Unit 1- Population Distribution

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, China. The big 4 countries on the rise in terms of economic power

what does a high sex ratio at birth say about the country?

can indicate sex preference in a country -sex selective abortions -reluctance to register female births

demographic

can refer to a popular trend (ex: decreasing population rate due to low tfr)

population growth rate

compares the average annual % change in populations, resulting from a surplus or deficit of births over death and the balance of migrants entering + leaving a country.

stage 5 of demographic transition model

birth rates starts to rise again, death rates remain low, natural increase is stable and slowly increasing again.

thematic map

illustrates a specific theme shown through a legend and represents certain patterns in a specific region. (these are the ones we normally look at.)

effects of ageing population

-high crude death rate (not necessarily negative or unnatural) -declining population -high dependency ratio

crude death rate

# of deaths per 1000 population in a given year. does not take into account age or cause of death.

crude birth rate

# of live births per 1000 population in a given year

population density

# of persons per area ex: persons per km^2 Greenland has lowest density with 0.026 persons per km^2

push factors

(factors that make people want to leave a country or region.) -lack of job opportunities -persecution and discrimination -conflict/war -poor living conditions -corrupt government

demographic transition model

-DTM (demographic transition model) describes changes in birth and deaths in a population over time -as countries develop, changes in the demographic will occur

what does a high sex ratio for working age indicate about a country?

-can indicate high rates of migrant workers (ex: a lot of men go to Qatar to work in the oil industry)

trend

-changes over time -often shown through graphs

biological and environmental factors of uneven sex ratios

-ethnicity and mother's age and period effects -intrauterine mortality (spontaneous abortions) -infant and child mortality -maternal mortality

population pyramids

-graphical measure of age and sex structure in a population -males on the left and females on the right -age on the y axis and population on the x axis

what are some factors that affect TFR?

-if women have the choice of having a baby or not -if the culture in a country encourages women to have babies younger in their childbearing years -if a lot of the population lives in urban areas and not as many live in rural areas. (kids = economic burden in urban regions) -rape and sexual assault rates in a country -women's education + women's rights generally

intervening obstacles in migrating

-international borders -cost of moving -military service -language -family pressures -religion -national policy -illiteracy -government red-tape

pro-natalist policy

-most pro-natalist countries suffer from a declining population. these policies try to increase TFR and crude birth rates appropriately. Ex: Japan (suffers from decreasing population Canada (slow population growth, aging population will occur in the future)

international migration

-often from LEDC's to MEDC's -have to cross an international border -regional migration (countries in the same region, ex: Canada to U.S)

who are the most common migrants?

-people of working age -often men -single men tend to be most likely to migrate

what are the 3 age sections of the population pyramid?

-pre reproductive (0-14) -reproductive (15-44) -post reproductive (45 + up)

national migration

-rural to urban regions -one city to another city -between provinces or states

sex ratio

-sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in the population (often expressed as the # of boys for every 100 girls) -sex ratios can be reported for specific age groups (which determine different factors of a countries development or culture) -at birth -for the total population -for working age -for the elderly

what are some factors that affect life expectancy?

-shelter -adequate nutrition -healthcare -education -sanitization -peace or conflict -nature of work and threats of disease from work -disease -environmental effects

pattern

-the arrangement or changes of spatial elements -often shown on maps

population distribution

-where populations are spread across the earth -population distribution is often uneven -approximately 50% of the world populations live on just 5% of the land -uneven population distribution within countries often indicate -the availability of fresh water -the availability of soil

rank the demographic transition model stages from least economically developed to most

1,2,3,4

how to read a chart

1. read title 2. read both x and y axis -values? 3. overall trend? -increase or decrease 4. describe the trend 5. QUANTIFY!

how to read a map

1. read title of the map 2. read the legend (assuming it's thematic 3. where is it high, where is itmidrange and where is it low -ALWAYS quantify 4. always refer to regions (generally or specific) based on its significance, how large the region is, and how it varies in that region 5. anomalies? (abnormality, irregular)

GNI

GNI (gross national income) is defined as gross domestic product (GDP) plus net receipts, wages, salaries, property income, taxes and subsidies earned from abroad.

can a country be growing and still have a low population growth rate?

YES. this is because population can be growing and growing but at rate at which it wasn't growing as fast as it once once or has slowed down a lot. Ex: the world

chloropleth map

a chloropleth map is a type of thematic map, this map illustrates a theme using multiple colours on different regions that correlate with colours in the legend. Each colour represents a specific statistic on a particular topic. Ex: TFR

dependency ratios

a dependency ratio is the # of people in a dependent age group (below 15 or over 65) divided by the # of those in the working age group (15-65) multiplied by 100. Ex: a child dependency ratio of 45 means that there 45 children (or seniors) for every 100 working adults. Canada was reported at 48.24 % in 2016

pull factors

a factor(s) that draws or attracts people to another location -economic opportunity (jobs) -freedom -services -education -healthcare -quality of life

flow map

a flow map is a thematic map that represents movement in a region or in the world . (can be chloropleth.)

ageing population

an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy ex: Japan

stage 3 of demographic transition model

birth rate slows down, death rate fall more slowly, natural increase slows down (still increasing.)

stage 4 of demographic transition model

birth rates remain low, death rates remain low, natural increase declines and then becomes stable

core periphery theory

core -economic centre -manufacturing and service industry -higher population density periphery -provides resources for core -raw materials (metals, minerals, lumber) -agriculture -source of human labor -rural to urban migration

second world countries

countries influenced by the soviet union with communism or socialist states are considered 2nd world countries

why is crude death rate a bad indicator of development in a country?

crude death rate is a bas indicator because there could be war in that country or large population of a certain era (ex: baby boomers.) When that age of people start dying, the country's crude death rate will increase, however, the countries development won't likely be significantly affected.

political map

designed to show governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties, the location of major cities, and they usually include significant bodies of water, etc

refugees

forced to leave their home countries

stage 2 of demographic transition model

high birth rate, death rate falls rapidly, rapid natural increase

stage 1 of demographic transition model

high birth rate, high death rate, stable/ slow natural increase.

what does DTM say about the development of a nation?

increase development= decreasing birth rates + death rates

what does a low sex ratio for the elderly indicate about a country?

inidicative of the fact that women live longer then men possibly because of -dangerous working conditions for men (in the working age) -past wars or conflicts -drinking

if a country's population pyramid has a wider base (more people in it's pre-productive years, 0-14), what does this indicate about the countries development?

it is a PRE-INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRY. countries that have only just begun (or have not even begun) to industrialize typically see, high birth rates and low life expectancy. However, as the country moves along the industrializing process, improving medicine and sanitation, the life expectancy will increase. This will create a population boom because people will live longer, however, TFR/ birth rate will remain unchanged (until education + women's rights are introduced.)

LDC

less developed countries

LEDC

less economically developed country

types of migrants

migrants can be voluntary of forced

immigrants

migrants coming into a country

emmigrants

migrants leaving a country

scales of migration

migration can be subdivided to international and national migration

High sex ratio

more boys for every 100 girls

MEDC

more economically developed country

temporary migrants

move for short term work

natural increase

natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate. If a natural increase is negative, the population is decreasing. If positive, population is increasing.

NIC

newly industrialized country

is this a thematic map?

no

forced migrants

often have very little choice in order to avoid death.

internally displaced persons (IDP's)

people or groups of individuals who have been forced to leave their homes often to avoid threat of violence, conflict, or fatal discrimination, but have NOT crossed an international border yet.

voluntary migrants

people who choose to move (often more beneficial for work or better quality of life)

stateless persons

persons who are not considered as citizens by any state or nation under the operation of it's laws (ex: rohyinga's)

population growth

population growth adds the natural increase of a country + the migration of people

how does a population pyramid show the past of a country?

population pyramids show the past through evaluating historical events that occured in the country in the past 100 years or so. For example, you can still see the damaging effects in Russia's population from WW2. Many russian soldiers died in that war and this is shown in the population pyramid as there are very few men 80+up (when the war occured) compared to women. China also shows their past from 35 years ago when TFR dropped significantly because of the 1 child policy

population projections

predictions about the size of future populations based on trends in -fertility -mortality -migration

first world countries

refers to more industrialized, urbanized and generally more financially advanced countries. The standard for first world countries are usually determined by -literacy rate -GDP,GNP,GNI -life expectancy

demographer

someone who studies population

if a country's population pyramid has a wider base (more people in it's pre-productive years, 0-14), what does this indicate about the countries future population?

that the country is FAST GROWING as more children in their pre reproductive years will reach their reproductive years and have even more children of their own. This means that the total of that population is almost certain to double in the country.

if a country's population has a wide middle with the majority of the population between their 30's to 60's, (later reproductive years), what does this indicate about the countries future population?

that the country is GRADUALLY GROWING. this will happen because the people now in their pre-reproductive years will reach their reproductive years, however, because that population is smaller than the reproductive age now, the future people in their reproductive years will not have as many children.

if a country has a wide top and the younger sections are smaller and smaller. (A lot of the population in its post-reproductive years, 45 + up) what does this indicate about the countries future population?

that the country is STABLE or will start to DECLINE. Because the majority of the population is in its post reproductive year, + at each younger interval there are less people. the population of people reaching their reproductive years and having children of their own, will be smaller and smaller. This will cause the population to start to decline.

anti-natalist policies

the aim of anti-natalist policies is to decrease the TFR, as well as the crude birth rate in order to slow population growth ex: China's 1 child policy 35 years ago

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average # of children that would be born per one woman, assuming that all women lived to the end of their childbearing years.

life expectancy

the average # of years that a person is expected to live from birth.

migration

the movement of populations

proportional map

the proportional symbol map uses both circles and shades to show a pattern. (also technically chloropleth map.)

demography

the study of human populations

third world countries

third world countries are usually developing nations that have yet (or have just began) to industrialize and the general population usually has a low quality of life

if a country's population has a wide middle with the majority of the population between their 30's to 60's, (later reproductive years), what does this indicate about the country's development?

this indicates that this country is INDUSTRIALIZED. Countries like this, that are in the process of industrializing, typically see a fall in TFR (total fertility rate. This is often a result on certain elements in the industrializing process such as: -education -opportunities for women outside of childbearing bearing -move from rural to urban centers (having a child in an urban center is significantly less economically advantageous.

if a country has a wide top and the younger sections are smaller and smaller. (A lot of the population in its post-reproductive years, 45 + up) what does this indicate about the countries development?

this indicates that this population is further along in industrializing (POST INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRY.) These types of countries have reached a point where both birth and death rates are low and often have an ageing population resulting in a declining population.

Read and describe this map. What kind of map is it?

this is a thematic, chloropleth map that shows the rate of natural increase (crude births - crude deaths) in different regions of the world. It is seen that the highest rates of natural increase occur in most of sub-saharan Africa, with a 2.9 -3.8% natural increase. Although the rest of Africa has high rates of natural increase, South Africa having 1.2-1.9% rate and north africa 1.2 to 2.8% rate, it is not as high relative to the middle of Africa or Sub-Saharan Africa. It is seen that more developed countries such as Canada, U.S, Russia, Australia and China have a much lower rate of natural increase ranging between -0.7 and 1.1%. East AND western Europe seem to also have low rates with the majority of countries seeing a -0.7 and 0.3% natural increase rate. In southern-east asia most countries are in the range of 1.2% and 1.9%. However, Thailand in the middle of many of these countries, has a relatively low rate between -0.7% and 0.3%. However, in North-east asia and South Asia we see many of the countries in the mid to high range, being between 1.2% and 2.0% rate of natural increase. In South America, we see most countries in the midrange and lower range between 0.4% and 1.9%. A majority of the world seems to be at a low to mid range rate of natural increase between -0.7% and 1.9%, however larger regions such as Africa and the middle east still average in the higher range between 2% and 3.8%, showing how more developed regions tend to either have more crude births, and/or more crude deaths. This shows how the average world rate of natural increase is in fact slowing down from the past 50 years or so. (obviously you don't have to write all this, I just put down everything so any information you would include would be here.)

why is it important to study population?

to know how to prepare for the future -resources available for the demand -possible conflicts to know where and how to industrialize -where different types of infrastructure are necessary for immigration -if a population is already too high, not as many people are able to migrate there, however, if a population is too low, migrants will be encouraged

is this a thematic map?

yes