(UH) Chapter 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies

1. In what ways did the Mexican-American war heighten sectional tensions between the North and the South?

All the new territory gained from Mexican-American war 1. problem of California's statehood 2. pass of Compromise of 1850 to solve the California's problem 3. new land led new settlers, passage of the transcontinental railroad 4. Kansas-Nebraska Act and bleeding Kansas come alone

• Fugitive Slave Act

B: Compromise of 1850 -Only need to point out African Americans is a run away slave for custody them - bad system made commissioners caught a lot of free slave back into slavery - although the intension is to benefit Southern slaveholders, but it made Northerners outrage and resistance toward slavery and the Fugitive Slave Act

• Compromise of 1850

B: Mid 19century, California gold rash brought a lot of "Forty-Niners" settlers, California want to set as a state; the problem of should California be slave State or free State triggered a big debate in Congress - Henry Clay came out a compromise try to let both side happy 1. allowing California to come in as a free state, but rest of Mexican cession without any restrictions on slavery 2. redraw the border b/t New Mexico and Texas by taking Texas' debts, Southern happy, b/c they have Texas bonds 3. Out law slave trade but now out law the slavery 4. New fugitive slave act to help Southern slave hold to recover the enslaved African American who fled to the North - President Taylor opposed Clay's bill, Calhoun call secession if the bill pass; however, Taylor died and vice president Millard Fillmore who support the bill succeeded him, later on, Calhoun died too - inventorially, the big Compromise passed all passed throw small bills S: eased tension over slavery for a short time, but it is not permanent solution (in someway it even made the problem worse, ex: Fugitive Slave Act)

• Underground Railroad

B: Northerners resistance the Fugitive Slave Act and slavery - around 1830, a informal but well-organized system to help thousands of enslaved persons to escape - members called "conductors", give slaves food and shelters alone the way to the North - Most famous: Harriet Tubman, herself is a run way slave

• Wilmot Proviso

- 1846, Wilmot Proviso propose that territory gained from Mexico "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist" - SC senate John C. Calhoun very not happy - The proposal passed in the House of Representatives but didn't pass in the Senate. S: Tension build up between anti-slavery Nouth and pro-slavery South

2. What led to the creation of the free soil party?

- 1848 election, Whigs party chose Zachary Taylor who want to expand slavery as their nominee - made up from Conscience Whigs, whom broken up from the original Whig because they oppose Zachary Taylor; and antislavery Democrats from NY

• John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry

- 1859 led by John Brown , - John Brown planed to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia; free and arm the slaves to rebellion against slaveholders - October 16, 1859, Brown and 18 men seized the arsenal, but soon after he was captured - John Brown's goal is to fight against the slaveholders - John Brown was captured and sentenced to death, Northerners think he is a God like man, he sacrificed for a moral and noble cause; but Southerners think he is the armed Northern Devil which kill innocent slaveholders and encourage slaves to rebel

13. Why did the Freeport Doctrine cost Douglas southern support?

- Beacuse Douglas's Freeport Doctrine believe that slavery could be excluded by not passing enforcement law in local legislation - In which he is anti-slavery

11. Why did James Buchanan win the election of 1856?

- Buchanan of the Democrats was a ambassador in Britain, he is more mutual on the issue of Kansas-Nebraska - John C. Frémont of Republicans has little political experience - Millard Fillmore of The American Party don't have Northern delegates' support from his own party - Buchanan has better campaign than other parties

12. Describe the Dred Scott case. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Dred Scott case?

- Dred Scott lived in free States, and according to many other similar State's cases, pre-slavery who lived in free States was judged as free man - Dred Scott as African American is not a citizen, therefore, he can't sue in the courts

• Lincoln-Douglas debates

- First battle b/t Democrats and Republican - Both side anti-slavery Lincoln ask Douglas a tricky question: could legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood? - If Douglas answer yes, he would lost Southern support by opposing the Dred Scott ruling, if he answer no, he would look like abandoned popular sovereignty - Douglas answered that he support the Dred Scott ruling, but he argued that people still keep slavery out by refusing to pass the laws needed to enforce slavery in local level

4. What resolutions did Henry Clay offer to help prevent secession?

- Henry Clay came out a compromise try to let both side happy 1. allowing California to come in as a free state, but rest of Mexican cession without any restrictions on slavery 2. redraw the border b/t New Mexico and Texas by taking Texas' debts, Southern happy, b/c they have Texas bonds 3. Out law slave trade but now out law the slavery 4. New fugitive slave act to help Southern slave hold to recover the enslaved African American who fled to the North

9. What was the Republican party's position towards slavery?

- It's formed by Free-Soil Party and few antislavery Democrats - It is an antislavery party

14. What was the goal of John Brown's raid? Why did this event further divide the North and South?

- John Brown's goal is to fight against the slaveholders - John Brown was captured and sentenced to death, Northerners think he is a God like man, he sacrificed for a moral and noble cause; but Southerners think he is the armed Northern Devil which kill innocent slaveholders and encourage slaves to rebel

15. Identify the four candidates in the election of 1860 and describe the platform of each candidate.

- Lincoln is Republican who is anti-slavery - Northern Douglas is Northern Democrat support popular sovereignty - John C. Breckinridge is Southern Democrat who support the Dred Scott decision and agreed to the idea of a federal slave code for the western territories - John Bell is Constitutional Union which upholding both the Constitution and the Union

16. Why did South Carolina secede from the Union?

- Lincoln's election as president - South Carolina heavenly influenced by anti-Northern secessionist sentiment

• Harriet Tubman

- Most famous conductors in the underground railroad - She is a runaway slave as well - use a hand lifted palm outwards, or certain kind of tug at the ear as signal to connect with other conductors

8. What led to the caning of Charles Sumner by Andrew Butler?

- Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech accusing pro-slavery senator is forcing Kansas into slave states, Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina was really angry - Butler's cousin, Representative Preston Brooks come in to the Senate on May 22 and beat Charles Sumner

17. Why did South Carolina's actions at Fort Sumter start the Civil War?

- The Confederal force bombarded Southern Fort Sumter before its supply ship came

5. Why did Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Fugitive Slave Act change Northerners opinion about slavery?

- The story of Uncle Tom's Cabin moved a lot of Northers who were unmoved by rational argument to be pity for slaves and outrage on slavery - bad system of the Fugitive Slave Act made commissioners caught a lot of free slave back into slavery, and that made Northerners saw the immoral part of slavery within their won State, Northerners outrage and resistanced toward slavery and the Fugitive Slave Act

• Uncle Tom's Cabin

- Wrote by Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin sold 300,000 copies in the first year 1852, and sold millions of copies - moved a lot of Northers who were unmoved by rational argument to be pity and outrage - one factor caused Civil War

• The Confederate States of America

- after the secession of the South, and the fail of Crittenden's Compromise, seceding states met in Alabama and declared new nation of the Confederate States of America - Constitution base original constitution but with some changes, each sates is independent and with guaranteed slavery, banned protective tariffs, presidency is single six years term - Jefferson Davis is the president

7. What happened in Kansas as a result of the use of popular sovereignty in that area?

- alone with some slave holder come in Kansas, a lot of Northern abolitionists come into Kansas for supporting Kansas to become to a free State - establish of New England Emigrant Aid Society to arm and support abolition settlers to come to Kansas - 2 government in Kansas, one support slavery, one support anti-slavery - a lot of violence conflict in Kansas, 1856 Northerners attacked the town of Lawrence, a antislavery settlers

3. Why did California's desire to enter the union as a free state lead to talk of secession by Southern states?

because their will have more Congress representatives in Congress will from free States than slave State, and that will let Congress pass more anti-slavery bills

• Free soil party

made up from Conscience Whigs, whom broken up from the original Whig because they oppose Zachary Taylor; and antislavery Democrats from NY - Free soil party oppose slavery on the western "free soil", but mostly because they think slavery will make free man find job in the "free soil"

10. What was the main goal of the Know-Nothing party?

oppose immigrant and Catholic; however, after the election of 1856, most Northern Know-Nothing party become to republican because they feel the issue of slavery is more important now

18. How did the upper south respond to the battle at Fort Sumter?

when Lincoln called military army, upper South seceded from the Union because they do not want to involve in the civil war

• Popular sovereignty

- the citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves in term of governing - Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed that people in the territory gained from Mexico should should decide for themselves if they wanted to permit slavery or not. S: supported by many of people in Congress b/c it solves the slavery issue & also it's democratic policy Abolitionists: still denied African American's right to not be slaved Northerners: good! Northern settlers will occupy most of the new land and ban the slavery from the state

• Dred Scott decision

-Dred Scott lived in free States, and according to many other similar State's cases, pre-slavery who lived in free States was judged as free man - Final judge: Dred Scott as African American is not a citizen, therefore, he can't sue in the courts

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

B: building of transcontinental railroad led new disagree b/t North and South - 1853, Stephen Douglas want the rail road start from Chicago; In order to achieve the goal, he asks Congress to organize the territory of Nebraska; Senators: repeal the Missouri Compromise and Nebraska slavery - first Douglas try to promote a bill for popular sovereignty on slavery in Nebraska; Southerner: NO! (why?) - so, he propose to divide the State into 2 regions, Nebraska on the north side with free State of Iowa & Kansas on side of slave state of Missouri (intending to be one slave state, one free state) - Northern unhappy - Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in May 1854 - Norther abolitionist and Southerner slave holders all try to come to Kansas to change the situation on the issue of slavery within the state - Bleeding Kansas: violence conflict b/t abolitionist and slaver holders with Kansas

• Gadsden Purchase

B: building of transcontinental railroad led new disagree b/t North and South - Southerners prefer the route from New Orleans, but that require the rail road pass through Mexico - South convinced Congress to do the Gadsden Purchase bought a piece of land far South West for $10 million in order to build the railroad

• Republican Party

B: issue on the Kanas- Nebraska - Republican party formed by Free-Soil Party and few antislavery Democrats - They are anti-slavery party and their intention is to revive the spirit of the American Revolution(Jefferson).

• Lecompton Constitution

B: issue on whether Kansas should become to free State or slave State -1857, a bill to allowed slavery in Kansas supported by president Buchanan. - The bill accepted by the Senate, but it blocked by the House of Representatives - Kansas people vote and rejected the Lecompton Constitution, thus, Kansas didn't become to a State until 1861

6. Why was the location of where to build the transcontinental railroad so controversial?

B: many people interesting on the land west of Missouri and Iowa; opening of Oregon and California; build a rail road will reduce the transportation time significantly - Because the location of the transcontinental railroad will benefit local economic significantly, 1. the sectionalism caused by the slavery made both South and North always want to have more power than another 2. if the railroad closer to North, it will more easier for anti-slavery people to go to the West and spread abolitionism; so do South.

• Transcontinental railroad

B: many people interesting on the land west of Missouri and Iowa; opening of Oregon and California; build a rail road will reduce the transportation time significantly - North and South disagree on the starting point of the railroad - South convinced Congress to do the Gadsden Purchase bought a piece of land far South West for $10 million in order to build the railroad - 1853, Stephen Douglas want the rail road start from Chicago; In order to achieve the goal, he asks Congress to organize the territory of Nebraska; Senators: repeal the Missouri Compromise and Nebraska slavery S: lead to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas

• Crittenden's Compromise

B: secession of the South horrified North Kentucky senator John J. Crittenden proposed several amendments to the Constitution, but however, influenced by Lincoln, those amendments didn't pass

19. Name the Border States. Why was maintaining these states so critical to future Northern success?

Because Virginia's secession already placed a Confederate state across the Portomac Riven from the capital, if Maryland seceded, Washington will be surrounded by Confederate territory

• Election of 1860

Between - Lincoln is Republican who is anti-slavery - Northern Douglas is Northern Democrat support popular sovereignty - John C. Breckinridge is Southern Democrat who support the Dred Scott decision and agreed to the idea of a federal slave code for the western territories - John Bell is Constitutional Union which upholding both the Constitution and the Union Because the Democrats Splits on many issues, Republican(Lincoln) won the election