UCONN Anthropology 1000 Final Exam

A paleoanthropologist would be most likely to study __ A. fossilized human bones or early human ancestors B. prehistoric tools from a midden in Costa Rica C. a tribe living in the rainforests of Zaire C. archival data from church records in finland

A. fossilized human bones or early human ancestors

One of the principal criticisms of modernization theory is that __. a. it holds Western industrial capitalist society as superior to all others b. its proponents advocate a "back-to-nature" approach c. it ignores the needs and rights of individual entrepreneurs d. it promotes traditional family values

a. it holds Western industrial capitalist society as superior to all others

In contrast to Paleolithic hunting-and-gathering societies, contemporary band societies exist only in __. a. marginal environments b. rich environments c. tropical forests d. deserts and savannas

a. marginal environments

What does the term "Paleolithic" mean? a. old stone age b. ancient knowledge c. before adam d. cave people

a. old stone age

The Azande use which of the following to help determine guilt and innocence in criminal cases? a. oracles b. ordeals c. oaths d. legal officials

a. oracles

Scott Atran is a cultural anthropologist whose recent research has focused on which of the following? a. political and religious terrorism b. the use of new technologies in underdeveloped nations c. language and the internet d. racial discrimination in the US

a. political and religious terrorism

Which of the following are used by Eskimo to resolve disputes? a. song duels and wrestling matches b. poetry contests and foot races c. sled races and ice-fishing contests d. cold weather ordeals and kayak races

a. song duels and wrestling matches

Symbolic anthropologists treat cultural traditions as a. texts that need to be interpreted by the ethnographer like literary works b. trees that keep growing to reach ever higher forms c. blank canvases that can be filled in by the ethnographer as an artist d. distractions from focusing on more important things, like physics

a. texts that need to be interpreted by the ethnographer like literary works

Which of the following is related to the evolution of skin pigmentation in human populations? a. the amount of uv radiation and the need for vitamin d b. the amount of carbs vs proteins that are in the diet c. the need for natural camouflage from predators d. iron and zinc compounds in the soil

a. the amount of uv radiation and the need for vitamin d

According to Dan Sperber, the way culture is shared can be understood by analogy to which of the following? a. the transmission of disease, or an epidemiological model b. the use of symbols to represent one's nationality, or a citizenship model c. the use if environmental resources, or an ecological model d. the evolution of the species, or a genetic inheritance model

a. the transmission of disease, or an epidemiological model

The principal criticism of nineteenth-century theories of "unilineal evolution" is that __. a. they were ethnocentric. holding that western society was superior to all others b. they relied too heavily upon biblical teachings c. they were based on inadequate knowledge of the fossil record d. they neglected the civilizations of ancient China and India

a. they were ethnocentric. holding that western society was superior to all others

In his work Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes, argued that humans are by nature a. violent b. cooperative c. loving d. politically inclined

a. violent

A study of the garbage that people throw away may reveal more about their lifestyles than surveys and interviews because __ a. garbage is easier to analyze than survey data b. people may not accurately report their behaviors c. fieldwork in garbage dumps is less expensive d. surveys and interviews are done by sociologists

b. people may not accurately report their behaviors

One of the proposed mechanisms for the bonding effects of collective rituals is a. testosterone b. endorphins c. progesterone d. cortisol

b. endorphins

Which of the following is an example of biological assimilation? a. school segregation b. ethnic intermarriage c. ethnic cleansing d. immigration quotas

b. ethnic intermarriage

Nonvoluntary or forced cultural assimilation of a minority group by a government is termed __. a. genocide b. ethnocide c. the "melting pot" approach d. segregation

b. ethnocide

The human capacity for culture is __ a. learned after birth b. genetically programmed c. weaker than for instinctual behavior d. severely limited

b. genetically programmed

If a population is simply replacing itself, we say that the population has achieved what? a. a demographic stalemate b. zero population growth c. its ultimate potential d. Phase 2 of the demographic transition

b. zero population growth

Based on standardized procedures for dealing with civil and criminal offenses, the first known code of law was the __. a. Laws of Babylon b. Precepts of Order c. Code of Hammurabi d. Civil Enactments of Order

c. Code of Hammurabi

__ polyandry is the most common form of marriage in which a woman has two husbands. a. Sororal b. Sibling c. Fraternal d. Levirate

c. Fraternal

Which was the first hominin to take advantage of the controlled usage of fire? a. homo sapiens b. australopithecus afarensis c. homo erectus d. homo habilis

c. homo erectus

Freud argued that religion a. is a form of empowerment b. is the source of discrimination c. is a form of wish-fulfilment d. is the source of artistic inspiration

c. is a form of wish-fulfilment

Compared with hunting-and-gathering band-level societies, tribal societies are __. a. smaller and more highly mobile across broad regions b. larger, but with more loosely defined territories c. larger, more sedentary, and have fairly well defined territories d. smaller, less mobile, and have less political integration

c. larger, more sedentary, and have fairly well defined territories

Building on Leslie White's idea that sociocultural evolution progressed by the amount of energy it harnessed, John Bodley has suggested that there are __ cultures. a. stagnant and dynamic b. devolved and evolved c. low-energy and high-energy d. unproductive and productive

c. low-energy and high-energy

Which of the following would be considered a form of nonmaterial culture? a. igloos b. cufflinks c. lullabies d. forks

c. lullabies

The Yanomamo use the world unokais to describe a. friends b. kin c. murderers d. priests

c. murderers

Fossil and archaeological evidence suggests that the first hominins to practice intentional burial of their dead were __ a. modern upper paleolithic homo sapiens b. homo erectus c. neanderthals d. homo habilis

c. neanderthals

When a married couple goes to live with the husband's family, the postmarital residence pattern is referred to as __. a. avunculocal b. matrilocal c. patrilocal d. fratrilocal

c. patrilocal

Since the nineteenth century, there has been a tendency in the United States to classify offspring of racially mixed couples as belonging to the race of the parent with the lowest racial status. What is this called? a. the multiculturalist concept b. the circumstantialist model c. he primordialist model d. the hypodescent concept

d. the hypodescent concept

Racist views during World War II were responsible for which of the following? a. the arrest of Communist Party members b. the renaming of towns with German names c. the deportation of Italian Americans d. the internment of Japanese American

d. the internment of Japanese American

Populations of agrarian civilizations grew rapidly because of which of the following? a. increased fertility rates b. decreased infant mortality c. declines in the spread of infectious diseases d. overall increases in the standard of living

a. increased fertility rates

Scientists argue that the increased levels of carbon dioxide that are produced by the burning of fossil fuels and the tropical rainforest create a(n) __ in which the carbon dioxide will trap the heat from the sun and prevent it from radiating back into space. a. ultraviolet leach b. greenhouse effect c. biotechnological loop d. circular biome cycle

b. greenhouse effect

At the Burning Man festival, the Temple is a place where people experience a. joy b. grief c. togetherness d. fear

b. grief

Nineteenth-century theories of "unilineal evolution" proposed which of the following? a. modern humans are descended from ape like creatures b. human existence is characterized by continuous progress toward civilization c. ancient egypt is the source of all civilizations c. the bible is the best reference on the human past

b. human existence is characterized by continuous progress toward civilization

Fixed, complex, genetically based, unlearned behaviors are referred to as __ a. phobias b. instincts c. habits d. cultures

b. instincts

Paramount chiefs in Hawaiian society were responsible for ruling at the __ level. a. descent group b. island c. district d. national

b. island

One of the principal criticisms of the culture-and-personality school is that __ a. there is no evidence for any influence of culture on personality b. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society c. the investigation of personality should be done by the psychologists, not anthropologists d. individual behavior is more important than the behavior of a whole society

b. it tends to assume greater uniformity in personality than actually exists in society

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of ethnic homogeneity? a. china b. japan c. mexico d. the united states

b. japan

In order for an item to be cultural, it must be __ a. unchanged, fixed, or static b. learned individuals and commonly shared among individuals c. independent of environmental influences d. dependent on the environment of the society

b. learned individuals and commonly shared among individuals

Which of the following is an example of archival data? a. participant observation b. missionary reports c. contemporary ethnographic films d. computer modelling

b. missionary reports

A sense of loyalty to the nation-state based on shared language, values, and culture is called __. a. ethnicity b. nationalism c. statehood d. popular sovereignty

b. nationalism

The primordialist model of ethnicity is particularly helpful for understanding which of the following? a. the formation of new ethnic groups b. folk categories of race and culture c. changes in ethnic boundary markers d. the persistent attachment to ethnic identity

d. the persistent attachment to ethnic identity

A British clergyman and economist named __ predicted that populations would grow at a very rapid rate (exponential rate) and that the production of food and other vital resources would increase at a much slower rate. As a result, human populations would be subjected to a variety of checks on population growth such as warfare, famine, and disease. a. charles darwin b. e.o. wilson c. julian simon d. thomas malthus

d. thomas malthus

Among the Azande of East Africa, to what were crop failures typically attributed? a. the plants' sinister qualities b. poor leadership c. celestial events d. witchcraft

d. witchcraft

With the emergence of postindustrial societies, the global economy has been transformed by __. a. global trade b. multinational corporations c. manual labor d. work in the information sector

d. work in the information sector

What are the four subfields of anthropology? A. ethnology, classics, physical geography, and geography B. primatology, ethnohistory, paleontology, and archaeology C. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology D. prehistoric archaeology, classical anthropology, medieval anthropology, and modern anthropology

C. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

Which of the following scientific approaches rely on hypothesis testing? A. inductive methods only B. deductive methods only C. both inductive and deductive methods D. neither inductive or deductive methods

C. both inductive and deductive methods

An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism? A. ethnocentrism can helps better understand cultural universals B. all societies are not created equal C. it is not appropriate to judge another society by the values and standards or one's own society D. ethnocentrism is a core element of scientific research

C. it is not appropriate to judge another society by the values and standards or one's own society

Ethnologists are primarily interested in which of the following? A. understanding the evolution of the human species over time B. studying the genetic similarities and differences among contemporary human populations C. making generalizations based on cultural information from many different societies D. conducting participant observation in order to describe a specific culture in detail

C. making generalizations based on cultural information from many different societies

Which of the following might be interpreted as a modern example of the potlatch? a. A local politician gives away hundreds of frozen turkeys at a campaign rally b. special interest group pays the salary and expenses of a lobbyist c. A former president makes speeches in favor of his party's new candidate d. Delegates at a national convention trade buttons and other campaign memorabilia

a. A local politician gives away hundreds of frozen turkeys at a campaign rally

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using the HRAF? a. Anthropologists in the past may not have provided the historical context for their observations. b. It has yet to be computerized. c. Sociologists and historians have contributed information as well as anthropologists. d. Extracting data is a slow process.

a. Anthropologists in the past may not have provided the historical context for their observations.

While studying the Yanomamö, Napoleon Chagnon found that soil depletion was not the only reason that they moved their garden plots. What other reason did he find? a. Major population movements of the Yanomamö were due to warfare and conflict with neighbors. b. The Yanomamö simply got tired of living in the same area and moved. c. The Yanomamö had developed a 25-year plan that detailed their moves from year to year. d. These cleared plots eventually became shallow ponds that could no longer be used as gardens.

a. Major population movements of the Yanomamö were due to warfare and conflict with neighbors.

A study of the kavadi ritual found that a. The more pain devotees felt, the more money they gave to charity b. The more pain devotees felt, the harder they worked c. The more pain devotees felt, the more often they attended the temple d. The more pain devotees felt, the more children they had

a. The more pain devotees felt, the more money they gave to charity

Which of the following statements is true of cross-cultural studies? a. They allow anthropologists to make distinctions between behaviors that are culture specific and those that are universal. b. They make it possible for anthropologists to determine if a social trait is biologically inherited or culturally derived. c. They are no longer used by anthropologists because this older methodology has been shown to produce false results due to both temporal and geographic lag. d. They cannot be conducted today because there has been too much migration from one culture to another due to modern transportation.

a. They allow anthropologists to make distinctions between behaviors that are culture specific and those that are universal.

Which of the following is a pattern of economic exchange based on the supply and demand of goods and services? a. a market economy b. a barter system c. a socialist economy d. a reciprocal economy

a. a market economy

What is the term shaman used to designate? a. an individual who had the ability to sicken and to cure, and who often served as a spiritual guide to chiefs b. a cosmic power that can be increased through brave deeds, diminished through illness, and passed from a chief to his sons c. the New Year's festival in ancient Hawaii, at which human sacrifices were practiced d. the principal ancestor in a conical clan

a. an individual who had the ability to sicken and to cure, and who often served as a spiritual guide to chiefs

The material products of former societies are known as __ a. artifacts b. antiquaries c. legacies d. stuff

a. artifacts

Societies recognize two kinds of status: __ status, attached to a person from birth, and __ status, based on a person's specific actions. a. ascribed; achieved b. natal; gained c. birth; adult d. born; won

a. ascribed; achieved

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, learning occurs through the processes of __ a. assimilation and accommodation b. enculturation and intimidation c. absorption and cognation d. affiliation and enculturation

a. assimilation and accommodation

In tribal societies, how are disputes and conflicts usually resolved? a. by skilled individuals who function as mediators or negotiators b. by formal judgments passed by a tribal council c. by aggressive and violent behavior, often resulting in death d. by participation in games of chance

a. by skilled individuals who function as mediators or negotiators

Anthropologists have argued the transitional or " liminal" phase often creates feelings of togetherness with other initiates. Victor Turner referred to this sense of togetherness as a. communitas b. ecstacy c. brotherhood d. politeia

a. communitas

__ may occur when one dominant group in a complex society imposes its cultural beliefs on subordinate ethnic groups. For example, the dominant ethnic group in the United States during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants) was able to impose its language, cultural beliefs, and practices on other minority groups in U.S. society. a. cultural hegemony b. cultural chaos c. multiculturalism d. ethnic superiority

a. cultural hegemony

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __ a. cultural relativism b. cultural primacy c. cultural symbolism d. cultural hegemony

a. cultural relativism

Dependency theory states that global economic inequality results from __. a. exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries b. the persistence of traditionalism in preindustrial societies c. exclusion from international trade agreements d. lack of education, which prevents modernization

a. exploitation of Third World countries by First World countries

Which of the following forms of ethnic interaction was characteristic of many colonial situations? a. forced cultural assimilation b. voluntary cultural assimilation c. forced biological assimilation d. voluntary biological assimilation

a. forced cultural assimilation

Ways of enforcing social mores in hunter-gatherer societies generally involve the use of __. a. gossip and ridicule b. art and imprisonment c. economic discrimination d. the death penalty

a. gossip and ridicule

How can big men in Melanesia gain the allegiance of followers? a. impress them by sponsoring a feast of pig meat from his family's herd b. conquer them in battle, take them captive, and then provide them with freedom c. demonstrate sacred knowledge by reciting long epic poems about ocean voyages d. provide them with gifts of sheep, goats, and heavy wool textiles

a. impress them by sponsoring a feast of pig meat from his family's herd

Human activities that cause extensive damage on local environments and create environmental injustice are often called a. ethnocide b. ecocide c. environmental warfare d. ecological warfare

b. ecocide

Which of the following was used to support the idea that early Italian and Polish immigrants to the United States were racially inferior? a. the inability of their own political candidates to get elected b. IQ and literacy test scores c. measurements of cranial capacities d. the fact that immigrants often found themselves in low-wage occupations

b. IQ and literacy test scores

One of the reasons Europeans had developed immunity to various pathogens was a. vaccines b. animal domestication c. genetic engineering d. all of the above

b. animal domestication

What is the belief that spirits reside within all inorganic and organic materials called? a. superstition b. animism c. dream-wishing d. dualism

b. animism

The study of past cultures and lifestyles is the goal of __ a. ehthnologists b. archaeologists c. forensic anthropologists d. primatologists

b. archaeologists

The kula is an example of what type of exchange? a. redistribution b. balanced reciprocity c. silent trade d. market change

b. balanced reciprocity

Which of the following is an example of a subjective aspect of ethnicity? a. observing religious holidays b. believing in a shared homeland c. wearing certain styles of clothing d. sharing a spoken language

b. believing in a shared homeland

In some tribal societies of the pacific, an influential individual is called a. grand master b. big man c. great leader d. big chief

b. big man

By far, the major characteristic that identifies hominins as a distinct group is _ a. tool use b. bipedalism c. large brain size d. meat eating

b. bipedalism

The Tamil Hindu ritual of Thaipusam kavadi involves a. fire walking b. body piercing c. self flaggelation d. meditation

b. body piercing

Studies of hunter-gatherer groups often include an investigation of the maximum population that a specific environment can support, or what is called the __. a. fecundity b. carrying capacity c. life expectancy d. niche load

b. carrying capacity

Social inequality is exemplified in the __ of India. These social units are endogamous groupings into which a person is born and dies. a. purdah system b. caste system c. slavery system d. achieved status norms

b. caste system

Which of the following is a function of bridewealth? a. guaranteeing that a woman will be considered as personal property b. compensation to her family for the loss of a woman's labor c. freeing the husband of any responsibilities to the bride's kin group d. paying for the costs of an elaborate wedding

b. compensation to her family for the loss of a woman's labor

The conceptual frameworks that present the universe as an orderly system and answer the basic questions about human existence are called __ a. analogies b. cosmologies c. paradigms d. apologies

b. cosmologies

According to Franz Boas, in order to conduct a historical particularist study of a society, one must adopt the notion of __, or the belief that each society should be understood in terms of its own cultural practices and values. a. particular evolution b. cultural relativism c. functionalism d. neoevolutionism

b. cultural relativism

What do the terms "fission" and "fusion" refer to in hunting-and-gathering societies? a. hazards of contacts with the industrialized world b. cyclical change in population density relative to resources c. decision-making processes used by tribal leaders d. the dynamics of wild plant resources

b. cyclical change in population density relative to resources

The "sustainability model" is concerned with which of the following? a. protecting indigenous cultures around the world b. developing resource management strategies that do not degrade the environment c. promoting local entrepreneurship in developing nations d. teaching people how to grow their own food

b. developing resource management strategies that do not degrade the environment

Anthropologists have discovered that children raised together in Israeli kibbutzim __ a. will usually have successful marriages to one another as adults b. do not make good marriage partners for one another c. have a natural tendency toward homosexuality d. tend to have little appreciation for nuclear families

b. do not make good marriage partners for one another

In chiefdoms, the rule of primogeniture in the succession of political authority does which of the following? a. enhances the prestige of the king b. provides for continuity for the political system and avoids a power struggle when the chief dies c. encourages power struggles within the central chiefly hierarchy d. promotes a cycle of regional conflicts and warfare

b. provides for continuity for the political system and avoids a power struggle when the chief dies

The big gods hypothesis argues that a. religion was instrumental in most of history's wars b. religion was instrumental in the creation of the first large-scale societies c. religion was instrumental in the colonization process d. religion was instrumental in the industrial revolution

b. religion was instrumental in the creation of the first large-scale societies

The decline in the influence of religion in society is called __. a. de-evolution b. secularization c. atheism d. evangelism

b. secularization

Which one of the following statements concerning a society is true? a. a society is the same thing as a culture b. society generally refers to a particular group of animals living and interacting within a definite territory c. a society is a grouping unique to humans d. society is defined as a shared way of life that includes values, beliefs, and norms

b. society generally refers to a particular group of animals living and interacting within a definite territory

A crucial difference between structured and unstructured interviews is that __. a. unstructured interviews involve asking the same question of everyone in a sample of the population b. structured interviews involve asking the same question of everyone in a sample of the population c. unstructured interviews require participants to reveal their true identities d. structured interviews require participants to reveal their true identities

b. structured interviews involve asking the same question of everyone in a sample of the population

The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothers-in-law is that __. a. her family should not have to return the bride price b. the corporate rights of the deceased husband's lineage will be preserved c. all men should have more than one wife d. widows should never have to live alone

b. the corporate rights of the deceased husband's lineage will be preserved

Which of the following would anthropologists consider to be a function of art and music in a society? a. adaptation to the natural environment b. the creation of social bonds and group identity c. reaching new aesthetic heights d. using up free time

b. the creation of social bonds and group identity

The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in __. a. the ultimate rejection of capitalism b. the formation of independent countries based on ethnonational ideals c. the emergence of a new pan-Soviet ethnic identity d. the loss of all ethnic distinctions in the region

b. the formation of independent countries based on ethnonational ideals

One advantage of conducting unstructured interviews is that __. a. the ethnographer receives answers to specific questions b. the informant is given freedom of expression c. the anthropologist can interview several people simultaneously d. the informant designs the research questions

b. the informant is given freedom of expression

The phrase "original affluent society" refers to which of the following? a. the earliest foragers, who lived in wealthy economic environments b. the notion that hunter-gatherers spend little time working c. the ancient Egyptian civilization d. the concept of the "noble savage"

b. the notion that hunter-gatherers spend little time working

The idea that each language filters certain perceptions and determines how we perceive reality is called __. a. chomsky's relative grammar b. the sapir-whorf hypothesis c. the linguistic filter theory d. weak linguistic determinism

b. the sapir-whorf hypothesis

__ lends support to Chomsky's model of language acquisition. a. the way apes learn sign language b. the structure of creole and pidgin languages c. the sapir-whorf hypothesis d. the displacement feature of human language

b. the structure of creole and pidgin languages

What does the term "global village" refer to? a. the United Nations b. the world's interconnectedness through media and economic networks c. a colonization strategy for other planets, to be implemented in the distant future d. a traditional settlement strategy found especially in West Africa

b. the world's interconnectedness through media and economic networks

It would be fair to say that, in a multicultural society such as that in the United States, __ a. there is one common idea about social norms b. there are conflicting systems of norms and values c. mores are well defines and reflected by all d. the strict enforcement of cultural mores is governmental goal

b. there are conflicting systems of norms and values

Why are mirror neurons likely to have played a role in the evolution of human language? a. they enables early hominins to master a sense of self b. they link with the sending and receiving of messages c. they translate thoughts through the production of sounds d. they cause growth in the areas of the brain

b. they link with the sending and receiving of messages

Unilineal descent groups are lineage groups that do which of the following? a. trace their ancestry to both the father's and mother's ancestors b. trace their ancestry to either the father's or the mother's ancestors c. establish a new lineage by severing ties to any ancestors d. define themselves on the basis of relations through marriage

b. trace their ancestry to either the father's or the mother's ancestors

Noam Chomsky suggests that humans are born with a brain prewired to enable us to acquire languages easily. This "prewiring" is referred to as __ a. syntax b. universal grammar c. infinite model d. functional template

b. universal grammar

Jane Goodall observed that chimpanzees in the wild communicate through __ a. a gestural sign language b. vocalization ties directly to emotional states c. random vocalizations and body language d. singing

b. vocalization ties directly to emotional states

A foraging society depends on __ for food. a. the cultivation of plants b. wild resources c. primitive agriculture d. the herding of animals

b. wild resources

How has the multiculturalist movement influenced life in the United States? a. It has had little impact on life in the United States. b. It has reduced the cultural differences between ethnic groups. c. It has revised educational content to include the historical contributions of non-European ethnic groups. d. It has fostered increasing conflict among competing ethnic groups.

c. It has revised educational content to include the historical contributions of non-European ethnic groups.

Feminist anthropologists have pointed out which of the following weaknesses in the ethnographic record? a. The inequalities between men and women have been exaggerated b. The multidirectional process of cultural evolution has been overlooked c. Men have dominated the informant pool d. Women are unable to access information about the cultural practices of men

c. Men have dominated the informant pool

A non-religious organization known for its numerous secretive rituals are a. The Hall of Fame b. The Brights c. The Freemasons d. The Kardashians

c. The Freemasons

Why are the Native American societies of the Northwest Coast such as the Bella Coola, Haida, and Tlingit considered atypical of chiefdom societies? a. They cultivated taro, yams, and sweet potatoes. b. They were governed by tribal councils. c. They were hunters and gatherers and did not practice horticulture. d. They had no urban centers.

c. They were hunters and gatherers and did not practice horticulture.

In Polynesia, the term mana refers to which of the following? a. a bread-like substance that appears in times of drought b. elaborate forms of deference and expressions of humility c. a cosmic force that certain individuals could acquire d. the ritual of human sacrifice practiced at harvest time

c. a cosmic force that certain individuals could acquire

Norms are defined as which of the following? a. prohibitions against a particular kind of society b. values that are accepted by every human society c. a given society's rules for right and wrong behavior d. individuals who look like the majority of people

c. a given society's rules for right and wrong behavior

What is an example of fictive kinship? a. a niece b. a sister in law c. a godmother d. a bff

c. a godmother

Totems are animals, spirits, or deities that have specific links to __. a. a supreme deity b. an individual shaman or healer c. a particular social group d. witchcraft and sorcery

c. a particular social group

The kula, described by Bronislaw Malinowski in Argonauts of the Western Pacific, refers to which of the following? a. a type of outrigger canoe, used for long-distance travel by island chiefs b. a ceremonial dance performed by the indigenous Hawaiians c. a ritual in which red-shell necklaces were traded for white-shell armbands d. a sacred beverage whose use was restricted to Tahitian chiefs

c. a ritual in which red-shell necklaces were traded for white-shell armbands

When minority ethnic groups want to resist cultural hegemony by the dominant ethnic group, they often try to secede and develop their own nation states. What is this called? a. a multicultural movement b. a colonialist movement c. an ethnonationalist movement d. a pluralist movement

c. an ethnonationalist movement

What is ethnogenesis? a. a theory of racial origins that anthropologists no longer accept b. a scientific justification for racism c. an ongoing sociocultural and political process of ethnic group formation that began in prehistory d. a Biblical explanation for race

c. an ongoing sociocultural and political process of ethnic group formation that began in prehistory

Cognitive anthropologist Stewart Guthrie argues that many universal features of religion are based on __. a. intuitive knowledge b. natural phenomena c. anthropomorphism d. ethnocentrism

c. anthropomorphism

The model of ethnicity in which boundary markers such as language, clothing, or other traits are fluid and vary over time is called the __. a. ethnogenesis model b. biological assimilation model c. circumstantialist model d. primordialist model

c. circumstantialist model

Anthropologists use the Human Relations Area Files to __. a. extract census data about a field site b. look up standard definitions of universal human behaviors c. compare cultural phenomena across societies d. locate other anthropologists working on similar research topics

c. compare cultural phenomena across societies

Why do some archaeologists question the validity of interpreting the behaviors of Paleolithic people based on the activities of contemporary foraging populations? a. contemporary hunter-gatherers rely more in gathering than hunting b. modern foragers have higher population densities than would have been possible in the past c. contemporary forager live in marginal environments, whereas ancient populations may have lived in more abundant environments d. modern hunter-gatherers live in sedentary communities and no longer practice a nomadic lifestyle

c. contemporary forager live in marginal environments, whereas ancient populations may have lived in more abundant environments

The world-systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein classifies all countries within the categories of __. a. dominant, predominant, and submissive b. dependent, codependent, and independent c. core, peripheral, and semiperipheral d. imperialistic, neoimperialistic, and colonial

c. core, peripheral, and semiperipheral

The term "functionalism" in anthropology refers to the notion that __. a. ethnographers are competent observers of human culture b. some societies are "functional" while others are "dysfunctional" c. cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society d. culture is transmitted through functions like rituals and ceremonies

c. cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society

According to modernization theorists, the primary impediments to economic development are __. a. foreign investment and exchange b. poor nutrition and health care c. cultural values and traditionalism d. international relief agencies

c. cultural values and traditionalism

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by __ a. copernicus b. rick and morty c. darwin and wallace d. darwin and mendel

c. darwin and wallace

A decentralized form of political economy in which autonomous patrons own the land and demand tribute from those who provide agricultural or other labor is called a(n) __. a. landed system b. peasant state c. feudal system d. homage state

c. feudal system

Using heart-rate measurements, a study of a fire-walking ritual found that a. people's heart rates synchronized, no matter what they were doing b. people's heart rates synchronized, but only for fire-walkers c. people's heart rates synchronized, but only for the locals d. people's heart rates synchronized, but only for spectators

c. people's heart rates synchronized, but only for the locals

When two or more clans recognize that they share a common genealogical relationship, the more general grouping of these clans is known as a __. a. patrilineage b. moiety c. phratry d. descent group

c. phratry

What is the WEIRD problem? a. psychological research ignores the role of culture b. psychological research ignores the role of biology c. psychological research mostly focuses on university students d. psychological research mostly focuses on men

c. psychological research mostly focuses on university students

Dependency theory identifies multinational corporations based in the industrialized capitalist societies as __. a. advocates of increased economic and military aid b. designers of global education programs stressing free market entrepreneurship c. purveyors of a new imperialism, neoimperialism d. promoters of centralization of economic and political decision making

c. purveyors of a new imperialism, neoimperialism

The purpose of time-allocation analysis is to __ a. determine the best time to conduct interviews b. allocate resources in order to compensate informants for their time and expertise c. record how much time people in the society spend doing different activities d. ensure that the anthropologist is using research time wisely and efficiently

c. record how much time people in the society spend doing different activities

Van Gennep argued that rites of passage involve 3 stages characterized by a. sin, punishment, and redemption b. loss, search, and encounter c. separation, transition, and incorporation d. excitement, fear, and bliss

c. separation, transition, and incorporation

In his study of Balinese cockfights, Clifford Geertz argued that these competitions a. are an important part of Balinese economy b. serve as important teaching tools for Balinese youth c. symbolize rivalries between Balinese men d. have been brought by ancient aliens

c. symbolize rivalries between Balinese men

To what does the term "barter" refer? a. the agreement on a certain price for a specified product b. a system of unbalanced reciprocity, in which goods of unequal value are exchanged c. the direct exchange of one commodity for another d. the redistribution of goods in a marketplace

c. the direct exchange of one commodity for another

What does the process of complementary opposition achieve in tribal societies? a. the reduction of overall conflict through a sense of shared goals b. joint leadership of the community through parallel kinship networks c. the formation of alliances to resolve specific conflicts without creating a permanent, centralized leadership d. the resolution of conflict without resorting to violence

c. the formation of alliances to resolve specific conflicts without creating a permanent, centralized leadership

What is meant by regional symbiosis? a. the way that plants, animals, and humans learn to live in harmony b. a type of language that was developed so that peoples from different chiefdoms could understand each other c. the mutual dependence created when groups of people who live in different ecological habitats exchange their locally obtained products d. the splitting and recombining of chiefdoms in a particular area

c. the mutual dependence created when groups of people who live in different ecological habitats exchange their locally obtained products

Which of the following reflects an anthropological understanding of the way culture is shared? a. only the adults in a society can be said to share cultural knowledge b. cultural knowledge is shared universally across sociocultural entities c. the sharing of cultural knowledge varies across different types of people even within the same sociocultural group d. in most cultures, expertise is shared uniformly by all people

c. the sharing of cultural knowledge varies across different types of people even within the same sociocultural group

Anthropologist Tanya Luhrmann argued that prayer allows people to interact with God as a__ a. father b. teacher c. therapist d. financial advisor

c. therapist

How did grains contribute to the formation of large-scale societies? a. they are more nutritious than other plants b. they are easier to produce and consume c. they are easy to store, trade, and tax d. they are used in many team-building rituals

c. they are easy to store, trade, and tax

On what basis have physical anthropologists criticized modern racial classification systems? a. they are based in outdated notions of evolution and genetic inheritance b. they emphasize skin color over other physical features c. they fail to account for genetic change, intermarriage, and population movements d. they are inherently racist, viewing some groups as superior to others

c. they fail to account for genetic change, intermarriage, and population movements

Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and is considered the "father of modern economics"? a. Raymond Scupin b. Karl Marx c. Clifford Geertz d. Adam Smith

d. Adam Smith

Postmodernist anthropologists emphasize which of the following? a. Anthropologists are the only people who can speak about culture with any expertise b. Native informants should be treated as objective research participants c. Anthropological research is always unbiased d. Ethnographers need to recognize how they are influenced by their own societies

d. Ethnographers need to recognize how they are influenced by their own societies

__ are incentives for people to move from one society to another. a. Demographic determinants b. Migration factors c. Push factors d. Pull factors

d. Pull factors

Which of the following would explain why certain aspects of religion appear to be universal? a. Common experiences of suffering have prompted people to develop similar explanatory beliefs. b. They are aspects that have offered the most rational explanations for natural phenomena. c. Religious beliefs are hardwired into our genetic system. d. The religious aspects that converge with human cognitive capacities have persisted over time.

d. The religious aspects that converge with human cognitive capacities have persisted over time.

When anthropologist Richard Lee bought an ox for the !Kung Christmas celebration, how did the !Kung react? a. They were angry at him, because they had a taboo against eating beef b. They erected a statue of him to show their gratitude c. They used the ox to plow their fields rather than eating it d. They scorned him for not having bought a better ox

d. They scorned him for not having bought a better ox

In a conical clan, all members of the clan trace their descent from __. a. the chief b. the grandmother of the chief c. the patron god of the chief d. a common ancestor

d. a common ancestor

The actual "Man" at Burning Man is a. a woman b. a dog c. a tree d. a statue

d. a statue

The hijras of India are anatomically male at the time of their birth. However, after having their genitals surgically removed, they dress like females and engage in certain male-only activities like smoking water pipes. In Indian society, they are considered to be __ a. social deviants b. men c. women d. a third gender

d. a third gender

The process by which an organism adjusts successfully to a specific environment is called __. a. anthropogenesis b. ecology c. niche adjustment d. adaptation

d. adaptation

The settling of legal disputes by a centralized authority is known as __. a. big-man leadership b. litigation c. totalitarianism d. adjudication

d. adjudication

Which of the following is a type of sodality? a. an agglomeration of houses belonging to members of a single clan b. a marriage arrangement between two moieties c. a pact of non-aggression among neighboring tribes d. association of individuals that cuts across kinship groups

d. association of individuals that cuts across kinship groups

Emile Durkheim argued that ritual performances generate an ecstatic state of shared excitement that he called a. interpersonal coupling b. group conductance c. social consciousness d. collective effervescence

d. collective effervescence

A clan is a special kind of descent group whose members are defined by __. a. relationships to a male figure, known through myths and legends b. relationships to a specific extended family c. their long-term occupation of a specific geographical location d. common descent from unknown or sacred beings, such as special animals or plants

d. common descent from unknown or sacred beings, such as special animals or plants

Anthropologist Marvin Harris has suggested that the entire fabric of society in the former Soviet Union was undermined by which of the following? a. Marxist theories of social organization b. influence from the cultures of the United States and Europe c. widespread racial prejudice and ethnic conflict d. deficiencies in economic infrastructure

d. deficiencies in economic infrastructure

The concept of __ maintains that societal change occurs when societies borrow cultural traits from one another. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. free market d. diffusionism

d. diffusionism

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's research on color terms lends support to the idea that __ a. color naming is arbitrary b. color terms are biologically hardwired c. basic color terms are the same in every language d. the human mind organizes reality in terms of prototypes

d. the human mind organizes reality in terms of prototypes

With industrialization the functions of the family changed. One of the major transformations was the __. a. increase in the frequency of polyandrous marriages, especially those involving brothers b. decrease in the mobility of members of the family since they were all tied to industrial production c. increase in matrilocal residence and decrease in patrilocal residence d. diminishing importance of the extended family and the emergence of the nuclear family

d. diminishing importance of the extended family and the emergence of the nuclear family

The process by which an individual learns how to behave within a particular society is known as __ a. cognition b. cultural relativism c. cultural adaptation d. enculturation

d. enculturation

Marriage within the same social group or category is called __, and the marriage between people from different social categories or groups is called __. a. monogamy; polygamy b. polygyny; polyandry c. incest; outcest d. endogamy; exogamy

d. endogamy; exogamy

Scientists who study the behavior of animals in their natural setting are called __ a. behaviorists b. naturalists c. eco-researchers d. ethologists

d. ethologists

Demographic-transition theory assumes a close connection between which of the following? a. advanced, industrial societies and poor, preindustrial societies b. sustainable development and foreign investment by multinational corporations c. birth control methods and infant mortality d. fertility/mortality rates and socioeconomic development

d. fertility/mortality rates and socioeconomic development

A type of state that rules on the basis of religious authority is known as a __. a. feudal state b. theater state c. radial polity d. galactic polity

d. galactic polity

Which of the following would be a common form of generalized reciprocity in Western societies? a. common acceptance of the value of the dollar b. communal use of public restrooms c. a salary increase accompanying a job promotion d. giving and receiving birthday presents

d. giving and receiving birthday presents

Ideally, what characteristic should a good key informant possess? a. formal ethnographic field training b. being able to keep the ethnographer's purpose a secret c. being willing to share secrets about one's neighbors d. having a deep knowledge of the community

d. having a deep knowledge of the community

Terror management theory argues that religion a. helps people discover truth b. helps the upper classes keep the masses subdued c. helps people cope with illness d. helps people cope with the awareness of their mortality

d. helps people cope with the awareness of their mortality

Most modern anthropologists have come to the conclusion that matriarchy __. a. has been the most common form of tribal political organization b. represents the most highly sophisticated form of tribal government c. was practiced only among early agricultural societies d. is not part of the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic record

d. is not part of the archaeological, historical, and ethnographic record

Marvin Harris argued that the taboo against the consumption of cow meet in India a. is based on arbitrary religious rules b. is based on arbitrary political rules c. makes sense in light of the global economy d. makes sense in light of the local economy

d. makes sense in light of the local economy

The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to __. a. economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes b. better definitions of reservation boundaries c. increased government taxation of Indian communities d. massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children

d. massacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children

Individuals who are born with variations or traits that make them better able to compete in the struggle for life are the ones who survive and pass on traits to their offspring. What is this process called? a. random choice b. spontaneous preference c. organic change d. natural selection

d. natural selection

A typical __ family consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring or adopted children. a. basic b. atomic c. extended d. nuclear

d. nuclear

A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __ a. assimilation b. holistic interaction c. ethnography d. participant observation

d. participant observation

An anthropologist accused of "reifying" a culture would be one who __. a. reveals the names of his informants b. adopts the religious beliefs of the local people c. participates in a culture without recording observations d. presents a simplified portrayal of the culture as homogeneous

d. presents a simplified portrayal of the culture as homogeneous

Household composition data and dietary information that is expressed numerically are examples of __ a. random samples b. emic data c. qualitative data d. quantitative data

d. quantitative data

The potlatch feasts of the Northwest Coast societies are usually interpreted as a form of __. a. long-distance barter b. resource conservation c. ritualized warfare d. redistributional exchange

d. redistributional exchange

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists" to refer to peoples who __. a. live in sedentary villages and rely principally on farming b. subsist by slash-and-burn cultivation of forest lands c. are highly mobile, gathering wild plant foods from forest clearings d. rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep, or goats.

d. rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep, or goats.

Most anthropologists have come to agree that human behavior __ a. is mostly determined by genetic inheritance b. is usually automatic and instinctual c. results from learning only d. results from a combo of biology and culture

d. results from a combo of biology and culture

Today, the most industrially advanced societies have the vast majority of their people employed in the __. a. primary sector, extracting raw materials b. secondary sector, processing raw materials c. primary and secondary sectors d. tertiary sector, providing services

d. tertiary sector, providing services