Ultimate AP Psychology Quizlet III (Units X-XIV)

Psychosexual stage: (18-36 months)-Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control. To be obsessively neat and organized would be an adult symptom of this fixation.

Anal stage.

People generally send higher contributions to charities when checkoff boxes on the response card from the charity sent to donors suggest $25,$35, $50, other rather than $10, $ 15, $25, other. This illustrates the:

Anchoring effect.

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

Anorexia nervosa.

A brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD.

Anterior cingulate cortex.

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation, such as Xanax or Ativan, depress central nervous system activity.

Antianxiety drugs.

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.) Fluoxetine, which tens of millions of users worldwide have known as Prozac, falls into this category of drugs.

Antidepressants drugs.

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder such as Thorazine.

Antipsychotic drugs.

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Antisocial personality disorder.

Which personality disorder is associated with a lack of regret over violating others' rights?

Antisocial personality disorder.

Mason is a fifth grader who tries to listen to the teacher, but he has difficulty focusing. He looks around the classroom while the teacher is talking and then does not know what to do when others are starting their assignments. These symptoms are characteristic of which of the following?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Which of the following best describes a feeling, often influenced by a belief, that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to people and events?

Attitude.

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Attribution theory.

The way we explain negative and positive events is called:

Attributional style.

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Aversive conditioning.

Clients who drink too much alcohol are sometimes treated with a drug that causes nausea if the client consumes alcohol. This type of therapy is known as:

Aversive conditioning.

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Aversive therapies.

A disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of feeling very shy, inadequate, and sensitive to rejection.

Avoidant personality disorder.

Aurora enjoys playing with her young nieces and nephews because they always laugh and tell her how much fun she is. So Aurora goes out of her way to visit them. Her behavior is best explained by:

Bandura's reciprocal determinism.

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

Behavior therapy.

In an effort to help a child overcome a fear of dogs, a therapist pairs a trigger stimulus (something associated with dogs) with a new stimulus that causes a response that is incompatible with fear (for example, an appealing snack or toy). Which clinical orientation is this therapist using.

Behavioral.

The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive:

Behaviors, while obsessions involve repetitive thoughts.

Joan strongly believes in capital punishment. After discussing capital punishment with only other people who believe in capital punishment in a chat room, Joan is most likely to:

Believe more strongly in capital punishment.

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

Binge-eating disorder.

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

Biomedical therapy.

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Bipolar disorder.

Lithium and Depakote are mood stabilizers prescribed for those with ___________________________.

Bipolar disorder.

A disorder characterized by significant instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions; usually, people who are very impulsive and prone to suicidal tendencies and self-destructive behavior.

Borderline personality disorder.

_______________ outperform girls at spatial ability and related mathematics, though girls outperform boys in math computation. The also outnumber girls at the low and high extremes of mental abilities.

Boys.

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting.

Bulimia nervosa.

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Bystander effect.

Collective unconscious, archetypes, and individuation are personality concepts most clearly associated with:

Carl Jung.

Freud's disciple-turned-dissenter. He believed we also have a collective unconscious, a common reservoir of images, or archetypes, derived from our species' universal experiences. The collective unconscious explains why people in different cultures share certain myths and images, such as the mother as a symbol of nurture and compassion.

Carl Jung.

Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech or movements.

Catatonic schizophrenia.

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. It is more direct, focusing on the heart of the issue.

Central route of persuasion.

Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid-filled _____________________________ and corresponding decreases in the cortex.

Cerebral cavities.

Who developed the the concept of general intelligence?

Charles Spearman.

What is characterized as a compulsion?

Checking repeatedly to see if doors are locked.

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Client-centered therapy.

Which of the following types of therapies would be classified as insight therapy?

Client-centered therapy.

Personality disorders: ______________________ includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personalities. People with illnesses from this group of disorders exhibit odd or eccentric behavior.

Cluster A.

Personality disorders: _______________________ includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personalities. This group focuses on disorders that demonstrate dramatic or impulsive behavior.

Cluster B.

Personality disorders: __________________________ includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personalities. These are the anxiety-related disorders..

Cluster C.

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Cognitive dissonance theory.

It is important for the man to take care of the environment. Carl is driving a car that is not environmentally friendly. In order to reduce this dissonance between belief and behavior, he can sell the car and purchase another one that gets better gas mileage, or he can reduce his emphasis on environmental responsibility.

Cognitive dissonance.

When our attitudes don't fit with our actions, __________________________ may occur and we will attempt to reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions.

Cognitive dissonance.

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Cognitive therapy.

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) developed by Aaron Beck.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Which kind of therapy below is most closely associated with the goal of altering thoughts and actions?

Cognitive-behavioral.

A psychotherapist states, "Getting people to change what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking." This statement best exemplifies which kind of therapeutic approach?

Cognitive.

A group of people from a given time period.

Cohort.

According to Carl Jung we share trace memories from our species history known as the:

Collective unconscious.

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Companionate love.

Mothers of girls with eating disorders tend to focus on their own weight and on their daughters' weight and appearance. Families of bulimia patients have a higher-than-usual incidence of childhood obesity and negative self-evaluation. Families of anorexia patients tend to be ___________________________________.

Competitive, high-achieving, and protective.

Sean cited Tony's and David's 100 percent math test scores in providing evidence that boys do better in math than girls. His failure to recognize that seven girls in the class earned 100 percent while only two boys earned that score best exemplifies:

Confirmation bias.

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Conformity.

To act consistently with the group's behavior, Ethan changed what he was doing. This illustrates:

Conformity.

This dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors. High scorers tend to be organized and mindful of details. They plan ahead, think about how their behavior affects others, and are mindful of deadlines.

Conscientiousness.

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (a driving test measures driving ability).

Content validity.

What is the most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking?

Control group.

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

Conversion disorder.

What is a somatic symptom disorder in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation?

Conversion disorder.

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Counterconditioning.

Freud's concept of repression, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, have not survived scientific scrutiny. Also, Freud offered after-the-fact explanations, which are hard to test scientifically.

Criticism of Freud.

The individualism encouraged by humanistic psychology—trusting and acting on one's feelings, being true to oneself, fulfilling oneself—can, the critics have said, lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints.

Criticism of humanistic psychology.

People often enter therapy in crisis. When, with the normal ebb and fl ow of events, the crisis passes, people may attribute their improvement to the therapy. Clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort. To admit investing time and money in something ineffective is like admitting to having one's car serviced repeatedly by a mechanic who never fixes it. Self-justification is a powerful human motive. Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists.

Criticisms of therapy.

They maintain that (1) techniques such as those used in token economies may produce behavior changes that disappear when rewards end, and (2) deciding which behaviors should change is authoritarian and unethical.

Critics of token economies.

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Crystallized intelligence.

What increases with age in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 70?

Crystallized intelligence.

The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Culture.

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

DSM-5.

The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by:

David Whechsler.

Some patients whose depression resists drugs have benefited from which experimental treatment?

Deep-brain stimulation.

In psycho-analytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Defense mechanisms.

The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders):

Defines categories of mental disorders in terms of constellations of symptoms. There are 22 major categories.

Becoming less self conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is referred to as:

Deindividuation.

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Deindividuation.

What best describes the behavior of rowdy fans yelling obscenities at a football or soccer referee after a controversial penalty has been called?

Deindividuation.

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Delusions.

A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair.

Denial.

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.

Denial.

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior as well as fears of separation.

Dependent personality disorder.

Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind:

Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory.

Although some psychological disorders are culture-bound, others are universal. What two disorders is found in every known culture?

Depression and schizophrenia.

(1) Negative, stressful events interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative, stressful experiences such as rejection.

Depression cycle.

What is the most common reason people seek mental health services?

Depression.

What is a benefit of projective tests?

Designed to get beneath the conscious surface of a person's self-understanding; may be a good ice-breaker.

One possible explanation for group polarization is:

Diffusion of responsibility.

Although a man watched in horror as his wife and children were killed by a speeding truck as they crossed the street, he has no memory of the event and gets upset when people tell him he must remember. The man is most likely suffering from:

Disassociative amnesia.

What is a benefit to experimentation compared to other methods?

Discerns cause and effect.

An unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Discrimination.

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion, or a combinatin of multiple symptoms that does not fit neatly into one category or diagnosis.

Disorganized schizophrenia.

A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room.

Displacement.

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.

Displacement.

A disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.

Dissociative amnesia.

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative disorders.

A disorder characterized by one or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home.

Dissociative fugue

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder).

Dissociative identity disorder.

Carrie is usually a hardworking, frugal, single mother of two. Sometimes, however, she says her name is Meelo, a pop star, and instead of working she goes on spending sprees at local boutiques. On other occasions, she has been known to say that she is an eight-year-old boy named Curtis. Carrie's symptoms are most typical of:

Dissociative identity disorder.

A man Call Janie soliciting money for a charity that fights aids. He asked if they can count on Janie to contribute $100. Having never contributed to this charity before, Jaine is taken aback by the amount and refuses. The representative of the charity then ask if Jaine would be willing to make a $25 donation. What technique is the man representing the charity using?

Door-in-the-face phenomenon.

It involves asking a more demanding question, followed by the actual request. The first request is an unrealistic demand, which a reasonable person would be likely to refuse. When the second, intended request is made, it appears the respondent to be reasonable in comparison to the first demand. In theory, a person is more likely to agree to it as a result.

Door-in-the-face phenomenon.

People with schizophrenia have increased ____________________________, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia.

Dopamine receptors.

A hyper-responsive ____________________ system may intensify brain signals in schizophrenia, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia

Dopamine.

Which neurotransmitter is affected by antipsychotic medications?

Dopamine.

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome.

Ironically, people often are most overconfident when most incompetent. That, say some researchers, is because it often takes competence to recognize competence.

Dunning-Kruger effect.

Adults diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years. It is also called:

Dysthymia.

A therapist who says that she uses whatever psychological perspective "works best" for each patient might be best described as using the:

Eclectic approach.

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Eclectic approach.

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Ego.

As proposed by Carl Jung in his Theory of Psychoanalysis, it is a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father.

Electra complex.

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. Study after study confirms that it is an effective treatment for severe depression in "treatment-resistant" patients who have not responded to drug therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which:

Emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Equity.

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

Evidence-based practice.

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following?

Evil.

What term refers to thoughts about who or what we blame for our successes and failures?

Explanatory style.

Mary Cover Jones helped a little boy named Peter overcome his fear of rabbits by gradually moving a rabbit closer to him each day while he was eating his snack. This was one of the first applications of:

Exposure therapy.

Heritability relates to the:

Extent to which variability among individuals' intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic variation.

This large group seeks stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, PET scans show that a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active and dopamine and dopamine related neural activity tend to be higher.

Extraverts.

This dimension is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. People who are high scorers are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. People who are low scorers introverted) tend to be more reserved. Social events can feel draining and they often require a period of solitude to "recharge."

Extroversion.

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

Factor analysis.

Armand is the president of his local chapter of the National Rifle Association (NRA). He incorrectly believes that only a tiny fringe element of Americans favor stronger gun control laws. Armand's mistake is best explained by the:

False consensus effect.

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors.

False consensus effect.

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Family therapy.

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Fixation.

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Fluid intelligence.

A college professor asked a biology teacher to let a college student observe her teaching for one period. After the student observed the teacher, the professor asked the teacher to accept the student as a student teacher for 10 weeks. She agreed. The strategy the professor used to get the teacher to agree is called :

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

What situation represents Freud's Oedipus complex?

Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father.

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Free association.

The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Frustration-aggression principle.

After dealing kindly with several customers who acted very rudely toward her, the clerk was impatient with her next customer. The tendency of that customer to think that the clear is a very impatient person rather than just having a bad day exemplifies the:

Fundamental attribution error.

People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for others' behavior. What is this tendency called?

Fundamental attribution error.

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Fundamental attribution error.

What do we call the tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition?

Fundamental attribution error.

What is an example of the mere exposure effect?

Gary didn't like sushi the first couple times he tried it, but his friend encouraged him to keep eating it and now it's one of his favorite foods.

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

General intelligence-(g) factor.

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD0.

What is a benefit of personality inventories?

Generally reliable and empirically validated.

Psychosexual stage: Maturation of sexual interests.

Genital stage.

_______________ are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color.

Girls.

Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what?

Give priority to group goals.

The Flynn effect refers to the:

Gradual improvement in intelligence test scores over the last several decades.

What represents crystallized intelligence?

Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles.

In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Grit.

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Group polarization.

The enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. What is this tendency called?

Group polarization.

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Group therapy.

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Groupthink.

A positive symptom of schizophrenia is:

Hallucinations.

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Hallucinations.

He believed that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions, including extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

Hans Eysenck.

The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you:

Have a parent or sibling with the disorder.

Estimates of the _________________________ of intelligence—the extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation —range from 50 to 80 percent.

Heritability.

__________________________ often justify their privileged position with the just-world phenomenon.

Higher-status groups.

A disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.

Histrionic personality disorder.

He argued that we do not have an intelligence factor, but multiple intelligence including: musical, spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Howard Gardner.

A type of therapy that aims to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Humanism.

Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious. The present and future are more important than in the past.

Humanistic therapy.

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Id.

Freud's personality construct that contains psychic energy to power all personality systems and is guided by the pleasure principle is the:

Id.

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Identification.

Dr. Kraysin rejects the Big Five model of personality because she believes that people are so different it is impossible to describe them all with a common set of traits. What kind of trait theory would Dr. Kraysin favor?

Idiographic; favoring specificity over generality.

A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker?

If the person is answering the questions truthfully.

Regina's car breaks down. A woman driving by would be most likely to help her:

If they were on a desolate road due to the bystander effect.

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis.)

Illness anxiety disorder.

Adela regularly interprets ordinary physical symptoms like stomach cramps and headaches as serious medical problems. Her doctor is unable to convince her that her problems are not serious. Adela suffers from:

Illness anxiety disorder.

Because Al doesn't care how well he does at school but does care about having enough money to pay for a car, Al's mother gives him money for every "A" and "B" he earns on school tests and projects. This is an example of a(n):

Incentive.

What is an aspect of physical attractiveness that appears to be true across cultures?

Indications of reproductive health.

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Informational social influence.

Believing that your school is better than all the other schools in town is an example of what psychological concept?

Ingroup bias.

The tendency to favor our own group.

Ingroup bias.

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Ingroup.

According to Erik Erikson, those who look back at the end of their lives with regrets and the feeling that their lives have lacked fulfillment evidence unsuccessful resolution of the challenge of:

Integrity vs. despair.

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation).

Intellectual disability.

According to Carol Dweck, students are often hampered by a "fixed mindset." This means they believe:

Intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable.

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average.

Intelligence quotient (IQ).

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Intelligence test.

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Interpretation.

Peter Salvoey and John Mayer's concept of emotional intelligence is most similar to which of Howard Gardner's intelligences?

Intrapersonal and interpersonal.

Who is an important contributor to the concept of groupthink?

Irving Janis.

The Rorschach inkblot test:

Is a projection personality test that is highly arbitrary.

Ahough your friend thinks there is nothing wrong with her, you are concerned with her behavior of unplugging every electrical item in her house every time she leaves, including all lamps, radios, the television, toaster, clocks, and telephones. Her behavior might be considered abnormal because:

It is atypical and violates cultural norms. Abnormal behavior is statistically rare, violates cultural norms, personally interferes with day-to-day living, and legally may cause a person to be unable to know right from wrong.

What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees off?

It is reliable but not valid.

What is a weakness of a cases study?

It may not generalize to the larger population.

Which of the following is one of the main advantages of group therapy?

It reduces the financial burden of individual therapy.

What is considered a benefit of group therapy?

It saves time and money when compared with other forms of therapy.

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Just-world phenomenon.

A Neo-Freudian that said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. She also countered Freud's assumptions, arising as they did in his conservative culture, that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy," and she attempted to balance the bias she detected in his masculine view of psychology.

Karen Horney.

He gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory). A single g score is not as informative as scores for seven primary mental abilities.

L.L. Thurstone.

What is the defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Lack of conscience.

Psychosexual stage: (6 to puberty)-A phase of dormant sexual feelings.

Latency stage.

Who was an important contributor to the concept of cognitive dissonance?

Leon Festinger.

What is a benefit of a case study?

Less expensive than other methods.

Who conducted a famous study of high IQ children?

Lewis Terman.

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Lobotomy.

Rolf is very reserved, is inner-directed, would rather be alone than with lots of people, rarely displays emotions, and is level-headed in an emergency. On Hans Eysenck's dimensions of personality, Rolf would be:

Low on extroversion and low on neuroticism.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is most likely to be used to treat:

Major depression.

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Major depressive disorder.

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Mania.

Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as:

Measurement is to prediction.

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Medical model.

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

Mental age.

Sophia was not sure she would like the new driver of her school bus, but during the year she realized she was looking forward to greeting him in the morning and hearing one of his corny jokes. Which concept best explains her change in perception?

Mere exposure effect.

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Mere exposure effect.

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

Meta-analysis.

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

Galileo's notion that the earth revolved around the sun was in opposition to the widespread beliefs of his day. What social psychological principle is this an example of?

Minority influence.

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Mirror-image perceptions.

Which disorder(s) do Americans report most frequently?

Mood disorders.

Stanley Milgram's obedience studies showed that:

Most people would obey an authority figure's order to harm a stranger.

What is an example of unconditional positive regard?

Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism.

Interacting malfunctions in _______________________________ and their connections may produce schizophrenia's symptoms.

Multiple brain regions.

A disorder characterized by an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others, but behind this mask of ultra-confidence lies a fragile self-esteem that's vulnerable to the slightest criticism.

Narcissistic personality disorder.

Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connections, anti-rumination techniques, and nutritional supplements support:

Natural remedies for decreasing depression.

Stranded in a deserted area after a boating accident, Harry was able to survive by eating leaves and insects, and drinking water he boiled in a fire he made. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Harry displayed a high level of:

Naturalistic intelligence.

The absence of appropriate behaviors (toneless voices and expressionless faces).

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

A trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability. Individuals who are high in this trait tend to experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness. Those low in this trait tend to be more stable and emotionally resilient.

Neuroticism.

All people have essentially the same set of traits, differing only in terms of the extent to which they show each trait, according to which of the following personality theories?

Nomothetic; mainly concerned with studying what we share with others (similarities between people), or establishing laws or generalizations that apply to all people.

Serotonin and ___________________________, which increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania.

Norepineprhine.

The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Normal curve.

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Normative social influence.

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.

Norms.

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Oedipus complex.

This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight. People who are high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests. They are curious about the world and other people and eager to learn new things and enjoy new experiences

Openness.

On which of the following are token economies based?

Operant conditioning.

____________________ are more likely to attribute good events to dispositions and bad events to situations.

Optimists.

Psychosexual stage: (0-18 months)-Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing. Smoking or excessive eating would be adult symptoms of this fixation.

Oral stage.

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Other-race effect.

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Outgroup.

What is true of prejudice in recent years?

Overt prejudice has been decreasing more than subtle prejudice.

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Panic disorder.

A disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others.

Paranoid personality disorder.

A preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity.

Paranoid schizophrenia.

Over time, which of the following is typically true of the relationship between passionate love and companionate love?

Passionate love decreases and companionate love increases.

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Passionate love.

They showed that personality can be summed up in these five dimensions (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion).

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae.

Recent research about brain size and function suggests that:

People who are smarter use less energy when solving problems.

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. The peripheral route is more indirect, focusing on things that really may not have any direct connection to the issue at hand.

Peripheral route of persuasion.

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Personality inventory.

_____________________, who are more likely to suffer depression, will make dispositional attributions for bad events and situational attributions for good events.

Pessimists.

Psychosexual stage: (3-6 years)-Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

Phallic stage.

Who devised the Stanford Prison Experiment, which attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power and role-playing, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers.

Philip Zimbardo.

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Phobia.

The presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking).

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Posttraumatic growth.

According to Freudian theory, your knowledge of who the first president of the United States was is usually found in which level of your consciousness?

Preconscious.

The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to:

Predict how children would do in school.

Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have:

Predictive validity.

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.) Aptitude tests have __________________________ if they can predict future achievements.

Predictive validity.

What is the primary distinction between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is cognitive and discrimination is behavioral.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Prejudice.

Psychoanalytic therapy and humanistic therapy differ in that psychoanalytic therapy focuses on:

Probing past feelings, and humanistic therapy focuses on exploring feelings as they occur.

"The thief thinks everyone else is a thief."

Projection.

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Projection.

A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Projective test.

What term describes our geographic nearness to another person?

Proximity.

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Psychoanalysis.

Dr. Li thinks that Tony's anxiety is due primarily to unresolved issues with his mother from his youth. Dr. Li would best be labeled a:

Psychoanalyst.

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

Psychodynamic therapy.

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Psychological disorder.

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

Psychopharmacology.

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Psychosexual stages.

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Psychosis.

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Psychosurgery.

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Psychotherapy.

A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

Dr. Lupin challenges her depressed clients' beliefs that their lives are hopeless and without purpose and gives them homework assignments in which the clients are required to engage in the activities that used to bring them joy. What type of therapy is Dr.Lupin using?

Rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT).

Stephen is going through his second divorce. He thinks that no woman will ever love him again. His therapist points out to Stephen that his thinking is irrational and faulty, challenging his beliefs outright. Which of the following therapies is the therapist employing?

Rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT).

A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable."

Rationalization.

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions.

Rationalization.

Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.

Reaction formation.

Roscoe works for a nasty and abusive boss but tells everyone what a wonderful woman she is. Psychoanalysts would say that Roscoe is using which of the following defense mechanism?

Reaction formation.

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

Reaction formation.

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of?

Reciprocal determinism.

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Reciprocal determinism.

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Reciprocity norm.

After the used address stickers sent by a charity in the mail Brittany felt obligated to mail donations to the organization that sent the stickers. Brittany's behavior illustrates:

Reciprocity norms.

After Rowena's boyfriend broke up with her, Rowena had a hot fudge sundae with four scoops of ice cream and whipped cream on top. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Regression (a retreat to a previous level of development characterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior).

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

Regression toward the mean.

A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school.

Regression.

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Regression.

Using meta-analyses to statistically combine the results of hundreds of randomized psychotherapy outcome studies, researchers have found that those not undergoing treatment often improve, but those undergoing psychotherapy are more likely to improve more quickly, and with less chance of ______________________.

Relapse.

After Tammy complained to her mother about how little she has, Tamika and her mother went to the soup kitchen to volunteer to serve dinner to the homeless. After serving 120 dinners, Tammy told her mother how happy she is that they can afford to buy delicious foods she loves. Tammy's increased perception that she is happy is best explained by applying which of the following theories?

Relative deprivation.

A test-developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Which of the following best describes this process?

Reliability testing.

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.

Reliability.

Which of the following best describes the extent to which a test yields consistent results upon retesting?

Reliability.

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. How does it work? One possible explanation is that the stimulation energizes the brain's left frontal lobe, which is relatively inactive during depression.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all of the others?

Repression.

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. underlies all the other defense mechanisms.

Repression.

Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions, has disappeared.

Residual schizophrenia.

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Resilience.

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Resistance.

According to Freudian theory, all abnormal behavior:

Results from unconscious conflicts that have not been resolved.

What is a benefit of a survey?

Results tend to be reliable and can be generalized to the larger population.

Some psychologists consider Stanley Milgram's obedience to be unethical because of which ethical consideration?

Risk of long-term harm.

(1) When individuals having no established relationships are brought together to interact in group activities with common goals, they produce a group structure with hierarchical statuses and roles within it. (2) If two in-groups thus formed are brought into functional relationship under conditions of competition and group frustration, attitudes and appropriate hostile actions in relation to the out-group and its members will arise and will be standardized and shared in varying degrees by group members.

Robber's Cave Experiment by Muzafer Sherif.

He proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Robert Sternberg.

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Rorschach inkblot test.

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes. It effects women far more than men.

Rumination.

He asserts that general intelligence scores do correlate with the ability to solve various novel problems (like those found in academic and many vocational situations) but do not much correlate with individuals' skills in evolutionarily familiar situations—such as marrying and parenting, forming close friendships, and navigating without maps.

Satoshi Kanazawa.

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

Savant syndrome.

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Scapegoat theory.

A disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, and apathy.

Schizoid personality disorder.

A mother whose schizophrenia was severe and long-lasting. Birth complications, often involving oxygen deprivation and low birth weight. Separation from parents. Short attention span and poor muscle coordination. Disruptive or withdrawn behavior. Emotional unpredictability. Poor peer relations and solo play. These are all warning signs of:

Schizophrenia.

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

Schizophrenia.

A disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs

Schizotypal personality disorder.

According to Abraham Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

Self-actualization.

Which term is defined as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"

Self-concept.

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Self-disclosure.

One's sense of competence and effectiveness.

Self-efficacy.

One's feelings of high or low self-worth.

Self-esteem.

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

If Juan believes Sarah is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception. What concept is this an example of?

Self-fulfilling prophecy.

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures. Most people see themselves as better than average.

Self-serving bias.

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept?

Self-serving bias.

According to evolutionary psychologists, in making a decision to help in life-or-death situation, most people will choose to help:

Sisters in their 20's rather than close relatives. We are more likely to help close kin who are able to reproduce than others.

Disorder intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such.

Social anxiety disorder.

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Social exchange theory.

What maintains that our social behavior is an exchange process that minimizes costs?

Social exchange theory.

As part of each lab, Ms. Garcia requires her students to wash their glassware so it's clean for the next class. She has found that the glassware is cleaner when students wash it in full view of their classmates. This is best explained by:

Social facilitation (improved performance of well-learned or simple tasks in the presence of others).

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social facilitation.

What do we call the improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others?

Social facilitation.

The pastry chef ordinarily makes 15 apple turnovers in 15 minutes, but when culinary arts students are watching him, he makes 20 apple turnovers in 15 minutes. This exemplifies:

Social facilitation; people sometimes perform better on tasks when others are around.

In a team tug-of-war, Ty did not pull as hard as he would have if he were pulling alone against one competitor. His behavior exemplifies:

Social loafing.

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Social loafing.

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Social script.

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Social trap.

What do we call a situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior?

Social trap.

Who devised the line conformity test to college students?

Solomon Asch.

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

Somatic symptom disorder.

What is a weakness to experimentation compared to other methods?

Some variables cannot feasibly or ethically be manipulated.

In general, males score higher than females on tests of:

Spatial ability.

Amy was sure everyone noticed how nervous she was when she spoke in front of the entire school, but later no one that she talked to mentioned it. What is the term for the belief that others are always noticing and evaluating us more than they really are?

Spotlight effect.

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Spotlight effect.

Which of the following can be used to demonstrate that only about 2 percent of the population scores are at least two standard deviations above the mean on an intelligence test?

Standard deviation.

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

Standardization.

__________________________ experiments—in which people obeyed orders even when they thought they were harming another person—demonstrated that strong social influences can make ordinary people conform to falsehoods or give in to cruelty.

Stanley Milgram's.

Groundbreaking research on obedience was conducted by:

Stanley Milgram.

According to Claude Steele, self-fulfilling prophecy might account for the poorer performance of African Americans on intelligence tests and girls on mathematics achievement tests because of:

Stereotype threat (at least part of the differences in scores will be due to the anxiety that a negative stereotype will be confirmed).

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Stereotype threat.

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Stereotype.

A man with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon.

Sublimation.

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives.

Sublimation.

In a cartoon, an angel is perched on one shoulder and a devil is perched on the other shoulder of a character who needs to decide whether to give money to a homeless man or not. The devil says, "Don't give him anything you'll make better use of the money than hr will." The angel says, "Give him the money because he needs it more than you do". The character gives the homeless man half of his money. In a Freudian interpretation, the angel represents the characters:

Superego.

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Superego.

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Superordinate goals.

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Systematic desensitization.

Before Justin could take an airplane flight he needed to overcome his fear of flying. His therapist taught him relaxation exercises which he practiced while first looking at pictures of airplanes, then seeing them take off at the airport, then going into an empty plane that would not take off, then finally taking a short flight. Which of the following treatments did he undergo?

Systematic desensitization.

What behavioral therapy has proven successful in treating phobias?

Systematic desensitization.

Long-term use of antipsychotics can produce ____________________________, with involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs.

Tardive dyskinesia.

Obedience to authority when the authority figure is asking someone to shock another person is highest when:

The authority figure is from a prestigious institution.

It saves therapists' time and clients' money, often with no less effectiveness than individual therapy. It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills. It enables people to see that others share their problems. It can be a relief to discover that you are not alone—to learn that others, despite their composure, experience some of the same troublesome feelings and behaviors. It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving.

The benefits of group therapy.

During training, the American Heart Association teaches rescuers to direct specific people standing around the victim to do specific jobs, such as calling 911. Directing specific people to perform these jobs prevents:

The bystander effect (tendency not to help someone in need when others are present, often resulting in the diffusion of responsibility).

Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy requires:

(1) Genuineness, (2) acceptance, and (3) empathy.

The best odds of our helping someone occur when:

(1) The person appears to need and deserve help, (2) the person is in some way similar to us, (3) the person is a woman, (4) we have just observed someone else being helpful, (5) we are not in a hurry, (6) we are in a small town or rural area, (7) we are feeling guilty, (8) we are focused on others and not preoccupied, and (9) we are in a good mood.

Solomon Asch and others have found that we are most likely to adjust our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard when:

(a) We feel incompetent or insecure, (b) our group has at least three people, (c) everyone else agrees, (d) we admire the group's status and attractiveness, (e) we have not already committed to another response, (f ) we know we are being observed, and (g) our culture encourages respect for social standards.

What is a weakness for projective tests?

The results have weak validity and reliability.

What is the weakness of observation compared to other methods?

The results may not apply to the larger population.

Lily scored 145 on an IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is her z score?

3.

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

Therapeutic alliance.

The correlation between the IQ scores of fraternal twins raised together is lower than IQ scores of identical twins raised together. What conclusion can be drawn from this data?

There is a genetic effect on intelligence.

What is a weakness of a survey?

They may be expensive; correlational findings.

What is a weakness of personality inventories?

They only explore a limited number of traits.

Elsa hates her boss, but, in order to be successful at work, she goes out of her way to be nice to him. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Elsa's behavior is likely:

To result in more positive feelings about her boss.

Which of the following was the purpose of lobotomies?

To separate the reasoning centers of the brain from the emotional centers.

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Token economy.

Which type of personality theorist would most likely be criticized for underestimating the impact of the environment?

Trait theorist.

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Trait.

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Transference.

In the context of psychoanalytic theory, experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst is a sign of what?

Transference.

Classic studies of obedience indicate that about _________ of the participants were willing to administer what they believed to be 450-volt shocks to other humans.

Two-thirds.

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Unconditional positive regard.

According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Unconditional positive regard.

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. What did he call this accepting attitude?

Unconditional positive regard.

Kevin is hoping to find a mate who will love and support him despite all his faults. Carl Rogers might say that Kevin recognizes the importance of:

Unconditional positive regard.

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware of.

Unconscious.

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being:

Unscientific and unverifiable.

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Validity.

Possible contributing factors to schizophrenia include ______________________________ or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy and low weight or oxygen deprivation at birth.

Viral infections.

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

Virtual reality exposure therapy.

A member of one racial group viciously beats someone from a different racial group. The incident is widely publicized in the local media. What term best describes this incident?

Vivid case.

The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below:

70.

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by:

A grandiose sense of one's own importance; characterized by preoccupation with fantasies about ultimate power, riches, brilliance, or beauty, as well as unwarranted sense of self-importance.

What is an example of a longitudinal study?

A group of kindergartners is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years.

Karl is so consumed by his fears of sexual inadequacy that he has not been on a date in over two years. To which of the following would a psychoanalyst be most likely to attribute Karl's problem?

A phallic fixation.

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.

A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

What is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?

A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom.

What best describes meta-analysis?

A way to combine the results of lots of studies.

Brain-scanning techniques reveal what kinds of brain activity differences in people with chronic schizophrenia?

Abnormal activity in multiple brain areas.

The AP psychology examinations given by the college board in May exemplifies which of the following types of tests?

Achievement, not aptitude.

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) in a therapy session is called:

Active listening.

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Active listening.

What is true of the mental similarities between adoptive children and their adoptive parents as they age?

Adoptive children become much less similar to their adoptive families over time.

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Aggression.

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

Agoraphobia.

This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors. People who are high scorers tend to be more cooperative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and sometimes even manipulative.

Agreeableness.

Who is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach?

Albert Bandura.

A Neo-Freudian who believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings (inferiority complex) that trigger our strivings for superiority and power.

Alfred Adler.

What is the benefit of observation compared to other methods?

Allows researchers to study the effects of environmental factors on the way an individual's personality is expressed.

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Altruism.

In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience, obedience was highest:

When (a) the person giving orders was nearby and was perceived as a legitimate authority figure; (b) the research was supported by a prestigious institution; (c) the victim was depersonalized or at a distance; and (d) there were no role models for defiance.

Within the United States, __________________ kill themselves twice as often as Blacks.

Whites.

__________________________ risk of major depression is nearly double men's and most cases of depression __________________________.

Women's; self-terminate.

___________________ are much more likely than men to attempt suicide. But men are two to four times more likely (depending on the country) to actually end their lives and use more lethal methods.

Women.