U14 L3: Impact of the Crusades
Which statement describes the relationship between the rulers of Europe and the Catholic Church during the Crusades?
European rulers contributed military leadership, men, supplies, and resources to support the Church's call for Crusades.
What compromise ended the Third Crusade?
Muslims continued to rule Jerusalem, but they allowed Christian pilgrims free access to the city.
This writer shows little sympathy towards the Muslims who were killed at Jerusalem. Which statement from the text best supports this claim?
They joyfully killed their nefarious enemies.
Feudalism declined during the Crusades because
many knights lost their lives and fortunes in battle.
Which of these events resulted in further Crusades one hundred years after the First Crusade?
In 1187, Muslim forces retook the city of Jerusalem.
heretic
a person who holds a religious idea that is rejected as false by a church authority
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, popes called for crusades against
any groups they thought threatened Catholicism.
The Crusaders considered the journey to Jerusalem to be a kind of pilgrimage because participants would
earn forgiveness for their sins.
Effects of the Crusades o Trade
one of the most important effects was an increase in trade between europe and southwest asia - Europeans brought back goods from asia, including silk and spices, increasing demand - banking systems developed to transfer funds for troops and supplies - trading cities became more important - Italian merchants grew wealthy, transporting goods between europe and Muslim territory
assembled
put together
This source, Deeds of the Franks, would be most valuable for a historian who wants to know more about which of these topics?
what life was like for a crusader making the journey to Jerusalem.
nefarious
wicked or unlawful
In one paragraph, compare and contrast the similarities and differences found in the two accounts, and explain which account is more reliable. Use reasons and evidence from the readings to support your claim.
Both accounts mention those who tried to take refuge in the Tower of David, but Fulcher claims all were killed, while al-Athir states they surrendered and were spared. The accounts both claim that all those in the Temple of Solomon were killed, but Fulcher says 10,000 were killed, while al-Athir claims 70,000 died. Fulcher's account is likely more reliable because he was a witness to the event, and his account was written just a few years after it happened, while al-Athir wrote his account more than one hundred years after the event.
The Franks stripped the Dome of the Rock of more than forty silver candelabra, each of them weighing 3600 drams and a great silver lamp weighing 44 Syria pounds, as well as 150 smaller candelabra and more than 20 gold ones, and a great deal more booty. Refugees from Syria reached Baghdad. . . . They told the Caliph's ministers a story that wrung their hearts and brought tears to their eyes. On Friday, they went to the Cathedral Mosque and begged for help, weeping so that their hearers wept with them as they described the sufferings of the Muslims in that Holy City: the men killed, the women and children taken prisoner, the homes pillaged. Background information: Ibn al-Athir's account continues, describing the effects of the crusader's success in capturing the city. Which of the following does al-Athir discuss in his account?
He describes the pillaging of the Dome of the Rock.
Count Raymond and his men, who were attacking the wall on the other side, did not yet know of all this, until they saw the Saracens leap from the wall in front of them. Then, they joyfully rushed into the city to pursue and kill the nefarious enemies, as their comrades were already doing. Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the Tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the Temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared. Background information: Fulcher's account continues, describing what happened when the crusaders entered the city. How were the Muslim defenders treated by the crusaders after the city fell?
Most were killed, including women and children.
Read Robert the Monk's account of Pope Urban II's speech. This royal city [Jerusalem] . . . desires to be liberated and begs you to come to her aid. . . . God has granted you above all other nations great glory in arms. Accordingly, undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdom of heaven. Which best summarizes what the pope is saying?
NOT Traveling to Jerusalem is the will of God.
What was an effect of the Crusades on the Muslim world?
The Crusades increased Muslims' distrust of Europeans.
Whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lacks sufficient money, divine mercy will give him enough. Background information: This account of Urban II's speech was included in a chronicle of the First Crusade called Gesta Francorum ("Deeds of the Franks"). Historians believe it was written by a member of the crusading party, sometime about 1100. He was likely not at Clermont when Urban's speech was delivered. What is the identity of the author of this source?
an unknown author who likely did not witness the event
The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
as time went on , the goals of crusaders changed - the fourth crusade was supported by merchants in venice - they wanted to eliminate their commercial rival, constantinople - support for the crusades began to decline
The Crusader's Goals Expand
as time went on, the crusades targeted non-Catholics outside of the holy land - crusaders targeted pagans in the Baltic and heretics in france - spain used the reconquista to retake control of its government and expel its muslim and jewish population
About this time, one of the towers in the stone wall began to burn, for the men who worked our machines had been hurling firebrands upon it until the wooden beams within it caught fire. The flames and smoke soon became so bad that none of the Muslim defenders of this part of the wall were able to remain near this place. At the noon hour on Friday, with trumpets sounding, amid great commotion and shouting "God help us," the Franks entered the city. When the pagans saw one standard planted on the wall, they were completely demoralized, and all their former boldness vanished, and they turned to flee through the narrow streets of the city. Background information: This account of the fall of Jerusalem in 1099 was written by a Christian historian and eyewitness to the event, sometime around 1106. The author of this account is a _______. As a result, his account is likely to be _______ towards the Muslims who lost their lives. His account is likely _______, because he was a witness to the event.
european crusader; less sympathetic; more reliable
Saladin agreed to confirm an ironclad peace agreement between Christians and Saracens. It guaranteed free passage and access to the Holy Sepulcher of the Lord, without the requirement of any tribute or fee. It also granted the freedom of bringing objects for sale through any land whatever and of exercising a free commerce. What was one condition of the settlement between Richard I and Saladin?
freedom of trade between Europeans and Muslims in the region.
The Crusades
in 1093, the byzantine emperor asked for help to fight the muslim turks - he wrote a letter, which eventually as given to pope urban II - the pope gave a speech in which he issued a call for a crusade
In fact, Jerusalem was taken from the north on the morning of July 15, 1099. The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week. A band of Muslims barricaded themselves into the Oratory of Savid [Tower of David] and fought on for several days. They were granted their lives in return for surrendering. The Franks honored their word, and the group left by night for Ascalon [a city on the coast]. In the Masjid al-Aqsa [the Temple of Solomon] the Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars, devout and ascetic men who had left their homelands to live lives of pious seclusion in the Holy Place. Background information: This account of the fall of Jerusalem in 1099 was written in 1231 by a Muslim historian who traveled with Saladin's army. The author of this account is a _______. As a result, his account is likely to be _______ towards the Muslims who lost their lives. His account is likely _______, because he was not a witness to the event.
mulsim defender; more sympathetic; less reliable
Who was Saladin?
the Muslim general who ruled Jerusalem during the Third Crusade
Effects of the Crusades on the Church
the crusades demonstrated the power of the papacy and the catholic church - catholic church grew wealthy - many Europeans became more religious and willing to sacrifice for their faith - millions lost their lives
Ibn al-Athir's Account: The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week. A band of Muslims barricaded themselves into the Oratory of Savid [Tower of David] and fought on for several days. They were granted their lives in return for surrendering. The Franks honored their word, and the group left by night for Ascalon [a city on the coast]. In the Masjid al-Aqsa [the Temple of Solomon] the Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars, devout and ascetic men who had left their homelands to live lives of pious seclusion in the Holy Place. Fulcher's Account: Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the Tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the Temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared. What events do both of these accounts describe? Check all that apply.
the defenders who took refuge in the Tower of David. the conflict at the Temple of Solomon
crusade
the military expeditions taken on by Christian powers to win the Holy Land from the Muslims
The city of Jerusalem was significant to European Christians because it was
the place where Jesus was crucified.
Political Effects of the Crusades
the power of the feudal nobility declined the power of the monarchs increased feudalism declined
reconquista
the return of Spain to Catholic rule, resulting in the expulsion of Jews and Muslims.
The Third Crusade (1189-1192)
the third crudade was led by king richard I of england and king phillip of france - both men issued a tax on their population to raise money for the crusade - they captured much of the Holy Land but failed to take Jerusalem - the crusade ended in a compromise with saladin
Reasons for joining a Crusade
to defend Christendom to earn money to save their souls
liberate
to set free from bonds
In 1095, Pope _______ called for a crusade to liberate the city of _______ from Muslim control, promising that each crusader would receive entrance into heaven and _______. People had many reasons for joining a crusade, including to defend Christendom and to _______.
urban II; jerusalem; forgiveness of sins; win the spoils of war
Effects in the Muslim World
- increased distrust of europeans - decreased religious tolerance among muslims - accelerated the decline of Constantinople and the byzantine empire - weakened the muslim empires, making it more difficult for them to defend against the mongol invasion of the 1200s
Goals of the Crusades
- liberate Jerusalem from Muslim control - stop the spread of muslim rule - recapture lands that had been christian
The First Crusade (1095-1099)
1097, army of tens of thousands of crusaders assembled in constantinople - goal was to seize jerusalem and drive out muslims - succeeded but were forced to defend the city for nearly one hundred years - in 1187, the muslim saladin retook the city