Unit 1

ntrospection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by which of the following behaviors?

Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose

Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above

Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C.

The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed

continuity vs. discontinuity

An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the

effectiveness of management training

An illusory correlation is best defined as a

perceived relationship where one does not exist

Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study?

Problem-solving strategies in chess

2, 11, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 5 What is the mode of the number set above?

2

−3−3, 3, 0, 3, −3−3 What is the standard deviation of the numbers above?

3

12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above?

6

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years?

A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the life span

Which of the following studies is from an evolutionary perspective?

A study to see if women were more attracted to men who liked children than men who did not like children

A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?

Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

Which of the following would an industrial-organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study?

Corporate profitability

Which of the following scenarios is regulated by federal law?

Dr. Mast, a psychologist, has a client, Tim, who threatens to seriously harm his brother, Carl. Tim has a history of serious violence and the means to carry out the threat; therefore, Dr. Mast must inform Carl.

Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school?

Industrial-organizational

Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines?

Industrial-organizational psychology

What field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training?

Industrial/organizational

According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects?

It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research.

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

Maturation

Research in the field of positive psychology is most supportive of which of the following conclusions?

Perception of control is related to a sense of well-being.

Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experiences?

Positive

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

Research may not involve deception. Participation must be voluntary. Participants must be informed of potential risks. Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement. Participants' right to privacy must be protected.

Dorothea Dix was known for

documenting the poor conditions of mental asylums, which eventually led to their reform

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as

psychophysics

In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research

requires comparatively little time

Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves

self-examination of mental processes

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving