength
spandex
stretchy fibers
nylon and polyester
strong and abrasion resistant fibers
a fiber with high crystallinity and high orientation is
strong and stiff
high oriented and crystalline fibers are:
strong and stiff. they do not stretch much or easily but they recover from stretch quickly. they tend to be nonabsorbent and difficult to dye. highly oriented and crystalline fibers include polyester, nylon, and aramid.
more crystalline polymer causes
stronger polymer less flexible polymer
consult figure 1.5 and explain the parts of the textile complex that would have been involved in producing and marketing a cotton/polyester blend dress shirt.
sunlight --> plants --> natural cellulosic fibers AND manufactured fibers--> yarn processing/yarn mill --> textile mills --> finishing and dyeing/printing --> product manufacturer --> wholesale and retail --> consumers.
which fabric would retire the longest lead time and be the most expensive and best quality
swivel dot
manufactured fibers are
synthetic fibers man-made fibers
what difference in performance might you expect from fibers used to produce a t-shirt, a carpet in a movie theatre, and an outdoor flag
t-shirt -- would be a circular or round fiber, comfort, flexibility carpet in a movie theatre - durable, outdoor flag -- chemical process/treatment (waterproof/weatherproof) hydrophobic, strength, durability, no elongation potential
a friend spilled spaghetti sauce on a white wool sweater. to remove the stain you recommend
taking it to a dry cleaner and identifying the stain so that appropriate spot treatment can be used to remove the stain
The process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is
tanning
the process of making leather pliable, rot and water resistant is
tanning
Stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?
tenacity
stretching or drawing is done to increase which area of performance?
tenacity
trademark name for lyocell
tencel
example of uncut pile weave
terry cloth
which of these fabrics is a warp-pile fabric?
terrycloth
The term is this list that is a direct yarn numbering system is the
tex system
pieces of the fabrics that you do see
textile --> fiber --> yarn --> fabric --> gray goods --> finish
what process increases the absorbency potential of synthetic yarns
texturizing
confinement
that only one firm can use that color, pattern, or fabric. some large retailers or manufacturers control such a significant market share that fabric producers willingly modify their processes to meet the buyer's preferences.
wicking
the ability of a fiber to transfer moisture along its surface. -fibers that wick well are not very absorbent -moisture is transported along the surface rather than being absorbed into the fiber. -comfortable because the moisture is pulled away from the skin by wicking to the outer surface of the fabric where evaporation can occur.
heat/thermal retention
the ability of a textile to hold heat. (wool or acrylic) (table 3.3)
Tenacity, or tensile strength is
the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force
tenacity, or tensile strength is
the ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force
allergic potential
the ability to cause physical reactions such as skin redness resulting from exposure to the fiber. -fibers used in finishing and dyeing can also cause allergic reactions in some individuals irritation is something different: prickle caused by wool fibers.
heat conductivity
the ability to transfer heat through a fabric. opposite of heat retention
light or sunlight resistance
the ability to withstand degradation from natural or artificial light. exposure to light may damage fibers. the energy in light, especially in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, causes irreversible damage to the chemical structure of the fiber. -acrylic has high resistance -tenacity measured before and after exposure
cost
the amount paid to acquire, use, maintain and dispose of a product. additional factors that should be considered include how much it will cost to care for this product during its lifetime and the product's inherent attributes (woven fabric- 21% fibers, 20% yarn production, 29% weaving, 14% finishing, 16% dyeing or printing)
end use
the application or function for which a textile is designed or for which it is ultimately used.
hydrogen bonding
the attraction of positive hydrogen atoms of one chain to the negative oxygen or nitrogen atoms of an adjacent chain
fabric crimp
the bends caused by distortion of yarns due to weaving and knitting a fabric. (crimp easily seen in the yarn and in the fibers removed from the yarn resembling the structure of the fabric)
lumen
the central canal, through which nourishment travels during fiber development
Discharge prints can be recognized because
the color of the background of the fabric is the same on both the under and upper sides of the fabric
define product development and describe how it determines the products available in the marketplace
the design and engineering of a product so that is has the desired serviceability characteristics, appeals to the target market, can be made within an acceptable time frame for a reasonable cost and can be sold at a profit. (encompasses a range of activities and differs widely by companies and segments of the global textile complex)
product development
the design and engineering of a product so that is has the desired serviceability characteristics, appeals to the target market, can be made within an acceptable time frame for a reasonable cost and can be sold at a profit. (encompasses a range of activities and differs widely by companies and segments of the global textile complex)
a direct print occurs when
the design is printed on previously dyed fabric or white fabric
many textiles were not possible to be made before...
the development of manufactured fibers
permanent embossed finishes can be achieved when
the fabrics are made from thermoplastic fibers
selvage is a term used to describe
the finished edge of a woven fabric
breaking tenacity for fiber
the force (either in grams per denier or tex) required to break the fiber. -may differ when wet than when dry.
environmental concerns
the impact that the production, use, care, or disposal of a textile has on the environment
Technical back
the inner side of the fabric as it is knit and is used as the fashion side of the fabric as fleece and knit terry
textile complex
the international mix of related industries that provide soft goods for the world's population; one of the world's largest industries and has a significant impact on world economy. imports and exports are not specifically identified since they can enter or exit the complex at any stage
performance
the manner in which a textile, textile component, or textile product responds to use or how it responds when exposed to some mechanical or environmental factor that might adversely affect it.
durability
the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable of the use for which it was purchased
serviceability
the measure of a textile product's ability to meet consumers' needs. includes aesthetics, durability, comfort, appearance retention, care, and cost. environmental concerns and sustainability are additional factors of importance in product development.
degree of polymerization
the number of molecules connected in a chain;long chains = high degree of polymerization and fiber strength (olefin fibers); rayon has lower strength.
explain what the numbers represent in a fiber property summary list and how that information describes fiber performance. for each summary, explain if a higher value might be more or less desirable for a textile product.
the numbers in the parenthesis are in grams per denier for staple fibers with unmodified cross sections, the first number is for dry fibers and the second number is for wet fibers. if only one number there is no difference in performance between wet and dry. (i.e. silk is absorbant, not very dense, not elongation heavy, elastic.)
surface contour
the outer surface of the fiber along it's length (smooth, serrated, striated, or rough) affects luster, hand, texture, and apparent soiling of fabric.
the terms railroading and up the bolt refer to
the placement of upholstery fabric
What is resiliency?
the power or ability to return to the original form, position
the shape of manufactured fibers is controlled by:
the shape of the spinnerette opening and the spinning method; size, shape, luster, length, and other properties can be modified by changes in the production process.
shape and size of manufactured fibers are determined by
the spinnerette
care
the treatment required to maintain a textile product's original appearance and cleanliness
fiber crimp
the waves, bends, twists, coils, and curls along the length of the fiber; INCREASES cohesiveness, resiliency, resistance to abrasion, stretch, bulk, and warmth. -increases absorbency and skin-contact comfort but reduces luster. -lots of crimp (wool) = warmer -traps air within fabric and next to skin
Environmental concerns
the way the production, use, care, and disposal of a fiber or textile impacts the environment
environmental concerns
the way the production, use, care, and disposal of a fiber or textile product affects the environment -natural fiber has an impact on soil conservation, use of agricultural chemicals, disposal of animal waste, water demands, cleaning requirements, processing. -natural fibers can't be disposed for biodegradation
life cycle impact
the way the production, use, care, and disposal of a product affects the environment and the people involved with the product
denier
the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of fiber or yarn
denier
the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of fiber or yarn; fineness or coarseness of fiber; related to end use -smaller number describes fine fiber -larger number describes coarse fiber
tex
the weight of grams of 1,000 meters of fiber or yarn. staple fiber is sold by denier and fiber length. filament fiber is sold by the denier or the yarn or tow
cotton gin
the whirling saws pick up the fiber and carry it to a knifelike comb which blocks the seeds and permits the fiber to be carried through
fibers differ in:
their physical structure, chemical composition, and molecular arrangement. these differences are used to distinguish among fibers by generic names. these differences influence the serviceability of that product
Most textured yarns are produced from fibers which are
thermoplastic
body, texture, hand
these factors indicate whether the fiber is soft to hard, rough to smooth, warm to cool, stiff to flexible and relate to fiber size, surface contour, stiffness or ridgity and cross-sectional shape
explain the properties that are common to all cellulosic fibers
they all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they're basic monomer is glucose. 1. good absorbency 2. good conductor of heat 3. ability to withstand high temperature 4. low resiliency 5. low loft 6. good conductor 7. heavy fibers 8. harmed by mineral acids, minimal damage by organic acids 9. attacked by mildew 10. resistant to moths, but eaten by crickets and silverfish 11. flammable 12. moderate resistance to sunlight
how do textiles contribute to individual, community, and societal way of life?
they surround us from life to death. they provide protection and enhancement in
Until the first manufactured fiber was produced commercially in 1885:
they were produced by plants and animals
bast fibers have a variation of...
thick and thin appearance when processed into yarns and fabrics
Textiles are flexible materials that are composed of .... (select the best match from the list)
thin films of polymers or of fibers, yarns, or fabrics
textiles are flexible materials that are composed of
thins films of polymers, fibers yarns, or fabrics
natural fibers
those that are in fiber form as they grow or develop and come from animal, plant, or mineral sources.
producing bast fiber is
time consuming and requires specialized machinery --- cottonizing is meant to speed up the process.
dyeing and finishing
to make fabrics more attractive with better consumer performance have been modified for use with manufactured fibers
molecular chain
too small to be seen, even with an optical microscope; also described by molecular weight, a factor in properties such as fiber strength and extensibility; contain different configurations within fibers.
match the following woven definitions
top weight- fabrics weighing 2 to 4 ounces per square yard and typically used for shirts or blouses fabric count- closeness of the weave of a fabric expressed as the number of yarns in one inch of the warp and in one inch of the filling skewed- yarns in a woven fabric that are distorted angularly in a straight line
care
treatments required to maintain the new look of a textile product during use, cleaning, or storage.
Care
treatments to require a textile to be new looking
the knit fabric most often used in lingerie
tricot
Durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased.
true
Nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production.
true
Satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production
true
T/F: a durable finish gradually loses its effectiveness with age
true
T/F: a momie weave has an irregular interlacing pattern
true
T/F: a triaxial weave fabric has 3 sets of yarns at 60 degree angles to each other.
true
T/F: aesthetic finishes may change fabric appearance or hand
true
T/F: bleaching is a preparation finish that prepares the fabric for further processing such as dying
true
T/F: brocade and damask are examples of Jacquard fabrics
true
T/F: computers are used in finishing to increase efficiency and fabric quality and decrease cost
true
T/F: duplex printing describes fabric printed on both sides
true
T/F: dyes are fiber specific
true
T/F: dyes are organic compounds that are water or solvent soluble
true
T/F: pigments tend to be pictures of compounds
true
T/F: satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production.
true
T/F: special purpose finishes generally improve a specific type of performance of a fabric
true
T/F: stuffer yarns are used to make the ribs in some pique fabrics more pronounced.
true
T/F: the backfilling machine is a variation of the padding machine
true
T/F: the chromosphere is the colored portion of the dye molecule
true
T/F: water jet looms may create problems with mildew.
true
T/F: water repellent and waterproof are synonymous terms
true
T/F: with age, acrylic finishes applied to drapery fabrics may become tacky
true
The ability of a textile to return to its original dimension after elongation is elasticity.
true
The shorter the yarn floats in a fabric, the greater its durability.
true
Twill weave has distinct wales or diagonal line.
true
a major disadvantage of international trade in the textile industry is loss of jobs domesticslly
true
a warp knit is more stable and has less stretch than a filling knit jersey
true
a woven fabric with a count of 144 X 76 is unbalanced
true
absorbency is moisture regain
true
acetate fibers are derivative cellulose fibers
true
acetate fibers are made using dry-spinning process
true
an acrylic sweater can be safely washed
true
an advantage to dry cleaning over laundering is that dry cleaning does not pollute environment
true
chain growth polymerization is often required are-radical initiator, with structure similar to r-o-o-r
true
chemical composition is used as the basis for designating generic fiber names
true
combed and worsted yarns are higher quality than carded and woolen yarns
true
cords are made from twisting ply yarns
true
covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared
true
darker colors are more expensive to dye because more dye is required and it takes longer time to complete process
true
double bonds in vinyl monomers make them a good candidate for polymerization
true
double-knit fabrics have high dimensional stability than single-kint
true
durability describes the manner in which the product withstands use, that is, the length of time the product is considered suitable for the use for which it was purchased
true
elongation stands for the degree of stretching
true
fabrics that are given a finish to improve wrinkle resistance have a tendency to become stuff
true
felt fabrics are good insulators
true
greige goods are fabrics with no coloration or finish
true
hydrophobic surfaces repeal water
true
hydrophobic surfaces repel water
true
in viscose process, cellulose is chemically converted and then returned to a cellulosic material
true
is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atoms of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule
true
items that have been stained must be spot cleaned before dry cleaning
true
kevlar is polyamide or aramide
true
knits are more pliable than wovens
true
luster is the way light interacts with the surface of materials
true
most pre-treatment products are made of enzymes that break down protein stains and are therefore not good to use of protein fibers
true
most t-shirts are made from a circular knit jersey
true
natural fibers demonstrate high regain
true
non-chlorine bleach is safe for all fabrics
true
nylon 6,6 are made of two monomers containing 6 carbons each
true
nylon and polyester are durable fiber
true
nylon and polyester are durable fibers
true
nylon fibers have poor comfort properties
true
nylon types are differentiated based on the number of carbon atoms in the diamine and acid used in its production
true
optical brighteners are used to enhance the bleached fabrics
true
organic molecules are major building blocks of fibers
true
pantyhose, t-shirts, and sweaters are items that are frequently garment dyed
true
polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for inter-molecular forces
true
polarization of covalent bonds in polymer molecules is the mechanism responsible for intermolecular forces
true
polka dots are an example of a discharge print
true
polyester fibers have poor absorbency
true
polyester fibers possess high tenacity
true
polymer chains interact with each other via inter-molecular forces
true
polymer molecules are chain like molecular structures with the most probable coil like conformation of chains
true
polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like confirmation of chains
true
polymer molecules are chain-like molecular structures with the most probable coil-like conformation of chains
true
polyolefin fibers have poor comfort properties if not specifically modified
true
quilted fabrics can be created wit traditional needle sewing or bonding
true
rayon and lyocell have a high regain
true
rayon fibers are regenerated cellulose fibers
true
rayon has a serrated cross section
true
regenerated cellulosic fibers could be produced using various sources of cellulosic biomass
true
registration is the term used when all colors of a screen print have been applied the the fabric
true
resiliency- the power or ability to return to the original form, position
true
roller printing is uneconomical unless a large amount of the same printed pattern is needed
true
satin weaves require a loom with five or more harnesses for commercial production
true
serviceability deals with the comfort of a product
true
staple fibers are short fibers
true
synthetic fibers are made of petroleum products
true
synthetic fibers are produced as filament and can be used as either staple or filament
true
texturing is usually applied to filament fibers, as one of the purposes is to give filament yarns characteristics that are more like spun yarns
true
the ability of a textile to return to its original dimension after elongation is elasticity
true
the convolutions contribute to cotton's cohesiveness and soiling characteristics
true
the cross sectional shape of a fiber impacts luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand
true
the cross-sectional shape of a fiber impacts luster, cover, bulk, body, texture, and hand
true
the greater polarity of the surface, the better is the wetting
true
the higher the fabric count in a fabric, the less resilient and less flexible
true
the shorter the yarn floats in a fabric, the greater its durability
true
the technical face of a knit terry is the loop side
true
tufted fabrics are pile fabrics that are made by inserting extra yarns into an already woven fabric of relatively open weave
true
twill weave has distinct wales or diagonal line
true
using too little or too much soap/detergent causes soil re-deposition and possible graying
true
wool proteins contain sulfur
true
worsted wool fabrics are much softer and smoother than woolen
true
wovens tend to fray and ravel
true
young modulus stands for ratio of stress over strain
true
most carpets today are made using which method
tufting
which fabrication method uses a backcoating to lock yarns in place
tufting
Which of the basic weave is typically most durable (considering different parameters such as yarn twist and fabric count).
twill
which of the basic weave is typically most durable (considering different parameters such as yarn twist and fabric count)
twill
which weave can you see diagonal lines on the fabric
twill
which are the basic weaves
twill plain satin
a weave that produces a diagonal line in the cloth
twill weave
match the basic weaves and their variations to the most accurate description of the structure
twill- parallel diagonal lines are visible plain- simple over- one, under-one interlacing pattern rib- unbalanced yarn counts create raised ridges basket- groups of warp yarns float over one or more filling yarns
axminster and wilton carpets are
types of woven carpets
important factors to successful product development include
understanding processes, people, and things including product innovation and management consumers, and textile materials.
Yarns are piled to increase their
uniformity and strengh
dyeing process of when a fabric is composed from two or more fibers and the desire result of the dyeing process
union dyeing
length of fiber
untwist the yarn to determine fiber length. (any fiber can be staple length but not all can be filament)
floats in a fabric
used to create luster, to create color effects, increases the potential for snags
What is the Jacquard loom used for?
used to create, complex permanente designs, require 25+ warp yarns(really big patterns) machine that has punch cards and microprocessors
burn test
used to identify a fiber's general chemical composition (i.e. mineral, synthetic, protein, and cellulosic) -blends can not be identified in a burn test
weaving and knitting
used to make fabrics
spinning
used to produce yarns; also the term used to describe extruding manufactured fibers.
wool
warm and bulky fibers
cotton is ideal use for:
warm weather apparel, activewear, work clothes, upholstery, draperies, area rugs, towels, and bedding.
lengthwise yarns on woven fabrics are known as:
warp
lengthwise yarn printed before weaving create an indistinct pattern in the finished fabric in
warp print
the van der waals bonding forces
weak bonds between atoms that are physically close together.
the denier system is used to measure *blank* size
weight
denier refers to the
weight in grams per 9,000 meters of yarn or fiber
a resin is a chemical applied as a *blank* finish
wet
Fibers solidify in a solvent bath in
wet spinning
fibers solidify in a solvent bath in
wet spinning
rayon fibers are produced by
wet-spinning
crystalline
when molecular chains are organized parallel to each other. *if they are also going in the same lengthwise axis then they are also considered oriented. but if they are not, they they are just considered crystalline*
polymerization
when small molecules -- monomers -- are joined together to form a long chain, or *polymer* - the length of a polymer varies just as the length of the fiber varies.
race to the bottom
where companies and countries tried to compete with each other by cutting wages and living standards for workers and the production of goods is moved to the places that have the lowest wages and production costs.
moisture regain
where the moisture in the material is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the moisture-free material
Which fiber characteristic would prevent feeling clammy on a hot day
wicking
A fiber characterized by a high tenacity is able to
withstand a heavy pulling force
a fiber characterized by a high tenacity is able to
withstand a heavy pulling force
a fiber with high tenacity is able to
withstand a heavy pulling force
*blank* is used as the standard for rugs and carpets
wool
acrylic is most often used as a substitute for
wool
the fiber that creates the standard for all fibers used for carpet is
wool
the natural fiber known for its high retractile force and high elongation
wool
this fiber has low wet strength
wool
which fiber "felts" when laundered?
wool
which fiber has a good resiliency due to natural cross links and crimp?
wool
which fiber has good resiliency due to natural cross-links and crimp?
wool
amorphous fibers include
wool, cotton, and rayon are relatively weak and easily elongated. these fibers have poor elasticity and good moisture absorbency, dye ability, and flexibility
which statement is untrue regarding printing?
woolen fabrics respond well to screen printing
stage when color is applied to denim
yarn
which of the following terms is defined as an assemblage of fibers, twisted or laid together so as to form a continuous strand that can be made into a textile fabric?
yarn
cord yarn
yarn composed of two or more plys
Cotton fabric with a woven gingham design- dyeing method?
yarn dyeing
dye method most commonly used to produce red and white plaid pattern on 100% cotton broadcloth is
yarn dyeing
Which of the yarn classifications is the spiral arrangement of fibers within a yarn?
yarn twist
which of the yarn classifications is the spiral arrangement of fibers within a yarn
yarn twist
core-spun yarn
yarn with central area of one fiber around which is wrapped or twisted an exterior layer of another fiber
crepe yarn
yarn with exceptionally tight twist