Unit 1: Reconstruction

True (Every southern state experienced a political process called "Redemption," in which conservative white Democrats gained control of the state government.)

"Redeemers" were southerners who worked to turn back Reconstruction and restore antebellum social and political values in the South.

NWSA (National Women's Suffrage Association)

Founded by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton edicated to ensuring that women gained the right to vote immediately, not at some future, undetermined date.

Union League

Fraternal groups founded in the North that promoted loyalty to the union and the Republican party during the Civil War, expanded into the south after the war and were transformed into political clubs that served both political and civic functions. as centers of the black communities in the south, they became vehicles for the dissemination of information acted as mediators between members of the black community and the white establishment and served other practical functions like helping to build schools and churches for the community.

(Orville) Babcock

Grant's personal secretary who was involved in Whiskey Ring; Grant reassigned him to federal inspector of lighthouses

(Schuyler )Colfax

Grants vice president who accepted stock in the Credit Mobilier in return for forestalling an inquiry.

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical Republican Reconstruction plan which required fifty percent of a state's white males take a loyalty oath that they never supported the Confederacy to be readmitted to the United States.

1867

Radical Republicans pass Military reconstruction act

Compromise of 1877

Republican Senate leaders worked with the Democratic leadership so they would support Hayes and the commission's decision. The two sides agreed that one Southern Democrat would be appointed to Hayes's cabinet, Democrats would control federal patronage (the awarding of government jobs) in their areas in the South, and there would be a commitment to generous internal improvements, including federal aid for the Texas and Pacific Railway. P

(Rutherford B. )Hayes

Republican candidate elected President after the controversial and disputed election of 1876, which saw the end of Reconstruction due to a possible informal agreement known as the Compromise of 1877.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Required full and equal access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race(in 1883 the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional)

1876

Rutherford B. Hayes defeats Samuel Tilden in contested presidential election

Whiskey Ring

Scandal in the Grant administration that involved people at the highest levels siphoning off money from excise taxes

(William) Seward

Secretary of State who was stabbed by one of Booth's associates the night of Lincoln's assassination

(Edwin M.)E.M Stanton (1814-1869)

Secretary of war under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, he advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region. In 1868, Johnson removed him in violation of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act, giving pretense for Radical Republicans in the House to attempt to impeach him.

(Elizabeth Cady)E.C Stanton

Social activist and suffrage leader who was instrumental in orchestrating the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.(played a large part in the abolitionist movement leading and argued that the women's vote would be necessary to counter the influence of uneducated freedmen in the South and the waves of poor European immigrants arriving in the East.)

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction also generated great hostility as traitors to the south and were targets of terrorist groups

False (Every southern state except Tennessee rejected the 14th Amendment during the 1866 ratification process; it was later ratified in 1868.)

The 14th Amendment (citizenship) garnered widespread national support during the ratification process in 1866.

true

The 14th amendment was created to overcome all legal questions about the 13th amendment and answered the question of debts arising from the civil war by specifying that all debts incurred by fighting to defeat the confederacy.

literacy tests and poll taxes

The 15th amendment excluded language that addressed

True(The Supreme Court ruled that the 13th and 14th Amendments did not prohibit discrimination by private individuals.)

The 1875 Civil Rights Act, which required equality in public places, was declared unconstitutional in the 1880s.

True(both Black Codes and sharecropping had the effect of limiting the options of freedmen, socially, politically, and economically)

The Black Codes and sharecropping worked hand-in-hand to keep the former slaves tied to the land as agricultural workers.

(O.O. )Howard

U.S. Army General who was appointed by President Andrew Johnson to head the Freedman's Bureau to help rehabilitate the former slaves after the Civil War.

(Blanche K. )Bruce

US politician who represented MS as a Republican in the Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race; 1st elected black Senator to serve a full term; next African American to serve on a Senate seat (Edward E. Brook) served in 1966, nearly 90 years later

economic instability in Europe that spread to the U.S

What caused the economic downturn of 1873?

KKK (and other terrorist groups)

What was the "Invisible Empire of the South"?

Disputed Returns from LA,SC,FL, and Oregon

Why didn't Tilden win the election of 1876?

violated the TOA

Why was Johnson nearly impeached(35 to 19)?

(Hiram) Revels

a free person of color who was the first African-American to serve in Congress, representing Mississippi.(eborn man from North Carolina who rose to prominence as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and then as a Mississippi state senator in 1869. The following year he was elected by the state legislature to fill one of Mississippi's two U.S. Senate seats, which had been vacant since the war.)

(Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction) PAR

(May 1865) Johnson's plan provided sweeping pardon to rebellious southerners returning their property(excluding former slaves) and asked that they affirm their support for the constitution of the U.S. This Excluded wealthy Southerns who experienced Johnson's revenge for the wealthy class

KKK act

(a provision in the third enforcement Act) was necessary in order to ensure that trials would not be decided by white juries in southern states friendly to these groups and allowed the president to impose martial law in areas controlled by them

15th

(created to correct the previous amendment's flaw that was unable to explicitly ban states from withholding the franchise based on race) the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

(1867 Military Reconstruction Act) MRA

(encompassed the vision of radicals) divided the ten southern states that had yet to ratify the fourteenth amendment into five military districts(excluding Tennessee)

White League

(from LA)organization established to restore political power to the pre-civil war white democrats and did not hesitate to use violence to achieve that end

Johnson's Plan (of Reconstruction)

(plan for Reconstruction was almost exactly the same as previous president's plan). If you took a loyalty oath, you would be granted a pardon, unless you were a high ranking Confederate official possessing over $20,000 in property. A state could not be readmitted to the Union until they abolished slavery, and they also had to repeal their ordinance of secession.

"swing around the circle"

(summer of 1866) a series of speeches by Johnson designed to gather support for his mild version of reconstruction.

1870

15th Amendment ratified

(Abraham)Lincoln

16th President of the United States who wanted to be lenient towards the South after the Civil War and offered the 10% Plan for Reconstruction.

(Andrew) Johnson

17th President of the United States who clashed with Congressional Republicans over Reconstruction and became the first President to be impeached by Congress.

(Benjamin) Wade

A Radical Republican from Ohio who was partially responsible for the Wade-Davis Bill endorsed other liberal causes including women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

(Henry Browne) Blackwell

AERA member who accepted Douglass's piecemeal believing that more time was needed to bring about female suffrage.

(Susan B. )Anthony

Abolitionist and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement helping to found the National Woman Suffrage Association.(played a large part in the abolitionist movement leading up to the Civil War was frustrated that black men were allowed to vote before women)

Ten Percent Plan

Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction plan which said that an individual southern state could be readmitted into the Union once ten percent of the voters (from the 1860 presidential election) swore an oath of allegiance to the United States.

True

All former confederate states refused to ratify the amendment in 1866

False (The faction of President Lincoln's party who are generally called Radicals believed Lincoln's plan was too lenient; they wanted to punish the South.)

All members of President Lincoln's political party (Republicans) supported his plan for Reconstruction.

False (During Reconstruction white southerners did not support black politicians, ever.)

All southerners generally supported the black politicians who held political office during the Reconstruction era.

(Lucy) Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association and AERA member who accepted Douglass's piecemeal believing that more time was needed to bring about female suffrage.

(John Wilkes) Booth

An actor, who on April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. He was likely shot by a soldier.

false

Charles Sumner an ardent supporter of legal equality, voted for the 15th amendment.

1877

Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction

(Nathan Bedford) Forrest

Confederate general who after the war formed the KKK

1866

Congress passes Civil Rights Act

(Samuel )Tilden

Democrat nominee in the 1876 election reform governor of NY, who was instrumental in ending the Tweed Ring and Tammany Hall corruption in New York City.

(Horatio) Seymour

Democrat who lost to Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868

Solid South

Democrats took over the remaining southern states, creating a region that consistently voted in a bloc for the Democratic Party.

True (One of the justifications some used for women's suffrage was that the votes of white women would more than cancel out the votes of immigrants and African Americans, especially in the South.)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed women's voting rights were necessary to counter the votes of uneducated freedmen in the South and poor immigrants in the Northeast.

Radical Republicans

Faction of the a Party that pushed for a complete abolition of slavery before the Civil War and full civil rights for African-Americans after the war.

(Henry Winter) Davis

Helped create the Wade-Davis bill. This bill did not enfranchise blacks, but did impose such stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites that few of them could take the required oath. Lincoln therefore vetoed it.

False( President Lincoln's plan excluded high ranking Confederate civil officials and military officers from receiving a pardon.)

In his 1863 Reconstruction plan President Lincoln offered a pardon to all Confederate supporters.

False (President Lincoln's plan required 10% of southerners to take an oath to the U.S. Constitution.)

In his Reconstruction Plan President Lincoln required 50% of southerners to take an oath to the U.S. Constitution.

True(Most freedmen had no options other than staying right where they were and working the exact same land they worked as slaves; they largely had no other marketable skills and could not move and live elsewhere.)

In sharecropping the freedmen frequently rented the same land they had worked as slaves.

1865

John Wilkes assassinates Lincoln: Congress establishes Freedmen's Bureau; Thirteenth Amendment ratified

True

Johnson was the first president who the House of representatives attempted to impeach.

True

Lincoln did not support the Wade-Davis Bill because he believed no southern state could meet the criteria and would delay unification

1863

Lincoln unveils "ten percent plan"

True (President Johnson had no formal education, though he was apprenticed to a tailor after his family moved to Tennessee.)

President Andrew Johnson had no formal education.

True(The primary cause for impeaching President Johnson was his violation of the Tenure of Office Act, a law the U.S. Supreme Court later declared unconstitutional in 1926)

President Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 because he violated laws of questionable constitutionality.

True (There were many, many scandals during President Grant's administration, though Grant himself was not a participant in the scandals; following his administration the new term for government corruption and scandal was "Grantism.")

President Grant's administration was one of the most scandal-ridden in U.S. History.

True (Both President Lincoln and President Johnson offered similar plans for Reconstruction, but for different reasons; Lincoln truly wanted the process to be quick and easy, Johnson did not wish to punish fellow southerners.)

President Lincoln and President Johnson had strikingly similar plans for Reconstruction.

False (The Freedmen's Bureau was intended to be a temporary agency; when it was created in 1865 it was to last only one year, though Congress renewed it in 1866 and 1868.)

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was designed to be a permanent federal government agency.

True (Abolishing slavery was included in the Republican party's 1864 platform.)

The Republican party made the abolition of slavery a part of its platform in the 1864 presidential election.

False(SC, FL, LA)

The only states that still had Republican governments by the end of 1876 were Tennesse, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi.

Reconstruction(1865-1877)

The period following the Civil War where attempts were made to reintegrate the eleven former Confederate States, as well as afford the former slaves the freedoms they had been denied under slavery.

economic downturn, internal squabbles(divided into two factions), scandals in the Grant administration

The three events that undermined republican control

"waving the bloody shirt"

The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.(republicans blaming democrats for the war)

(Alexander) Stephens

The vice-president of the Confederacy who Johnson allowed to return to congress

AERA(American Equal Rights Association)

a group formed of men and men, white and black dedicated to the expressed purpose of securing "equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color or sex." (the 14th amendment split the movement)

Ironclad Oath

a plan that would make it extremely difficult for former Confederate officials and others to regain power. It required all voters and officials to swear they never supported the Confederacy.

Knights (of the White Camellia)

a secret organization that operated in Louisiana during military Reconstruction and that used threats and physical violence to keep the freedmen from voting or to force them to vote for Democratic candidates

Carpetbaggers

a term of abuse applied to northerners accused of having come to the South to acquire wealth through political power at the expense of southerners. The colorful term captured the disdain of southerners for these people, reflecting the common assumption that these men, sensing great opportunity, packed up all their worldly possessions and made their way to the South.

Black Codes(slave codes)

adopted in former Confederate states beginning in late 1865 to limit the freedoms of the former slaves and placed restrictions on the types of jobs African-Americans could do, as well as where they could live, in many instances forcing them to sign yearly labor contracts that kept them on the same farms or plantations they worked on as slaves. Also restricted all freedoms, including stripping the freedmen of their right to sue in court or enter into legal contracts. They also restricted travel, marriage, the right to own or carry firearms as well as others.

Liberal Republicans

began to question the expansive role of the federal government, arguing for limiting the size and scope of federal initiatives and formed their own breakaway party. Their ideas changed the nature of the debate over Reconstruction by challenging reliance on federal government help to bring about change in the South.

Hayes

believed that southern leaders would obey and enforce the Reconstruction- era constitutional amendments that protected the rights of freed people. His trust was soon proved to be misguided, much to his dismay, and he devoted a large part of his life to securing rights for freedmen.

(Jefferson) Long

born a slave who was elected to fill a vacancy in Congress at the same time as the representative of Mississippi, representing Georgia.

1868

congress moves to impeach Andrew Johnson; Fourteenth Amendment ratified

Joint Committee (on Reconstruction)

established by Congress in December, 1865. Its purpose was to investigate and report on the conditions in the former Confederate States. Because of the testimony, Congress would propose laws which would eventually become the 14th and 15th Amendments, helping the former slaves gain civil, equal and voting rights.(this effort put them squarely at odds with President Johnson, who lacking the political skills of Lincoln remained unwilling to compromise with Congress, setting the stage for a series of clashes)

Sharecropping

freed people rented the land they worked(on the same plantations where they had been slaves) and paid the landlords a portion of the crops they grew(often half their harvest)

The Red shirts

from Mississippi were a terrorist groups

Colfax Massacre

in Louisiana, as many as 150 freedmen loyal to the Republican Party were killed a courthouse by armed members of the Democratic Party

(Virginia) Minor

member of the NWSA who took action by trying to register to vote she attempted this in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1872. When election officials turned her away, she brought the issue to the Missouri state courts, arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment ensured that she was a citizen with the right to vote. This legal effort to bring about women's suffrage eventually made its way to the Supreme Court, which declared in 1874 that "the constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one

Copperheads

northern Democrats who opposed the civil war

Enforcement Acts

passed in 1870-1871 designed to outlaw intimidation at the polls and to give the federal government the power to prosecute crimes against freed people in federal rather than state courts.

(The command of the) Army Act

prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army, who could not be relieved or reassigned without the consent of the Senate.

(Charles) Sumner

radical republican who, along with Thaddeus Stevens, envisioned a much more expansive change in the South and advocated integrating schools and giving black men the right to vote while disenfranchising many southern voters

13th (Amendment)

ratified by the requisite number of states on December 6, 1865. It abolished slavery and indentured servitude in the United States. Several states did not ratify it until the 20th Century, the last being Mississippi in 1995.

14th (Amendment)

ratified in 1868, this addition to the Constitution guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves. It also aimed to grant civil rights to African-Americans, but many of these rights were not truly felt for close to 100 years.

(The Tenure of Office Act 1867) TOA

required the president to gain the approval of the Senate whenever he appointed or removed officials

Crop Lien System

store owners extended credit to farmers under the agreement that the debtors would pay with a portion of their future harvest(creditors charged high interest rates)

Joint-Select Committees

temporary committees created to inquire into the condition of affairs in the late insurrectionary states and testimony from freed people in the south and in 1872, it published a thirteen-volume report on the tactics the klan used to derail democracy in the south through the use of violence

Civil Rights Act of 1866

the act that contradicted the Dred Scott decision about Black citizenship and was vetoed by the president which congress overrode his veto

Freedman's Bureau (Officially the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Land)

this agency of the government was established by Congress in 1865 at the beginning of Reconstruction to help the millions of former slaves after the Civil War. It worked in several areas, providing food, medical supplies, housing as well as general relief, while also building schools and providing other educational opportunities. They provided legal assistance and attempted to distribute land to former slaves. The program was successful in some areas, but President Johnson opposed areas, and vetoed measures, and it gradually lost support in the North.(. Congress renewed the charter in 1866, but President Johnson, who steadfastly believed that the work of restoring the Union had been completed, vetoed the re- chartering.)

redeemers

those committed to rolling back the tide of radical reconstruction in the south (they represented the democratic party in the south and worked tirelessly to end what they saw as an era of "negro misrule".

AMA(American Missionary Association)

used the knowledge and skill it had acquired while working in missions in Africa and with American Indian groups to establish and run schools for freed slaves in the postwar South