Ultimate Biology 1406 Review
structural isomers
have different covalent arrangements of atoms but carbon bonds are the same
organic carbon + hydrogen molecules
hydrocarbons
carbohydrates in water
hydrophillic
nucleic acid in water
hydrophillic-> sugar & phosphate hydrophobic-> the base
lipids in water
hydrophobic
proteins in water
hydrophobic & hydrophillic -depends on R group
functional group which increases polarity & helps dissolve
hydroxyl
NaCl
ionic bond
attraction between cation & anion
ionic bond
all have the same molecular function and fomula
isomers
two atoms of an element with different number of neutrons
isotope
nucleic acid functional group
phosphate
phosphorus
phosphate
nucleic acid linkage
phosphodiester bond
water has a higher ___ ____ means it takes longer to raise the heat
specific heat
if one of these isomers doesn't have a double bond, the other can't either
structural isomers
rough ER
studded with ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins
functional group attracted to others of same group
sulfhydryl
extracellular matrix functions
support adhesion movement regulation
smooth ER
synthesizes lipids metabolizes carbs detox toxins stores calcium ions
water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds
cohesion
consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
compound
desosomes
(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets proteins pack cells together to hold things together tightly
gap junctions
(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasm channels between adjacent cells
how many electrons are in Hydrogen's valence shell
1
two laws of thermodynamics
1. energy cannot be destroyed, only transferred or transformed 2. every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy in the universe
number of H+ and OH- must equal
14
how many electrons are in Oxygen's valence shell
2
how many electrons are in Nitrogen's valence shell
3
how many electrons are in Carbon's valence shell
4
number of ___ equals the pH
H+ hydrogen ions
nucleic acid purpose
DNA-> stores heredity info RNA-> carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes
ribosomes
use info from DNA to make proteins
formula for change in G
Gfinal - Ginitial
Which key concept is represented? light energy-> chemical energy -> kinetic energy
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
protein purpose
catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) transport materials in & out of cell walls
are hydrocarbons soluble?
NO, not soluble
catabolic
OXIDIZED breakdown energy released: exergonic negative change in G= spontaneous order -> disorder = moves toward stability complex-> simple energy REQUIRED
Which key concept is represented? it's hot -> sweat it's cold -> shiver
Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment
Where is atomic number and atomic mass?
Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass
anabolic
REDUCED build-up energy consumed: endergonic positive change in G= not spontaneous disorder -> order= move toward stability simple-> complex
tight junctions
cells pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
site of photosynthesis
chloroplasts **has it's own DNA, ribosomes & chromosomes
variations around C=C (carbon bond)
cis-trans isomers
proton donor
acid
water molecules stick to cell walls
adhesion
plasmodesmata
allows cells to talk to eachother through channels that perforate cell walls
functional group which acts as a base
amino
protein functional group
amino & carboxyl
protein monomers
amino acids N-C-C-N-C-C (protein backbone)
proton reducer
base
why are hydrocarbons hydrophobic?
because they are not looking for hydrogen so they are excluded by water
where are bound ribosomes located
bound to the outside of ER
plasma membrane
boundry that separates living cell from it's surroundings
functional group which goes in the middle or on the end, form structural isomers
carbonyl
carbohydrate functional group
carbonyl & hydroxyl
functional group involved in things that can act as an acid
carboxyl
where are free ribosomes located
cytosol
ionic bond
electronegativity difference is so big, one atom strips an electrion from another creating ions
nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are shared equally; no poles of charge
polar covalent bond
electrons are shared unequally; an atom is involved with an atom which is more electronegative
cannot be broken down any farther
element
mirror images of each other
enantiomers
lipid linkage
ester linkage
lipid functional groups
fatty acid-> carboxyl glycerol-> 3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl attached to each carbon
cell wall
gives structure & rigidity prevents excessive water
lipid monomer
glycerol & fatty acid
name 6 things in the phospholipid bylayer
glycoprotein, carbohydrate, integral protein, peripheral protein, glycolipid, cholesterol
proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
carbohydrate linkage
glycosidic linkage
purpose of lipids
long term energy insulation
define heat
measure of TOTAL amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
surface tension
measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
define temperature
measures intensity of heat due to AVERAGE kinetic energy of molecules
functional group which turns genes on & off
methyl
carboydrate monomer
monosaccharide
hydrogen bond
negative oxygen bonded to positive hydrogen
lipid polymer
none!
H--H O=O C--H
nonpolar covalent bond
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotides
contains cells DNA
nucleus
protein linkage
peptide bond carboxyl end: C-terminus amino end: N-terminus
produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water
peroxisomes
O-H
polar covalent bond
protein polymer
polypeptide (polymer of amino acids)
nucleic acid polymer
polypeptide or nucleic acid
carbohydrate polymer
polysaccharide
mitochondria
power plant of cell site of cellular respiration uses oxygen to generate ATP **has it's own DNA, ribosomes & chromosomes
peroxisomes
remove hydrogen from various substrates and transfer to oxygen
distributes transport vesicles
rough ER
membrane factory for the cell
rough ER
hydrogen bond
second bond the hydrogen atom goes into when left partially positive by covalent bond.
golgi apparatus
shipping & recieving center manufactures certain molecules sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
purpose of carbohydrate
short term energy cell wall structure
being dissolved
solute
dissolver
solvent
the more _____ _____ , the ______ it is to raise the temperature
the more HYDROGEN BONDS, the HARDER it is to raise the temperature
proteins surrounded by membranes
transport vesicles
lysosome
waste management hydrolitic enzyme sac which can digest macromolecules
water ______, heat from ______ air and _____ stored heat to _____ air.
water ABSORBS heat from WARMER air and RELEASES stored heat to COOLER air
