Unit 1 Exam

Class Scaphopoda

- tusk shells - have tubular shell - buries head end in sand, cycles water past mantle for respiration

Torsion

- twisting of body plan during development distorts bilateral symmetry - anus and mantle cavity swing around to be anterior

Caudofoveata

- very ancestral - worm-like burrowers. Feed off of organic material in soil

Solenogastres

- worm-like bottom dwellers - no radula. lost gills use mantle, reduced shell

What are the levels of organization?

1. Protoplasmic grade 2. Cellular Grade 3. Cell-tissue grade 4. Tissue-organ grade 5. Organ-system grade

How many marine species and freshwater species are there of Porifera

8600 marine species 150 freshwater species

Torsion is a two-step process where the shell and enclosed viscera rotate ______ degrees counterclockwise relative to the head

90

How many species are there

90,000

characteristics of members of class Scyphozoa

: A scalloped bell margin, with the number of notches ranging from 4 to 16, A medusa bell that typically ranges from 2 to 40 cm in diameter, Lappets and rhopalia occurring at marginal notches

What is a hypostome?

A conical protuberance upon which the mouth is situated, found in hydras

Cnidoblast

A developing cnidocyte

characteristics of a typical cnidarian polyp

A gastrovascular cavity, Attachment to the substratum by a pedal disc or similar structure, Asexual reproduction through budding, fission, or pedal laceration, A mouth surrounded by tentacles at the oral end of the body

Fission :

A polyp divides in half and one side of the polyp pulls away from the other side

Cnidocil

A triggerlike structure that causes the specialized organelles of cnidocytes to discharge

What kind of habitats do they live in

Adaptive radiation - live in a variety of habitats marine, freshwater, terrestrial (snails)

Which schistosome individual is broader and heavier?

Adult male

Which of the following statements are true about sponges?

Adult sponges do not have distinct cell layers, Sponges are not diploblastic.

Epitheliomuscular cells:

Allowing the body to contract and expand, similarly to true muscular cells

Are Cnidarias and ctenophoras sister taxa?

Although cnidarians and ctenophorans share many ancestral traits, they are probably not sister taxa.

Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of sponges?

Ameboid cells

The term metazoan would be used to describe which type of organism?

Animal

truly segmented phyla include which of the following?

Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata

Examples of Plesimorphies

Being multicellular, mitochondria

What kind of symmetry

Bilateral symmetry - well developed nervous system in some

What are the three types of asexual reproduction?

Budding, Fragmentation/Regeneration, Gemmules

Nemertea: Proboscis?

Long tongue inverts out to catch prey, housed in the body. Separate hole from mouth. Feed on annelides. Some have a hook on the end to stab prey.

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

Loose connective tissue, Dense (fibrous) connective tissue, blood, cartilage, bone.

Phylum Mollusca are the

Lophotrochozoan Protostome

characteristics of members of class Anthozoa

Many forms produce a skeleton for support., They can be solitary or colonial., The gastrovascular cavity is partitioned by septa.

What are tracts used for

Many use tracts of cilia for feeding or locomotion (cilia helps move through muscus or feeding)

What type of platyhelminthes have a reduced or absent osmoregulatory system?

Marine turbellarians.

Leuconoid

Masses with numerous oscula and flagellated chambers filled form incurrent canals and discharge into excurrent canals

If the sponge has spicules that are straight or with 3 or 4 rays that typically surround the osculum, it is in the Class

Calcarea

What are examples materials of Sclerocytes

Calcium carbonate, silica(deposited in extracellular matrix)

What are examples materials of mineral spicules

Calcium carbonate, silica(deposited in extracellular matrix)

When was the first good fossil record for sponges seen?

Cambrian 500 mya

organisms that belong to Class Gastropoda

Conchs, Slugs, Snails, Limpets

The nervous system of a planarian (a turbellarian) consists of which of the following?

Connecting nerves, Longitudinal nerve cords, Mass of ganglion cells

What is the dermis made of?

Connective and adipose

What are the three primary germ layers (tissues) in developing embryos of animals

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

A flatworm egg is said to be ______________ if yolk is contained within an egg, as it is other animal phyla

Ectolecithal

What life stage of the blood fluke causes the main problems in the human host?

Eggs

Parts of cartilage

Matrix is rubbery, Chondrocyte inside lacuna, not a lot of blood flow so slow healing.

Examples of Extracellular structural components

Matrix of connective tissues (cartilage, bone) Cuticle (outer covering of insects)

Cnidaria: What layer comes from the ectoderm?

Epidermis

What are the types of tissue the skin has?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerves

What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Examples of analogy

Ex. Bats and birds. Bats are mammals while birds come from reptiles. They have no recent common ancestor.

Parts of a cestode include which of the following?

Mature proglottids, Germinative zone, Gravid proglottids (expel eggs or detach), Scolex

Trematode

Excretory bladder leads to terminal pore

Waste removal from the body is handled by a/an ____________ system, while __________ systems control water balance

Excretory, osmoregulatory

True or false: True segmentation is an accepted feature of the cestodes

False

True or false: Gastropods all have similar feeding habits

False, Gastropod feeding habits are as varied as their shapes and habitats.

Filter Feeders

Feed on suspended particles in water. Phagocyte by choanocyte

Freshwater clams exhibit internal fertilization while most bivalves exhibit external fertilization discharging _________ via excurrent flow

Gametes

Cnidaria: What layer comes from the endoderm?

Gastrodermis

Snails, slugs, and limpets are examples of molluscs in the class ____________

Gastropoda

With over 70,000 living species, the Class ____________ is the largest class of molluscs

Gastropoda

Genus

Genus name is shared among closely related species

The mollusc ctenidia is also known as ______

Gills

What structures in bivalves have cilia that direct water to flow over the gills?

Gills

Intermediate Host

Growth out of a snail.

Many gastropods that are ______ use their rasping tongue to scape algae from hard surfaces

Herbivores

Six-rayed siliceous spicules are characteristic of the class

Hexactinellida

Examples of homology

Human, bat, porpoise, horse, frog

Class Hydrozoa

Hydra (freshwater, solitary), Typically marine and colonial

In hydrozoans, what feature lends support to the body and allows longitudinal extension of the body and tentacles?

Hydrostatic skeleton

What are the three types of support systems?

Hydrostatic skeleton, Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton

In hydrozoans, support and longitudinal extension of the body are achieved through the _____________ skeleton, created when the beating of cilia on the nutritive-muscular cells brings water into the ______________ cavity

Hydrostatic, gastrovascular

What cnidarian class is characterized by an asexual polyp stage with a sexual medusa stage, and often occurs in marine habitats and in a colonial form?

Hydrozoa

In hydras, the mouth is located on a conical protuberance called the _______

Hypostome

What animals fall under Phylum Cnidaria?

Hyrda, Corals, Sea Anemones

Are Animals in a taxonomic groups more closely related to each other or to species in other groups

In taxonomic groups

Lophotrochozoa

(1) the presence of a horseshoeshaped crown of ciliated tentacles (lophophores), and (2) a minute, translucent top-shaped ciliated larvae (trochophores).

Class Cephalopoda

(squid, octopuses, cuttlefishes) All marine predators with highly developed nervous systems

Colonial forms may show dimorphism in polyps

, Gonangium - reproductive, Hydranth - feeding, GVC's are connected, Polyp form dominates lifecycle

Hectocotylus

, a specialized tentacle transfers a spermatophore to the mantle cavity of the female.

What is the assumption of the typological species concept?

It is under the assumption that species aren't changing all the time

members of Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfishes, Sea whips, Sea anemones, Corals

Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfishes, Tentacles are lined with cnidocytes and are used to capture prey, Swim by rhythmic pulsation of bell, Medusa form dominates life cycle

Polyplacophora

- Chitons - body covered by multiple plates - can be large (30cm)

What language is scientific names recorded in and why?

Latin. Because it is a dead language and can be used universally

features of the trematodes

Leaflike shape, Suckers, Adaptations for parasitism

describe members of the Class Demospongiae

Leuconoid canal system Siliceous spicules Marine and freshwater forms

What kind of system did Linnaeus devise?

Linnaeus devised a Hierarchical system with 7 (now 8) taxonomic levels

Radial Symmetry

More than two planes passing through the center of the body through the main axis produces two identical halves - Adaptive for sessile animals. Phyla Cnidaria

Domain

Most inclusive taxon - all living things are divided into 3 domains

Where is the mouth and pharynx?

Mouth on underside, extend out of the pharynx

Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotes

Example of Cellular grade

Multicellular: Phylum Porifera

What is the arrector pili muscle made of (make hair stand up)?

Muscle tissue

What features are distinctly present in cestodes?

Muscles, Nervous system, Sensory endings in the tegument, Excretory system

In bivalves, a _________ _______ is attached to the __________ mass, which is suspended from the dorsal midline

Muscular, foot, visceral

Schwann Cells

Myelin sheath, action potential jumping, increase speed

Describe the characteristic of scientific names

Names are latin Always underlined or in italics Genus - 1st letter is capitalized, noun Species - all letters are lowercase, adjective

examples of cephalopods

Nautilus, Octopus, Squid

Cnidocytes contain what organelle?

Nematocyst

Planarian

Nephridiopore

Cnidaria: What type of nervous system do they have?

Nerve net, no cephalization

describe the life cycle of a typical colonial hydrozoan

New feeding polyps are produced through the process of budding, The zygote develops into a free-swimming planula larva.

Acoelomate

No coelom ( no body cavity) all mesodermal tissue

Larval stage

No free-living larval stage.

What is asexual reproduction?

No gamete mixing

Nemertea: Simple circulatory system?

No heart, deliver nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste products. Blood vessels of the worm.

Smooth muscle (also called non-striated or involuntary muscle)

No striations, uninucleate, Encircle blood vessels, the intestine and other ducts. Vessels and ducts regulate fluid flow.

Does cnidaria colonies have separate Gastrovascular cavities?

No they have a common gastrovascular cavity.

Eukaryote

Nuclear membrane, mitochondria

What happens to the prey after the gastrovascular cavity?

Nutrients and small food particles are then taken in by the gastrodermis and undigested material is egested through the mouth/anus.

Respiration

- aquatic gastropods have gills or mantle. Lungs (pulmonates)- modified mantle - cavity opens to outside through pneumostome. can change the volume of the lung through mantle contraction

Monoplacophora

- body covered by a single plate, pseudometamerism (looks like metamerism (segements) but not)

Locomotion

- cephalopods move by using the mantle cavity to form a water jet. Octopuses usually walk

Class Bivalvia

- clams, mussels, oysters has two shells, no radula, little cephalization

Camoflage

- octopuses can change their color and shape. Chromatophores

Communication

- octopuses used movements of the arms and color change to communicate

Cone snails

- radula modified into poisonous harpoon used to spear, subdue prey. inject toxin and quickly paralyzes it, brings the entire animal in mouth and eats it whole.

Simple squamous epithelial

aveoli of the lungs

Dorsal

back side of animal

Ventral

belly side of animal

Turbellaria: Movement

bilateral symmetry cilia and muscular undulation

When metacercariae of the liver fluke Clonorchis are eaten in raw fish, the juveniles will migrate to the ______ and may survive there for 15 to 30 years

bile passages

Deuterostome

blastopore becomes anus

Protostome

blastopore becomes mouth

Schistosomiasis is an infection with a

blood fluke.

Schistosoma

blood fluke/trematoda, 200 million people effected, Africa, south america, asia, veins of liver (portal system)

closed circulatory system

blood is always inside of a vessel.

open circulatory system

blood is released from vessels into the interstitial spaces and slowly flows back to the heart

Circulatory system

blood transports gases and nutrients throughout body

Segmentation (Metamerism)

body is composed of repeated units called metameres or somites.

What are the types of asexual reproduction?

budding, fragmentation/ regeneration, pedal laceration, gonangium (release medusa)

Juvenile cestodes reproduce asexually through

budding.

A tubular or vase-shaped sponge with spicules composed of calcium carbonate is a

calcareous sponge

Class Calcarea

calcium carbonate spicules. CaCO3

How does a cestode reproduce?

can cross fertile (with another), or self fertilize.

Leuconoid

choanocytes line chambers scattered throughout body. No (or greatly reduced) spongocoel. Scattered chambers, increase surface area. Most efficient. Large.

A colonial aquatic eukaryote characterized by a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli best describes the

choanoflagellates

Although digestion in hydras is mostly extracellular, food particles can be drawn into what type of gastrodermal cells for intracellular digestion?

Nutritive-muscular cells

_____ are light-sensitive eyespots common in turbellarians, monogeneans, and larval trematodes

Ocelli

Although ______ can move by spurting jets of water through their funnel, they are better adapted to crawling over rocks and coral using their arms

Octopuses

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin. Stratified squamous epithelial

Budding

Outgrowth, will break up and make new hydra.

members of the mollusc class Bivalvia

Oysters, Scallops, Mussels, Clams

_______ includes only some, but not all of the descendants and the most recent common ancestor.

Paraphyletic

Class Trematoda

Parasitic flukes, anterior suckers, incomplete digestive tract present, often have vertebrate host/ mollusc intermediate host

What structure in tubellarians can be simple, folded, or bulbous?

Pharynx

What phyla is Segmentation (Metamerism) found in?

Phyla Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata

Example of Organ-system grade

Phyla Nematoda through Chordata

Within certain cnidarian colonies, a polyp may be able to reproduce asexually to form new individuals with different morphologies, Such colonies are _______

Polymorphic

Unlike the medusa form, a typical cnidarian ___________________ has a body that is tubular in shape with a mouth surrounded by tentacles and a pedal disc or similar structure at the aboral end

Polyp

What are two basic patterns of development?

Protostome, Deuterostome

Pinacocyte Function

Provide outer covering

The subclass ________ includes most terrestrial and freshwater snails and slugs

Pulmonata

Gastropods called ______ usually lack gills, but a vascularized mantle wall has become a lung

Pulmonates

What kind of symmetry does Cnidaria Have?

Radial Symmetry

The class Solenogastres is similar to the class Caudofoveata except that they usually lack _______ and ________

Radula, gills

Sensory cells:

Recepting chemical and tactile stimuli and transferring that information to nerve cells

In cephalopods, the ink sac directly empties into the ______, which can then release ink to confuse an enemy,

Rectum

Systematics

a field of Biology concerned with classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships

Examples of variations in the typical cnidarian life cycle (sessile polyp, free-swimming medusa) include:

a missing medusa stage in anthozoans., a floating colony of polyps in some hydrozoans., a missing medusa stage in Hydra.

What kind of body cavity do they have

Reduced coelom: eucoelomate body cavity (true coelm)

Reduced digestive system:

Rely on the host, no need for digestive tract because already digested

Fossils

Reminants of life

Gland cells:

Secreting substances that aid in flotation and attachment to surfaces

Collencyte Function

Secretion of collagen

What are the three types of neurons?

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.

Put the life stages of a typical digenean in order, beginning at the top with the shelled embryo stage

Shelled embryo, miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria.

Lateral

Sides of body

Class Hexactinellida

Silica Spicules, in the deep ocean, glass

characteristics of an asconoid sponge

Simple choanocyte layer lining the spongoecoel, Slender individuals attached to a common stolon, Small and tube-shaped

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

What are Phylum Placozoa characteristics?

Small 2-3mm Body arranged in 2 cell layers Reproduce both asexually and sexually May be related to the diploblastic (containing 2 primary tissue types)

The class ___________ is a small group of bottom-dwelling marine organisms that usually lack radula and gills

Solenogastres

Most bivalves have a unique developmental stage called a _______ which is a juvenile shelled form

Spat

What kind of respiratory organs

Special respiratory organs - lungs and gills

Cell-tissue grade

Specialized cells are organized to perform a specific function. Body is made up of tissues

describe members of the Class Calcarea

Spicules of calcium carbonate All canal types represented

What is the protein fibers in the extracellular material?

Spongin

What is the protein fibers in the mesohyl?

Spongin

Sporocytes in a typical digenean life cycle reproduce asexually to form either_________ or _______________

Sporocysts, redia

What are the three shapes of epithelium?

Squamous, cubodial, columnar

In bivalves, what organ contains a rotating crystalline rod that keeps food whirling and releases enzymes?

Stomach

Analogy

Structures that appear similar but have different evolutionary origins

Taxonomy

Study of the principles of classification, the systematic ordering and naming of organisms

male reproductive organs in order, from the site of gamete production to the point where the gametes exit the body

Testes, Vasa efferentia, vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, copulatory organ

Axon

The electrical impulse travels down the axon to synaptic terminals where the signal is passed to the next neuron.

Cope's Law

There is a general tendency for body size to increase in a lineage overtime

describe archaeocytes

They are ameboid cells They are phagocytes They differentiate into more specialized cells.

What are typical characteristics of flatworm sexual reproduction?

They are monoecious individuals, Eggs are fertilized by a different individual (cross-fertilization).

How do flatworms increase their offspring production?

They fertilize another worm's eggs while allowing that worm to fertilize their eggs.

Until recently, the Homoscleromorphs were placed within the Class Demospongiae. What characteristic listed below required scientists to place them in their own class?

They have a true basement membrane

features that sponges share with other animals

They have same cell-signaling proteins as other animals They have a blastula stage during development.

describe choanocytes

They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge They are flagellated collar cells They can trap and phagocytize food particles

How do cestodes digest their food?

They rely on their host.

characteristics of sea anemones

They use pedal discs to attach to submerged objects. A structure called a siphonoglyph draws water into the animal through the movement of cilia. They are relatively large polyps, especially compared to those of hydrozoans.

True or false: While they have well-developed eyes, most cephalopods are color-blind

True

True or false: Direction of gastropod shell coiling is genetically controlled and dextral shells are far more common

True. Dexal is right side.

Triploblastic

True: Endoderm, Mesoderm (muscle) and Ectoderm

There are ______ living species in the phylum Mollusca

about 90,000

Trematoda: Definitive host is?

Vertebrate

Molluscs in the class Scaphopoda have a mantle that wraps around the _______ and fused to form a tube

Viscera

Contractile proteins

actin and myosin

what makes the patterning

actin and myosin

Protoplasmic grade

all functions necessary for life are carried out in each individual cell. Simplistic

Lophotrochozoan

also platyhelminthes. Has lophophore (feeding structure) or trochophore larva.

Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics)

an approach to systematics that uses derived traits to produce phylogenies (evolutionary histories) of group

Spherical Symmetry

any plane passing through the center of the body produces two identical halves - Protists

Food engulfed by cells is passed to _____ for intracellular digestion occur in sponges

archaeocytes

Sponge cells that can phagocytize food particles and differentiate into other cell types like spongocytes are called

archaeocytes

Gemmules

are surrounded by spongin., are an adaptation to harsh conditions., remain dormant for extended periods

Organ systems of cephalopods

are well-developed.

Extracellular space

area not within the cells of an organism but inside the body

Intracellular space

area within the cells of an organism- cytoplasm and nucleus.

Symmetry

arrangement of body parts to the central axis of the body.

A small, tube shaped sponge with a single osculum, and the simplest organization is a(n)

asconoid sponge

The ______ body type is the simplest of sponge body forms. The ____ body type has choanocytes that line canals throughout the sponge body

asconoid; syconoid

How does the phylum Placozoa reproduce?

asexually and sexually

Cephalopods have a(n) ______ circulatory system and branchial ______ that increase blood pressure in the gills, which occur at the end of the molluscan circulatory system

closed; hearts

Cnidocytes produce one of twenty different types of organelles called __________, one of which is a nematocyst

cnida

The most primitive flatworm nervous system most closely resembles a

cnidarian nerve net.

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies, all marine, less than 150 species, 8 rows of cilia parallel to main body axis, tissue level of organization, bioluminescence

Endoderm

composes the digestive tract

In platyhelminthes with a digestive system, food is digested ______, and undigested food is egested through the ______

extracellularly and intracellularly; pharynx

Ancestral cephalopods shells

had straight shell which have been lost (octopi) or coiled (Nautilus - have a shell that has gas/water chambers to help with bouyancy). Squid only have a thin remnant of the shell

What is the Body composed of

head (mouth), foot(locomotion & increase inside), mantle (and associated shell), visceral mass(internal organs, digestive tract, cardiovascular, gonads)

Why is multicellular better than unicellular?

increase in the SA : V ratio. Helps metabolism grow

In syconoid sponges, water moves in through the ______ and out through the ______

incurrent canals; osculum

What happens when the cnidocyte is triggered?

injects neurotoxin into prey.

Trematodes undergo asexual reproduction in their

intermediate host

Simple columnar epithelial

intestine ( small intestine) microvilli to speed up absorption.

Digestion in sponges takes place within individual cells rather than in a cavity. This type of digestion is referred to as

intracellular digestion

Cardiac muscle

involuntary, uninucleated, striated muscle found only in the heart of vertebrates. , Branched, Intercalated discs, pacemaker

In sponges, the pinacoderm

is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores.

Fragmentation

is a type of asexual reproduction in sponges

Cephalopod eye

is not homologous with vertebrate eye but is remarkable similarity - neural connections .has lens, retina, optic nerve like humans but their neural connections are different, we have a blind spot. ours is over the retina while their is connected to the back of the retina.

Skeletal muscle (also called striated or voluntary muscle)

long, tapered multinucleated cells ,Multinucleated, Striated

Cnidaria: What kind of musculature?

longitudinal and circular

Mesohyl in sponges can be described as

loosely arranged cells and skeletal elements in a gelatinous matrix.

The pneumostome is an external opening of the ______ in pulmonate gastropods

lung

osmoregulation:

maintains water balance

sexual reproduction

male and female medusa produce egg and sperm, zygote settles to substrate and forms a polyp.

In general, cephalopods move by forcefully expelling water from the _______ through the siphon

mantle cavity

Extracellular structural components

materials produced by cells and secreted into interstitial spaces (mesohyl, sponge)

The gelatinous, jelly-like layer that lies between the epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians is called _________

mesoglea

The microvili-like projections on the tegument of a cestode are called

microtriches

What is the tegument like on a cestode?

microvilli, microtriches

Medial

midline of body

Medusa

mobile, body plan with tentacles on bottom. Free floating, muscle cells to pulsate the bells to swim a little.

Trematoda: Intermediate host is?

mollusc

Some flatworms have sensory, motor, and association

neurons

The shell of cephalopods provides __________ buoyancy

neutral

Acoelomate body plan

no body cavity

Neuroglia

non-nervous cells that support the nerve cells. Glia cells provide substances needed by the neurons. schwann cells.

Is the Portuguese Man-of-War a jelly fish?

not a jellyfish

The single, unique feature that is shared by all members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes is

not present--there is no such feature.

The life stage of the beef tapeworm that is swallowed by a cow is the

oncosphere.

The branches of the planarian intestine include

one anterior branch and two posterior branches.

Mollusca is ______ animal phyla

one of the largest

incomplete digestive tract

one opening serves as mouth and anus

bilateral symmetry

only one plane along the main axis produces two identical halves - adaptive for motile animals, ex. lady bug

Osculum

opening for outflow of water

Ostium

opening in side for inflow of water. Thousands of pores to let water in

Turbellaria: Cephalization/ Sensory receptors

organs that collect information about the environment

The ____ is the opening through which water is able to exit the sponge.

osculum

Definitive host

parasite can reproduce gamete

Freshwater turbellarians can reproduce asexually by constricting behind the __________ and splitting in two

pharynx

Coral bleaching

pigments or zooxanthellae are lost from animals so they appear white. due to global warming, the water gets to warm the zooxanthellae dies or gets kicked out.

The ______ are cells that form an epithelial-like outer covering of the sponge.:

pinacocytes, pinacocyte, or pinacoderm

The _________ is the outer layer of cells of a sponge.

pinacoderm

Small, platelike marine organisms that lack symmetry and organs are placed in the Phylum

placozoa

The ancestral form of gastropod shell coiling is the ______ shell, where the whorls stay in a single plane

planospiral

Pinacocytes

plate-like cells that cover the outer surface of that sponge. The outside

The "lung" in pulmonate gastropods opens to the outside by a small opening called the

pneumostome.

If a cnidarian colony is _________________, it is made up of polyps with a number of different morphologies

polymorphism

Stony Corals

polyps are embedded in a calcium carbonate substrate that they secrete as they grow. Create large coral reefs for protection.

Taenia solium

pork tapeworm. juveniles (cysticerci) can encyst in human muscle and nervous tissue. can cause cysts in the brain.

Which cells form the ostia (pores)?

porocytes

In a syconoid sponge, small lateral openings called ______ let water into the radial canals from the incurrent canals

prosopyles

The difference between thecate and athecate hydroid polyp forms is the presence of a:

protective cup formed by an extension of the perisarc.

In flatworms, excretion and osmoregulation can be handled by

protonephridia

Pseudocoelomate body plan

pseudocoelom is between the endoderm and the mesoderm. Looks like a coelom but there is no coelom. EX. nematode

The _______ is a rasping, protrusible, tongue-like organ that is found in almost all molluscs except bivalves

radula

The radula is a ______ tongue-like organ with rows of chitinous ______

rasping; teeth

Adaptations for parasitism:

reduced digestive system, Tough outer overing - tegument, Monoecious - large gonads

Pectoral

region near the forelimbs

Pelvic

region near the hindlimbs

The trochophore larvae of mollusca indicate

relatedness with many other protostome Phyla. Rotifers, Annelids, Gastrotrichs

Excretion

release of nitrogenous waste

Egestion

removal of undigested food (feces) from the body

Excretory system

removes nitrogenous waste and maintains water balance (osmoregulation) in body

In molluscs, the mantle creates a space between itself and the visceral mass which houses the ______ organs

respiratory

The mollusc ctenidium is an organ than provides __________ function

respiratory

Support System

retains the shape of the body, holds body off the ground.

Protective cells that can swell and form a protective sheath around a turbellarian are called

rhabdites.

Flatworm protonephridia

run the length of the tubellarian.

Spongocytes

secrete spongin

Are Porifera sessile or motile?

sessile

Larvae swim until they find a substrate they become ___________

sessile

Polyp

sessile body plan with tentacles (oral surface) on top, attached to substrate with aboral surface.

How do sponges reproduce?

sexually and asexually

Epithelium

sheets of cells that cover an internal or external surface. Categories are based on shape and layering

The valves, or ______, of bivalves are drawn together by adductor muscles

shells

What are the two types of layering?

simple and stratified, transitional stratified

How big is the Phylum Placozoa?

small 2-3mm

Horses millions of years ago

smaller, different feet and teeth. Feet: used to have 3 digits, now they only have 1 Teeth: they used to eat Bushes and trees, not they eat grass.

Fragmentation/Regeneration

somatic embryogenesis single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals

Extracellular digestion

specialized cells in gastrodermis secrete digestive enzymes that break apart prey organisms

What are the three types of symmetry?

spherical, radial, bilateral

describe Class Hexactinellida

spicules made of silica cylindrical or funnel-shaped body found only in marine habitats

Class Demospongiae

spicules of silica (if present) Spongin - extracellular matrix

The ________ is the same as the central cavity of the sponge.

spongocoel

Cuboidal

square shaped

In cephalopods called ______, the shell has been lost leaving only a thin, proteinaceous strip called a pen

squids

What is the epidermis made of?

stratified squamous epithelial

Homology

structural similarity that stems from having a common ancestor

Organs

structure composed of more than one type of tissue

The _______ nerve plexus is the most primitive flatworm nervous system

subepidermal

The scolex of a pork tapeworm has

suckers and hooks.

exoskeleton

support structures cover soft tissue

endoskeleton

support structures inside soft tissues

Zooxanthellae

symbiotic dinoflagellates that live in the tissue of certain Cnidaria (especially stone corals), Fix carbond, provide nutrients, remove/recycle waste. Photosynthetic.

End of dendrites

synaptic terminals, to release neurotransmitter

Classification

system of grouping things based on some type of characteristic

Class Cestoda

tapeworms, endoparasites, Scolex and proglottids, no digestive tract(microtriches on tegument to increase absoption), hooks and suckers. Latch on to upper intestine. Cannot complete life cycle without a host.

Tough outer covering:

tegument, protective layer from the host - absorb through tegument

Most bivalves are __________

filter feeders

Gills are used for

gas exchange and feeding. secrete mucus and trap food particles.

Protostome

gastrulation of blastophore into the mouth.

Mesohyl

gelatinous matrix containing spicules and protein fibers(spongin)

Asexual reproduction in sponges can occur by the formation of external buds or by the formation of internal buds called

gemmules or gemmulation

What are the parts of scientific names?

genus (noun) and specific epithet (adjective)

Connective tissue

gives support or protection, Cells and associated extracellular materials, extracellular fibers (mainly collagen), ground substace (matrix)

Eucoelomate body plan

the coelomm is completely surrounded by mesoderm. True coelom (filled). Annelides.

Captured prey are ingested into what?

the gastrovascular cavity

Anterior

the head end of the animal

In bivalves, the umbo is

the oldest part of the shell.

Cephalization

the process by which specialization becomes localized in the head end of animals.

Posterior

the tail end of the animal

Stratified

there are many layers of cells, multiple layers on top of each other

Dendrites of a neuron

they receive stimuli from receptors or other neurons.

Simple

tissue composed of a single layer of cells

bissel threads

to attach to substrate in fast flowing water

In gastropods, during the veliger stage the relative positions of the shell, digestive tract, anus and mantle cavity all change in a process called ______

torsion

The syncytial layer of the hexactinellid sponges is called the

trabecular reticulum

complete digestive tract

two openings (mouth and anus) allows for specialization

Class Turbellaria

usually free-living, dorso-ventrally flattened body, Cephalization, bilateral symmetry cilia and muscular undulation

Ontogenetic torsion occurs in the gastropod

veliger.

Which layer of the Placozoa digests food?

ventral layer

How does the nematocyst come out?

water rushes into nematocyst and the organelle everts thrusting out the filament

Spongocyte Function

Secretes spongin

Reproduction

- dioecious - sexual dimorphism

Reproduction

- dioecious, sperm packaged in a structure called a spermatophore.

Class Gastropoda

- snails and slugs - most diverse group . snails have torsion. used to expel waste. if there was no torsion they would not be able to expel waste. Down fall expelling near the head and gills.

Coiling

- spiral winding of the snail as it grows - can be right handed or left handed

A beef tapeworm has a scolex that is characterized by

0 hooks and 4 suckers.

Characteristics of Animal Bodies

1. Symmetry 2. Cephalization 3. Anatomy of Bilateral animals 4. Patterns of Development 5. Protostomes Ecdysozoan vs Lophotrochozoa 6. Body Cavity 7. Segementation 8. Digestive Tract 9. Circulatory System 10. Respiration 11. Organs for excretion 12. Support System

The class Caudofoveata contains about ________ species

120

How many layers of cells does the Phylum Placozoa have?

2 cell layers

Gastropoda is the largest class of molluscs with about ______ extant species and 15,000 extinct species described

70,000

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A basal grouping of organisms diagnosibly distinct from other such groupings with a shared pattern of ancestry. How organisms relate to each other and shared characteristics

Trematoda: Suckers or hooks?

Anterior suckers.

Members of what cnidarian class are solitary or colonial marine polyps that lack a medusa stage?

Anthozoa

The life cycle of a typical cnidarian includes both a medusa and polyp stage, However, members of class ___________________ lack a medusa stage due to likely separating from an ancestor before the medusa evolved

Anthozoans

Derived traits

Apomorphies - changed through evolution

Cnidaria: Are they normally aquatic or freshwater?

Aquatic

Who created the Typological Species Concept?

Aristotle and Linneaus

What are the three basic body plans?

Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

Where does the mouth open in trematodes and monogeneans?

At or near the anterior end.

Species

Basic unit of taxonomy

What kind of symmetry does Ctenophora have?

Biradial symmetry, paired tentacles.

Mollusks called ______ are mostly sedentary filter feeders and have two shells, no head, and no radula

Bivalves

Coelom

Body cavity (usually filled with water)

What are 3 main parts to a neuron?

Body, Dendrites, axon

Mineralization

Bones

Cestoda: Suckers or hooks?

Both

In the liver fluke Clonorchis, miracidia pass out in feces

Both ______ and _______ stages develop if ingested by water snails, and free-swimming cercariae emerge. sporocyst and redia

The asexual reproductive process involving tissue on the side of a polyp developing into another functioning polyp is known as ________________; if the new polyp stays attached to the parent polyp, a(n) _____________ is formed

Budding, colony

Budding

Buds can break off and form their own sponge

How did Aristotle classify organisms?

By splitting up physical characteristics

Who created binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Who first added plants as well as animals to taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus

Who is the grandfather of the Typological Species Concept?

Carolus Linnaeus

The class ____________ are mostly burrowers that orient themselves vertically, with the terminal mantle cavity and gills at the entrance of the burrow, They posses an oral shield as well as a radula and gills

Caudofoveata

What are the classes

Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

What molluscs have a closed circulatory system?

Cephalopods

______ have the most elaborate nervous and sensory system of all of the molluscs

Cephalopods

apply to asexual reproduction in freshwater turbellarians

Chains of zooids, Regeneration, Fission

In most gastropods there is an area called the osphradium located at the base of the incurrent siphon that is _________ in some forms

Chemosensory

_________is another name for the collar cells in sponges.

Choanocyte

What are the sperm and egg produced from?

Choanocytes and archaeocytes

Asconoid description

Choanocytes line a large, central spongocoel with a single, large osculum

Syconoid

Choanocytes line radial canals that surround the spongocoel. extra surface area for more choanocytes Spongocoel is smaller, there is canals with choanocytes (filtering chambers)

Asconoid

Choanocytes line spongocoel, only food on the edge going to be filtered. Normally a small sponge. Not effective.

What is the outgroup

Choanoflagellates

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

Closed and open

type of circulatory system

Closed circulatory system - blood leaving heart goes to body tissues, then to gills, accessory hearts increase blood pressure as blood enters gill

Proximal

Closer to the medial of body

Tiny organelles contained within cnidocytes are called ___________

Cnida

Sea whips, Hydra, corals, and sea anemones members of which phylum?

Cnidaria

____________ or spiral winding of the shell occurs in the larval stage and originated in ancestral gastropods earlier than torsion

Coiling

characteristics of members of the phylum Ctenophora

Colloblasts, Biradial symmetry, Eight comblike rows of cilia

Codonsiga

Colonial flagella, trap food

When a ctenophore is swimming forward, the cilia on the ____________ plates beat in waves starting at the ____________ end of the animal and ending at the _____________ end

Comb, aboral, oral

Nemertea: Complete or incomplete digestive system:

Complete

Ctenophora: Complete or incomplete digestive system?

Complete digestive tract, but little linear specialization.

Ectoderm

Composes the outercovering of bodies, also the nervous system and skin

Class Anthazoa

Corals, Sea Anemones, Sea Whips - no medusa stage, GVC partitioned by septa, Stony corals

Operculum

Covers over the end of cnidae within cnidocytes

Choanocytes Function

Create a water current

Respiration in most gastropods is performed by a ________

Ctenidium

The majority of what group of organisms is bioluminescent?

Ctenophores

Fragmentation/Regeneration

Cut off a piece and regenerate

In terms of gastropod coiled shell formation, shells are classified as ________(right handed) or __________ (left handed)

Dextral, sinistral

Intracellular digestion

Digested in the cell

Cnidaria: What is the tissue level?

Diploblastic

In sea anemones, the mouth is in the center of a flat, oral _______, and the gastrovascular cavity is divided into radial chambers by pairs of primary _______

Disc, septa

Who created the Biological Species Concept?

Dobzhansky and Mayr

Bivalves are laterally compressed, with the two shells hinged at the _________margin

Dorsal

What are the two layers of the placozoa called?

Dorsal Epithlium (top) Ventrial Layer (bottom)

ostium

Draw water in

Heterotrophic

Eat other things to get energy

Immature life stages of the fish tapeworm develop in which of the following?

Fish, Crustaceans

What drives fluid through a flame cell?

Flagella

How does the excretory system work?

Flame cells have cilia that flicker like a flame, creates negative pressure that pushes the fluid through the tube out a pore on the side of the body. Network of tubes -freshwater have a hard time getting rid of water, but this way they can get rid of water and waste.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, Lophotrocozoan Protostomes, Triploblastic, Acoelomate, Most parasitic but some are free-living aquatic, Bodies dorso-ventrally flattened, incomplete digestive tract, monoecious.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid filled area between cells-the fluid is very similar to blood plasma

Hydroskeleton

Fluid filled chamber

Blood Plasma

Fluid portion of blood

Osmoregulation and excretion can be combined when these things are released together from the body,

Fluid, Waste

How is the foot modified in cephalopoda

Foot is modified for directing water as it is forced out of the mantle cavity and is fringed with tentacles (jet propulstion)

characteristics that can be found in members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes

Free-living forms, Ribbon-like body, Parasitic forms, Leaf-like body, Length varies

Lophotrocozoan Protostomes

From 1 mm to more than a meter. Blastopore in blastula forms the mouth.

Cnidaria: Complete or incomplete digestive system?

Incomplete

Platyhelminthes: Complete or incomplete digestive tract?

Incomplete

Trematoda: Complete or incomplete digestive tract?

Incomplete

What are the two types of digestive tract?

Incomplete and complete

What digestive tract does cnidaria have?

Incomplete, it is not efficient

Trace the flow of water through a syconoid sponge, starting at the top of the list with the incurrent canals

Incurrent canals, Radial canals, apopyles, spongocoel, osculum

Syconoid description

Inner choanoderm is folded into canals that lead to a spongocoel with a single osculum

Biological Species Concept

Interbreeding population of individuals that have a common descent - If they can breed together, they are the same species.

Gemmules

Internal buds, archaeocytes, aggregate and are surrounded by a spongin coat. Survive harsh conditions. Adults die in autumn, releash gemmule (little sacs) when conditions are better they can grow

Mesoderm

Is found between the ectoderm and endoderm, makes bone and muscle

Cnidaria: What layer is non cellular?

Mesoglea

What does Cindaria have instead of mesohyl?

Mesoglea

Extracellular material

Mesohyl

Which stage is missing from the life cycle of a blood fluke?

Metacercaria

What kind of excretory system

Metanephridia - excretory system - filter fluid in coelom

Choanoflagelletes and ________ are sister groups

Metazoa

What are the two parts of fossils

Mineralization and Impressions

What is the phylogeny?

Molecular evidence (rRNA - component of ribosomes - highly conservative) indicates that Porifera differentiated from flagellated protistans

Ecdysozoans

Molting, Arthropoda (shedding the exoskeleton)

_______ include all descendants and most recent common ancestor.

Monophyletic

Serial repeated organs (such as gills and metanephridia) are characteristic of the molluscan class ________________

Monoplacophora

______ are small, have a low rounded shell, and a creeping foot, and until the 1950's, they were thought to be extinct

Monoplacophora

Smart octopuses

Octopuses are very smart, can learn quickly through positive and negative reinforcement, observational learning

Prosobranchs have ____ pair(s) of tentacles, and generally separate sexes

One

how many set of gills

One set of gills - use mantle to force water flow

What kind of circulatory system do they have?

Open circulatory system (blood sometimes opens into vessels but opening into sinuses. Not efficient. does not allow a high metabolism. Good for mollusca because they do not need a closed circulatory system)

Osculum

Opening where water exits, strong enough to push far so the water doesn't get sucked back in

____________ show partial or complete detorsion resulting in the anus and gill being displaced to the right side or rear of the body

Opisthobranchs

In a polyp, which side is the oral and aboral?

Oral is on the top near the tentacles, and aboral on the bottom near the substrate.

Tissue -organ grade

Organism consists of organs - aggregates of more than one type of tissue, they perform one (i.e., a common) function.

Organ-system grade

Organisms which have organs arranged so that they can work together to perform a function. e.g. digestive system

Discharge is powered by what?

Osmotic Pressure

The ____________ is a sensory area at the base of the incurrent siphon that is chemosensory in some forms, mechanosensory in some and unknown in other gastropods

Osphradium

Sclerocyte Function

Secretes spicules

Example of Cell-tissue grade

Phylum Cnidaria: Hydra, jellyfish, sea anenome

Example of Tissue -organ grade

Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms

Regenerative powers:

Planarians can survive fragmentation

In terms of gastropod coiling, a __________shell lays all whorls in a single plane and a ____________ shell lays each successive whorl to the side of the preceding whorl

Planospiral, conispiral

In a typical cnidarian life cycle, a newly formed zygote develops into a motile ______________________ larva, which then settles onto a hard surface to develop into a _____________

Planula, polyp

What different varieties of respiration is there in other species?

Plasma membrane, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs

What is another name for the Phylum Placozoa?

Plate animals

Primitive (ancestral) traits

Plesimorphies - Being multicellular, mitochondria

Cnidarians are dimorphic; the larval or __________________ is sessile and attached to the substrate with tentacles extended into the water column, and the adult or _______________ form is umbrella-shaped and adapted for a floating, free-swimming lifestyle

Polyp, medusa

Molluscs called chitons belong to the class

Polyplacophora.

Characteristics of the Phylum Porifera

Pore bearing, siphon water, sessile

_____ are tubular cells that form pores, while ______ are ameboid cells in the mesohyl with various functions

Porocytes; archaeocytes

Outgroup

Possess all of the ancestrial traits that the other species have. Does not have derived traits

The ______ contain most of the marine snails and some freshwater and terrestrial gastropods

Prosobranchs

Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worms, About 1000 marine species, most small < 20 cm longSimilar to Planaria, but, dioecious, proboscis, complete digestive system, Simple circulatory system

Tusk shells and tooth shells are burrowing marine molluscs in the class _______

Scaphopoda

What can archaeocytes turn into

Scleroctyes

Members of what cnidarian class have the following characteristics: a medusa stage ranging from 2 cm to 2 m in diameter, a bell that lacks a velum and can vary from a shallow saucer shape to a deep helmet or goblet shape, and sense organs called rhopalia?

Scyphozoa

What cnidarian often enters into mutualistic relationships with other organisms including dinoflagellates, hermit crabs, and damselfishes?

Sea anemones

Pedal Laceration

Sea anemones crawl across the ocean floor leaving pieces of cells that will grow into new cnidaria.

Lophocyte Function

Secretes large quantities of collagen

species found in Class Calcarea

Sycon, Leucosolenia, Clathrina

Columnar

Taller than cuboidal

Law of Priority

The person that discovered it first should be able to keep their name there

How is the person who discovered the species listed?

The person who gave that name is listed after the scientific name. If the name is in brackets it means the name has changed due to evidence of changing taxonomy, if there is not brackets it means it is in the right genus and species.

dimorphic nature of cnidarians

The polyp stage is sessile, while the medusa stage is free-swimming/floating

Radiate animals have which of the following characteristics?

The process of gastrulation during development, Two embryonic cell layers (endoderm and ectoderm), Presence of a gut cavity

In hydroid colonies, polyps may be _________, indicating that the perisarc creates a protective cup around the polyp and functions in protection, or ___________ when there is no such protective cup

Thecate, athecate

describe feeding in hydras

Their diet often consists of small crustaceans, insect larvae, and annelid worms. The mouth opens into the gastrovascular cavity.Nematocysts found in the tentacles are used to subdue prey.

characteristics of the turbellarians?

Their gut can be simple, branched, or absent. They can be up to 50 cm long. Most are free-living.

Cnida

Tiny capsule containing a coiled thread or filament

Budding:

Tissue on the side of a polyp develops into another polyp that stays attached to the parent polyp

Pedal laceration:

Tissue torn from the basal disc develops into tiny new polyps

Interstitial cells:

Transforming into other cell types, such as cnidoblasts, sex cells, buds, nerve cells, etc.

platyhelminths that do not have a ciliated tegument

Trematodes, Cestodes, Monogeneans

In many molluscs, a free-swimming ______ larva emerges from the egg stage

Trochophore

In general, embryos of marine bivalves go through three larval stages: , __________, ___________, and young spat

Trochophore, veliger

True or false: Sponges have a blastula stage during development, similar to that seen in other animals.:

True

Opisthobranchs usually have _______ pair(s) of tentacles with the one pair often further modified for chemoreception

Two

Cestode

Two canals join to form excretory bladder that opens by a terminal pore.

Monogenean

Two lateral excretory pores open laterally

What are the two concepts of Typological Species Concept?

Type Locality and Type Specimen

In bivalves the shell grows in concentric circles around the _________

Umbo

What is the assumption of the biological species concept?

Under the assumption of only reproducing sexually and not asexually

Examples of Protoplasmic grade

Unicellular : Kingdom Protista paramecium

Where does a cestode latch on to the host?

Upper intestine.

Autotrophic

Uses energy from sunlight to make food. Fixation carbonation

Scallops swim with a jerky motion that creates jet propulsion by clapping their ______ together

Valves

After a cnidarian nematocyst receives a stimulus to discharge, ____ rushes into the capsule, causing the ____________ open and the filament to be turned inside out, This exposes the barbs, which can then be used to inject toxin

Water, operculum

What kind of digestive system

Well developed complete digestive system - radula (rasping tongue away from hard surface, scrap up food)

Bone

cells (Osteocytes) embedded in a hard calcified matrix

Cartilage

cells (chondrocytes) and fibers embedded in a spongy matrix

Blood

cells (erythrocytes{RBC/oxygen}, leukocytes{WBC/Infection}) and particles (platelets{clotting}) dispersed in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Loose connective tissue

cells and fibers are interspersed in matrix

Nervous Tissue

cells are specialized for communication.

Neurons

cells of nervous tissue, communicate impulses

Sclerocytes

cells that form mineral spicules

Porocytes

cells that form tubes through which water flows to enter the sponge

Archaeocytes

cells that travel through the body and are thought to distribute nutrients from chaonocytes to the rest of the cells.

The class Polyplacophora contains molluscs called

chitons.

Sperm are released through the osculum and are phagocytiozed by a ______________ of other sponge

choanocyte

In terms of gastropod shell coiling, ______ shells are more compact

conispiral

Body of a neuron

contains the nucleus and other various organelles

The host in which a trematode undergoes sexual reproduction is called the final or _____________________ host

definitive

In sponges, the openings of the invaginations of the body wall are called incurrent canals or

dermal pores

Incoming water enters a sponge through

dermal pores

Nemertea: Monoecious or dioecious?

dioecious

Most molluscs are

dioecious.

specific epithet

does not indicate relatedness

The mantle fold edges in bivalves are modified to form ______ excurrent and ______ incurrent openings

dorsal; ventral

Simple cubodial epithelial

ducts of body, kidney ducts

Polymorphism

during life-cycle, individuals may have different body shapes.

Trematodes, monogeneans, cestodes, and some turbellarians exhibit a derived condition called ______ development, in which female gametes contain little or no yolk, and yolk is contributed by cells that surround the zygote

ectolecithal

The epidermal layer of Hydra contains numerous different cell types with different functions, For example, most of the epidermis is comprised of __________ cells, which function to cover the body and for muscular contraction

epitheliomuscular

Respiration

exchange of gases, intake of O2 and release of CO2

How do Porifera feed?

filter feeders, intracellular digestion. Bring in large amounts of water to get food and oxygen and get rid of waste products. Singular flagellum that will beat and when it beats back and forth it will bring the water in from an area made of microvilli (act as a net)

Sessile

fixed in one place; immobile, on corals or ocean floor

Choanocytes (collar cells)

flagellated cells with a netlike structure for filtering food from water.

The protonephridia of most platyhelminthes end in specialized cells called

flame cells.

Squamous

flattened, form thin lining

Body cavity

fluid filled cavity in body that gives support and flexibility to the body -classification based on position in primary germ layers

Trematodes are known as ______, and almost all are ______ of vertebrates

flukes; endoparasites

Bivalves initiate movement by extending their muscular ___________ between the valves, pumping blood into it, and causing it to swell and act as an anchor in mud or sand

foot

Impressions

footprints

Pinacocytes

form the outer layer of cells of a sponge can phagocytize food trapped on the surface of the sponge are similar to epithelial tissue but lack a basal membrane.

An asexual form of reproduction where a sponge breaks into parts that go on to form new individuals is called

fragmentation

Distal

further from medial of body

Sponges are monoecious

hermaphrodite

Fasciola hepatica adults live

in the bile duct of the host.

Nervous system

is very well developed- largest brain of any invertebrate

The Phylum Placozoa

lacks symmetry and organs has only one species represented.

Spongocoel

large chamber in the middle

Monoecious:

large gonads, in proglottids, both eggs and sperm

Glochidium larva

larva of mussels unique disperion either released, or use fish to disperse. using the fish they have a modified mantle that will look like a fish species that other predatory species might want to eat. And when the fish goes to take a bite, the larva will get stuck in the gills of the predatory fish and feed off the blood supply of the gills of the fish until they get big and fall off.

Basement membrane

layer of extracellular material that separates epithelium from the tissue it is covering. transitional epithelium ex. bladder

Dense (fibrous) connective tissue

ligaments, tendons, fascia

specific epithet/ Species

most exclusive taxon

Are Porifera larvae sessile or motile?

motile, they swim around until they find a good place to grow

In bivalves, respiratory currents bring in both oxygen and organic particles to the gills, where ciliary action and mucous eventually take food to the

mouth.

Metazoans

multicellular organisms and after animals and kingdom animalia

Cellular grade

multicellular, specialized cells, no tissues. More than one cell working together.

Transitional Stratified

multiple layers that allow stretching

Muscle

muscle cells are called fibers. They are elongated cells specialized to contract. actin and myosin

The diffuse nervous system of cnidarians can best be described as a:

nerve net