Unit 1 History Exam
Who asked for rights first? Second?
The colony's mixed-race population (first before the Blacks); sent petition to France's new government asking for citizenship (1791); asked for civil protections which enraged the white population so they began an intimidation campaign; threatened, beat, & murdered the mixed-race population; France said mix race population can be free if they have 2 free parents which was a small percentage but the leader of San Domingue refused to obey. White population was not happy about this law
Why England got involved in the Haitian Revolution
The whites were desperate & hated the new order in France, so in a treasonous move, they invited the British to help put down the slave rebellion
Justification for rule
The will of the people; overthrowing a tyrant who had violated natural law in the American Revolution, King George III had violated the "rights of Englishmen"
Final phases of French Revolution
Thermidorean Reaction; Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety removed from power (1794); the Directory; a constitutional republic (1795-99); coup; Directory overthrown & replaced with Consulate (3 men, including Napoleon) (1799-1804); Napoleon Bonaparte declares himself Emperor (1804-14); followed by a series of kings; a Second Republic (1848-52); Emperor Napoleon III; not until 1870 with the Third Republic does France establish a lasting representative form of government
What Toussaint L'Ouverture did that lost him popularity among the people & that displeased Napoleon
To rebuild the economy, his Black followers should return to the cane fields, but nobody wanted to go back to that kind of work so he had to force them & the people began to think it was a lot like slavery. They wanted to work for themselves growing crops for food rather than export; Toussaint wrote a Constitution in response to Napoleon's which reinstituted slavery. Toussaint decreed slavery would never exist in San Domingue again, the first in history to prohibit discrimination based on skin color. It also made him Governor for life with sole authority to designate his successor
True
True or False: Japan & France were feudal states
Why Spain got involved in the Haitian Revolution
Wanted the colony away from France because the colony was very prosperous in spite of the war & that prosperity was used by the French Revolution to combat them in Europe; controlled San Domingue's neighboring colony; Toussaint's deal: Spanish garrisons just over the border provided guns & ammunition to the slave army & tipped the balance their way; Toussaint's forces captured 3 cities in 8 months
He was a priest
What did Murakami's grandfather do for a living?
Invasion of Nanjing, the worst war crime of WW2
What did the 20th Infantry Regiment do, & thus why was Murakami worried that his father had participated in it?
I think their actions were abhorrent & it is not something I would stand for. However, this opinion needs to be applied to the historical context in which we are referencing. This is a point in history where violence & bloodshed were essential to gaining freedom or establishing a new republic. Robespierre's actions were especially gruesome even for that point in time, but violence was still generally the "norm" at this time
What do you think about their actions, & why?
He used perceived threats to his revolutionary ideals to justify his claims. He used extreme measures such as terror & violence to get what he wanted. Bolivar talks in response to the acts of the barbarous Spaniards which shows how far Bolivar is willing to go to exact vengeance
What does Bolivar use to justify his claims?
He used perceived threats to his revolutionary ideals to justify his claims. He used extreme measures such as terror & violence to get what he wanted. Robespierre says they need to kill the internal & external enemies, which shows how he is willing to go as far as he must go to achieve his desired outcome
What does Robespierre use to justify his claims?
Equality
What is the "essence of the republic or of democracy?"
Virtue
What is the "fundamental principle of the democratic or popular government," according to Robespierre? What is the essential spring which makes the government move?
Laurent DuBois, Professor of History at Duke
What local scholar contributed to the documentary? (One of the "talking heads" in the film)
Both leaders call for these enemies to be met with violence
What should be done to the enemies of the Revolution?
His unit had beheaded a Chinese soldier who didn't struggle, didn't show any fear, but just sat there quietly with his eyes closed. He said the man's attitude was exemplary. They had to kill their POW because they didn't have enough resources to care for them
What story did his father tell Murakami about his time in the military that left his father with feelings of "anguish & torment?"
Slavery would never exist again in San Domingue, the first in history to prohibit discrimination based on skin color
What was ground-breaking about the Constitution of 1801?
American Revolution, French Revolution, & Haitian Revolution
What were the 3 primary political revolutions that ushered in "modern" political age?
They will die
What will happen to those who wish to remain neutral?
Outside force
Where did legitimacy come from?
Revolutionary leaders typically decide who the enemy is. Bolivar was one of these leaders & declared the Spanish the enemy. Robespierre was also another kind of leader & declared his external & internal enemies
Who decides who is the enemy?
The Spanish because he thought the Spanish rule was oppressive & that the only way to be free was through a war to the death
Who does Bolivar claim is the enemy & why?
He claimed the enemy to be both external & internal forces. Externally, the enemy was anyone on the outside, such as foreign powers, opposed to the French Revolution because they would threaten liberty & the Republic of France. Internally, the enemy was the people of France who opposed the Revolution. He believed strongly in the French Revolution & the republican government & would do anything in his power to protect it
Who does Robespierre claim is the enemy & why?
French Revolution, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Political Revolutions, Second Industrial Revolution
Why 1750? What happened in 1750 that would make it a good time to start a class on "modern" world history?
He couldn't remember why they abandoned the family cat. His father was surprised at first, then impressed, then relieved. He attributed these feelings to his father's childhood
Why did the author explain that they abandoned the family cat? How did his father respond to this, & why does the author (Murakami) speculate about the cause of this response?
All of these events begin in the West, Western or Eurocentric perspective
Why might 1750 as a starting point for the "modern world" be problematic?
He never had much interest in studying & his grades were not great. He would eagerly pursue things he was interested in but could not be bothered with anything else
Why was his father disappointed in him?
He forgot to take care of some administrative paperwork that would've exempted him from military service for 4 years to be a student
Why was his father drafted for the first time (in 1938)?
Mongol Empire
World's largest contiguous empire in 1279; 16% of landmass; between 1209-1309, 110 million people or 25% of its population; Genghis Khan
Toussaint L'Ouverture
"Black George Washington"; fought off 3 empires (French, British, Spanish) for 12 years & enraged Napoleon; slave, but taught to read & write as a child, then becomes free; owned 2-3 plantations; schooled in African & European culture; did not like violence; would kill if he had to, but would rather attain his wants by any other means; less than 2 years after joining the rebellion, he had risen to the top of the rebel army; wrote letter to the island's disenfranchised because he wanted liberty & equality & asked everyone to fight; committed to emancipation; announced himself as leader; realized that Spain & England had kings, & France was talking about liberty, equality, fraternity, all men equal. Although they started by fighting the French, the French right now could be the best help they could receive, so he joined the French; pushed the Spanish out of San Domingue & the British soon followed; profound attachment to democratic ideals; anyone who looked like they threatened him either ended up dead or deported; appointed brigadier general & then governor of San Domingue (no Black man had ever risen so far in the colonies)
Citizen
"Subject to _______"
Ottoman Empire
(1453 [1299?] - 1919 or 1923); longstanding, very wealthy
Mughal Empire
(1526-1857) (1507-1707; sometimes 1858 when Britain officially established the Raj in India); empire formed via Mughal (Muslim) conquest of pre-existing Hindu kingdoms (ancient roots)
China under the Qing Dynasty
(1644-1912); Imperial China begins 221 BCE; Qing last dynasty in long line of Chinese imperial rule, dating back to 206 BCE; largest & most diverse economy for hundreds of years
Russian Empire
(1721-present?); expanding dramatically in period prior to 1750; becomes important by 1750; in the Early Modern Period was vastly expanding its territory & power; Peter the Great begins rule in 1721, declares Empire, & initiates reform; interested in Ottoman territory because of access to Mediterranean/warm water port (Naval interests); wanted to reclaim Istanbul for religious purposes (Christianity); more than doubled its territory in 100 years; went from no power to a power to be reckoned with
American Revolution
(1775-1783); "no taxation without representation"; won independence from colonizers; established no king rule; does not really transform society; Seven Years War; French & Indian War (Britain gets France's territory); if the ruler is a tyrant, the people have a right to overthrow the ruler; tyranny makes a ruler illegitimate; King George III = tyrant, according to the leaders; if the majority of the population is not in support of the revolution, then is the revolution itself tyrannical?; US Constitution ratified in 1788
French Revolution
(1789-1799... or 1870?); "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité"; Marie Antoinette was Queen at the time; completely transformed political, economic, & social institutions; distinct & institutionalized legal & economic differences in the feudal system; different laws for the different estates (punishment, execution, taxes, rights); estimated that top 10% owned 90% of the wealth & top 1% about 60% of the wealth; by 1789, their GDP was 3x Britain's; population of 28 million, second most populous European state (after Russia); natural disasters (crop failures & famines in 1770s-late 1780s); inability to meet needs via taxes meant the state increasingly had to borrow money; the government kept spending money on itself & on wars = high interest rates
Haitian Revolution
(1791-1804); "Liberty or Death"; Citizen Belley (ex-representative of the Colonies, 1797); France acquires half of the Spanish island & names colony San Domingue (1697); to develop the island's sugarcane plantations, France began importing enslaved Africans; nearly 1/3 of Africans died within a few days of arrival; many died from diseases like smallpox; others were worked to death; birth rates were low; by 1789, they produced 60% of the world's coffee & 40% of the world's sugar; attracted more French settlers than French Canada; end of slavery in French territory
The Reign of Terror
(1793-94) Radical stage of French Revolution; directed by the Committee for Public Safety under Maximillien Robespierre; "this is how to do away instantly with both royalists & moderates & the restless, counter-revolutionary scum"; the Law of Suspects (among many other laws passed) designed to stop this "emergency" legalized & institutionalized police state terror; people were arrested & executed for "crimes against liberty"; in Paris, 16,000-40,000 people were killed; French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802) fought against European states = about another 435,000 died in combat
Persian/Safavid Empire
(539 BCE-1979) (1501-1722; 1729-1736); then a series of additional dynasties until Iranian Revolution in 1978
The Vendee Uprising
(March-December 1793) Counter-revolution that develops in opposition to Revolution's steps; secularization or "de-Christianization"; conscription; restructuring of calendar; both real & imagined "counter-revolutionary" uprising & repression resulted in another 117,000-250,000 deaths; some estimates as high as 800,000+
Meeting of the Estates-General
(May 1789); First meeting in 175 years; all 3 estates represented, but each estate = one vote; come up with a way to reform the tax system
Simon Bolivar's Declaration of the War to the Death
- Issued by the South American leader which permitted murder & any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain, other than those actively assisting South American independence, & furthermore exonerated people from the Americas who had already committed such murders & atrocities - Maintain Venezuelan independence in the war with Spain, since he felt that the Spanish Army's use of atrocities against those who supported the First Republic of Venezuela had contributed decisively to its defeat
When modern history would start for Ottomans
1798: Napoleon's invasion of Egypt; obtained Egypt pretty easily; 1801: French forces kicked out by British; Mehmed Ali Pasha; Sultan Selim III; Mamluks used as a slave soldier force
Taiping Rebellion
1850-64; largest conflict in the 19th century; "total war"; death toll estimates 20-100 million people due to conflict, plague, or famine; Qing dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; widespread atrocities committed by both sides; civilians targeted; ethnic minorities targeted; Taiping committed genocidal massacres against the Manchu; Qing launch massacres against the Han ideology Christian/millenarian with proto-communist & nationalist elements; early years of rebellion had women as soldiers in army; bought modern weapons from arms dealers, including Americans; manufactured their own weapons
Sepoy Rebellion
1857-59; British East India Company (first presence in India 1612); both sides committed atrocities including massacres of civilians (women & children among them), executions of captured or surrendered enemy soldiers, & rape; approximately 6,000/40,000 British living in India were killed; approximately 800,000 Indians were killed; in 1858, the British government officially assumed control of India (from BEIC)
Means & motives
A state must have both _____ & _______ for building empires
How Spaniards must "work against tyranny on behalf" of Bolivar's cause
Abjure their crimes, honestly change their ways, & cooperate with them in destroying the intruding Spanish government & in the re-establishment of the Republic of Venezuela
Vengeance
According to Bolivar, what does justice demand?
Toussaint's Constitution
After the initial brief period of peace, the conflict in San Domingue reignited, resulting in Napoleon's decision to send a massive fleet to the island to suppress the rebellion. What reignited the violence?
Time & resources
Americans' greatest luxuries
Yes. I don't believe people are naturally virtuous because there are people in our society that do not have high moral standards
Are the people naturally virtuous, yes or no? Do you agree, why or why not?
Primary
Are the readings from Bolivar & Robespierre primary or secondary sources?
British Empire
At its height in 1921, it was the largest empire in world history; "the sun never sets on this empire"; 22% of Earth's landmass; in 1938, 458 million people or more than 20% of its population; point of comparison is Mongol Empire
Both revolutions sought to seek freedom & create independent republics. Bolivar's goal was to get rid of the Spanish rule, while Robespierre's goal was to create a new democratic republic
Both Bolivar & Robespierre claim to be fighting to defend "the Revolution" & its ideals, but what are the Revolutions supposed to accomplish?
Raj
British direct rule
San Domingue
By the 1780s, France had the wealthiest colonies, in particular...
Modern
Capitalist mode of production (free markets, Industrial Revolution), steel, democracy, improved technology (medical & agricultural), infrastructure
British East India Company
Charter company gets formed; charter = establish trade outpost; develop own military
Japan
Classical Japan (538 CE/AD), Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868), Meiji Period (1868-1912) begins the "modern period"
3 estates in France
Clergy (first); Nobles (together these 2 groups were 3% of the population); 3rd estate
Jean Jacques Dessalines
Commander who worked under Toussaint; shared his soldiers' life experiences more closely than Toussaint; mistreated in slavery considerably; deep anger & violence, but also a very intelligent man; when Napoleon reinstated slavery, he broke from France & started murdering all the French & starts burning the towns in order to leave the French with no choice but to leave, which they eventually did
Leger Sonthonox
Commissioner, French Revolutionary with radical ideas about life in the colony; people wrote from France to the colonies saying watch out for him because he is an abolitionist, he wanted to abolish slavery; mixed-race population had so far retained its fragile alignment with the whites. To ensure that continued, he created a representational council on the island & invited mixed-race citizens to serve (brought mixed-race men into the colonial government which whites were upset about); sent a multiracial delegation from San Domingue to France's national assembly pledging freedom to San Domingue's slaves for fighting the armies of Britain & Spain; the French National Assembly endorsed the emancipation of San Domingue slaves & freed slaves throughout the entire empire & they became French citizens; Toussaint's rival; very popular because he said slavery was abolished; in 1797, Toussaint no longer needed him so in a series of political maneuvers he isolated the civil commissioner then he forced him off the island
Totalitarian systems
Communism, fascism, authoritarian rule
Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, & China
Complex human societies emerged between 4000-2000 BCE in...
Constitution of 1801
Declared French dominion over entire island (had captured Spanish side too); named Toussaint Emperor for life; no slavery/discrimination based on skin color; guarantees freedom & individual security; property is sacred & inviolable
Although they both supported their causes immensely, their actions ultimately undermined the Revolutionary goals. While one could make the argument that their actions supported Revolutionary goals because they both got what they wanted - Bolivar's freedom from the Spanish & Robespierre's creation of a new French Republic - their extreme actions in achieving these ends undermined the principles they claimed to believe in
Do their actions support or undermine the Revolutionary goals, why or why not?
Third Estate
Everyone else, from peasant farmers to the bourgeoisie - the wealthy business class; 96% of the population; had none of the rights & priviliges of the other two
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Fascist Italy (Mussolini), Nazi Germany (Hitler & Nazi Party), Communist China
Examples of first modern totalitarian political systems
Nations
Fall of empires & emergence of _______
Jacques Necker
Finance Minister, 1777-81; Protestant; tried to fix things. Some things worked, some things didn't; Compte rendu (1781): made public France's finances that were false. These books made France look like they were making a lot of money because he hid other books that showed the money France was spending; daughter is Germaine de Staël
Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution; ratified in 1791; articulates the natural rights the government may not infringe; the government does not give you rights, natural law represents inherent rights
When modern history would start for China
First Opium War: 1839-42 (China vs. Great Britain); Second Opium War: 1856-60 (China vs. Great Britain & France - take Beijing, loot & destroy Summer Palace); all of Great Britain's money was going to China (silk, porcelain) & none of it was coming back until opium (trade deficit); China tried to ban sale of opium, Great Britain didn't want them to, so they went to war; fought on rivers because of Britain's great navy; Britain wins, so China had to cede territory of Hong Kong to British control, open treaty ports to trade with foreigners, & give special rights to foreigners in treaty
For those who had died in the war. His fellow Japanese soldiers who'd died, as well as the Chinese who'd been their enemy
For whom did Murakami's father pray every morning?
Components of the white community
Hoped for more control over colonies governance; launched their own offensive; the new French government in Paris sent more than 10,000 military reinforcements to help the colonists reestablish white rule; new French commissioners arrived from Paris to restore order & urged the whites to accept the rebels' offer; negotiations commenced
Over 100 years, Europe gained control of 50% of the world's land surface
How did the West, initially so small & deficient in most natural resources, become able to compensate for what it lacked through superior military & naval power?
3
How many additional times was his father drafted?
Meiji Restoration
In 1868 the Tokugawa shôgun ("great general"), who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power & the emperor was restored to the supreme position; ("enlightened rule")
He fought the invading French army for 3 months. Eventually, he surrendered & was arrested on charges of conspiracy. He died in his cell in France
In the end, what happened to Toussaint L'Ouverture?
How Toussaint L'Ouverture initially responded to the uprising of the enslaved population
It put him in a difficult position. His own fortunes were tied to the plantation system & he had straddled the white & black worlds for 15 years. He was not of the slave class anymore so his interests were different from the interests of the masses. His first reaction to the violence was personal - he went back to the plantation where he had been born to protect his former owners & he maintained order there. He helped his former master flee the violence; at first, he was reluctant to join the revolt. Eventually, he saw opportunity in the slave rebellion & joined the fight for liberation
Samurai
Japanese knights; hereditary military nobility & officer caste of medieval & early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in the late 1870s during the Meiji era; well-paid retainers of the daimyo; high prestige & special privileges
Genghis Khan
Killed up to 40 million people, about 11% of world's population
Daimyo
Lords within Japanese hierarchy; great feudal landholders
When modern history would start for Japan
Meiji Restoration (1868); "rich country, strong army"; Emperor back on throne; Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) wanted to eliminate & put emperor back on throne; Commodore Perry arrives with "black ships" & threatens them to open trade (1853); Emperor still around, but spent time in Palace as a figurehead, not politically powerful; shogun runs Japan under the Shogunate, was politically powerful; daimyo; samurai
Great Depression, Second Sino-Japanese War, & WW2
Murakami lists 3 major historical events his father lived through. Name the 3 events.
Post-Revolutionary France
No king after 1,200 years of monarchy (although Napoleon; more kings later); no feudal system; rights extended; uniform legal & tax codes; Catholic Church lost property, power, & wealth; appeals made to Universal Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen
Passed by France's National Assembly in August 1789; comprised of 17 articles, each of which state specific rights of citizens &/or limitations of the state; based on the idea of natural rights & popular sovereignty; equates the rights of a citizen with natural rights that all men have; if you are a citizen, then you are a member of the polity/nation; men are born & remain free & equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good; liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others; the free communication of thoughts & opinions is one of the most precious rights of any man; any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law; distinction between "active" & "passive" citizens; only men who were 25 years old, paid taxes equal to 3 days' work, & could not be defined as servants were given the vote (4.3 million out of population of 25 million)
Components of Haitian society
Poorest country in the Western Hemisphere; at its height with San Domingue, it was the richest; rooted in slaves, human capitol; the only place where slaves created a nation; landowners, slave owners, businessmen, involved romantically with white community; hoped for more fundamental changes (born free, but not equal); had to show physical respect for the whites (stand up when in presence of a white, call them whatever title they wanted to have); voodoo religion
Demographics in French Revolution
Population growth placed even more pressure on access to land; about half the peasantry were landless or had just a small plot; inflation (higher prices) & falling wages led to decreased demand for goods
So-called "Western Dominance"
Prior to the modern era, Europe was relatively poor, powerless, & weak; the dramatic shift in global power toward European dominance was rapid & unexpected; shift accelerated during the 18th century but solidified in the 19th
Olympe de Gouges
Published The Declaration of the Rights of Women & the Female Citizen (1791); 17 articles just as in the original document; "Men, are you capable of being fair? A woman is asking: at least you will allow her that right. Tell me what gave you the sovereign right to oppress my sex?"; guillotined
Teleological views
Seeing all the previous events as inevitably leading up to the end
Ottoman Empire, China under the Qing Dynasty, Persian Empire, Mughal Empire
States that dominated global power &/or trade networks & exerted their power beyond the borders of their states
Spain, Portugal, & the Netherlands
States that were globally significant in the early modern period but were declining by the 18th century
Russian Empire, Japan, Western Europe (US)
States that were not quite world powers in 1750, but would become powerful
Presentism
Take current views & apply them to the past
Revenue problems in French Revolution
Tax burden uneven & ineffective; local systems & resistance among wealthy prevented royal efforts at tax return; medieval systems like guilds hindered economic development (outside trade)
Clergy
The First Estate; people, including priests, who ran both the Catholic church & some aspects of the country; in addition to keeping registers of births, deaths, & marriages, they also had the power to levy a 10% tax known as the tithe; tremendous power, wealth, & privilege; owned 10% of the land in France
Nobles
The Second Estate; wealthy class of French society & led comfortable lives; enjoyed certain privileges by birth like tax exemption; served in the battles, participated in the King's court, & held government jobs