Unification of Italy and Germany

Italian Unification

Driven by nationalism- gradual process that starts in 1832- 1861- wanted more power and stability After the Congress of Vienna (1815), the land of Italy was still divided:Austria ruled the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy.The Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.Pope controlled the Papal States (under French protection since 1848). Agreement between Italy (Cavour) and France (Napoleon III) at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.Spring of 1859, Cavour provoked a war with Austria. A combined French-Saridinian army won two quick victories against Austria. Major battles were fought at Magenta (June 4, 1859) and Solferino (June 24, 1859) . They drove Austria out of Lombardia but failed to drive them out of Venetia. Victory over Austria awoke nationalist feelings among the states of Central Italy. A plebiscite held in 1860, determined the incorporation into the kingdom of Sardinia of the states of Parma, Modena and Tuscany. Secretly, Cavour was helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy. However, he would not send the Piedmontese army. In May 1860, a small army of Italian nationalists (the 1000 Red Shirts), led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, sailed from Genoa and aided the Sicilian revolts, forcing the Bourbon army out of Sicily. From Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to the Italian mainland and successfully marched north to Naples. After Garibaldi took complete control and became leader of Southern Italy the people voted in a second plebiscite to unite with the north. (because Garibaldi received an ultimatum from King Victor Emmanuel II - unify or go to war against us.) In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia, agreed on unifying Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. Turin was the first capital,1861. So north and south are united but Papal states in the center of italy are not 1862 - Garibaldi sails for Rome intending to defeat it - he loses and is imprisoned briefly. 1864 - Victor Emmanuel II meets with Napoleon III and negotiates the withdrawl of French troops within 2 years. Florence became capital in 1864 -1865 In 1866, Italy joined Prussia in a war against Austria. When the Prussians won, Italy's reward was Venetia. When, in 1870, French troops withdrew from Rome so they could fight in the Franco-Prussian War; Italian forces seized Rome Rome was declared Capital of Italy, in 1871, after final unification. However, Pope Pius IX refused to acknowledge the Italian State and it was not until Mussolini came to power that Rome/Vatican finally "accepted" Italy. Italian unity had at last been obtained more by diplomacy and astute timing than by military greatness

Revolutions of 1848

were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history. Nationalist uprisings were often accompanied by demands for liberal political reforms, though they were crushed, conservative forces often reversed any gains that had been made. Liberalism slowly began to effect political systems. Revolutions result go worsening economic conditions and political unrest and discontent. Britain and Russia untouched- elsewhere govts. fell, monarchs and ministers lost power, even Metternich resigned. Liberals couldn't gain support of the masses and revolutions failed and old order held on

Balance of Power

A distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another

Reaction to Metternich System

Across Europe, liberals and nationalists tested Metternich System- lots of revolts revolutions of 1848 show legacy of french revolution and enlightenment are not dead presence of conservatism liberalism and nationalist makes for volatile relations between state

Liberalism

An ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the govt. should not interfere in the working of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly. This all changed during industrialization when people saw how factory workers were being abused and mistreated and they wanted the govt. to step in.

Conservatism

An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority, resisted change.

Cavour

Cavour: Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinian power. Would unify the North

Objectives of Congress of Vienna

Congress of Viennawas convened in 1815 by the four European powers (Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria) which had defeated Napoleon. Goal to maintain peace between great powers 1) Legitamacy= restore monarchy 2) Compensation=redistribution of land. Countries that suffered from napoleon had to be compensated with land 3) Balance of Power= a new european order in which no single power was able to dominate in europe. Another Napoleon would never take over Europe again.

"Blood and Iron" Speech

First speech as prime minister to the members of the Parliament: "Not by speeches and votes of the majority, are the great questions of the time decided — that was the error of 1848 and 1849 — but by iron and blood."

Mazzini

Formed a nationalist group known as "Young Italy" in 1832. He called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of Italy based on the common language and culture of the people. The Italian nationalist movement was called the Risorgimento ("resurgence") 1848: rebels failed and former rulers of Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.

Zollervein

German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It created a free-trade area throughout much of Germany and is often seen as an important step in German unification.

Metternich System

Goal- conservative/ reactionary rule within, surprise liberalism and nationalism through various means like censorship.

Prussia

In 1871, German states united to create the German Empire under Prussian leadership. One of four great powers of Europe at this time. No longer exists today.

Garibaldi

Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860). Would unify the South and merge with North (under pressure)

German Unification

Most important political development of all of 19th century. Military idealism, conservative monarchial philosophy, and nationalism worked together to creat most powerful single state. 1848: revolutions all over- Prussia creates a liberal constitution to limit power of king King Wilhem I (king of prussia) wanted to increase the size and strength of the military. Decided to pick new prime minister 1862-Otto von Bismarck (new PM) pushed German unification through "blood and iron" and skillful understanding of realpolitik. In 1862, Bismarck reorganized the Prussian army and improved training in preparation for war 1864, he constructed an alliance with Austria to fight Denmark over Denmark's southern provinces of Schleiswig and Holstein. Quick victory. Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria, Holstein. 1866: Seven Weeks War Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein. (Bismarck had negotiated a secret agreement between Italy and Prussia to help each other and agreements of neutrality from France and Russia) The tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866. Prussia wins Prussia took control of northern Germany. In 1867, the remaining states of the north, fueled by nationalist pride, joined a North German Confederation (dominated by Prussia) Bismark feels that a war threat would unite south. Goes to war with france (franco-prussian war) france loses. South feels nationalist pride, bc they won, and finally joins south under prussian control. Last stage of unification After 6-year period, bismarck unites germany.

Otto Von Bismark

Otto von Bismarck (conservative junker-wealthy landowning, conservatives): Became Prime Minister in 1862 Realpolitik ("the politics of reality"): politics than leave no room for idealism. Known as the "Iron Chancellor" for his realpolitik and his powerful rule.

Metternich

Prince Metternich of Austria - key player during congress of Vienna . Opposed liberalism and nationalism of the French Revolution. Made Congress of Vienna very conservative

Challenges of Italy unification

Tension between the industrial north and agricultural south. Different ways of life. Different dialects of Italian. Disorganized political parties caused an unstable parliament. Strikes and riots in the south. Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country

German Confederation

The German Confederation was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. Very confusing. Each land had its own prince, own money, own stamps, own uniform, Austria and Prussia major powers.

Emperor Wilhem I

Wilhem I (King of prussia) supported by Junkers Wanted to increase the size and strength of the military (Parliament refused to give him the money) Decided to pick a new Prime Minister in order to get what he wanted. - which was otto von bismark

Ideology

a political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism

Socialism

an ideology that calls for collective or govt. ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.

Hapsburg Empire

an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780. Rebllions occurred here as well.

Charles Darwin

discovered the laws governing the evolution of species. Became most influential of all 19th century evolutionists. Concluded that life did not begin as a special creation, but rather all life evolved from a common ancestral origin. Life forms are capable of change, variations develop by a process of natural selection and in the struggle for life the fittest survive.

Romanticism

intellectual movement of the late 18th century/ early nineteenth century that emphasized the importance of intuition feeling and emotions in the search for knowlede and truth.

Victor Emmanuel II

king of Sardinia-Piedmont and became the first king of a united Italy.

Nationalism

the belief that your country is the best country, no matter what, a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community or "nation" has common traditional, language, customs, and history that becomes the focus of the individuals primary political loyalty

Legitimacy, principle of

the idea that after the napoleonic wars peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided by Metternich at the Congress of Vienna guided by Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

Social Darwinism

theory of survival of the fittest and evolution had severe religious repercussions bc he overthrew traditiona arguments for the existence of God and traditional beliefs concerning the creation of man. Was taught in a new school of social philosophy. Social Darwinism seemed to be justification for imperialism.