Unit 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders, Introducing, Psychological, Psychotherapy Evaluation

Rogers' technique of restating and clarifying what a person is saying is called ___ ___. Given a nonjudgemental environment that provides ___ ___ ___, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and to feel varued and whole.

active listening; unconditional positive regard

Today, many forms of ___ ___ are touted as as effective treatments for a variety of complaints.

alternative therapies

With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, ___ ____ therapies have been the most effective. Other studies have demonstrated that depression may be effectively treated with ____ therapy. As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are (specific/non specific).

behavior conditioning; cognitive; specific

Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of ___ ___

behavior modification

Aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence based on ___ research for such therapies

controlled

In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to ___ research studies.

controlled;

A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with ___ patients is ___ ___.

depression; interpersonal psychotherapy

Generally speaking, psychotherapists' personal values (do/do not) influence their therapy. This is particularly significant when the therapist and client are from different ___. Another area of potential value conflict is ___.

do; cultures; religion

Some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an ___ approach. Closely related to this approach is ___ ___, which attempts to combine methods into a single, coherent system.

eclectic; psychotherapy integration

When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ___ has occurred

trasnferring

In one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine ___ ___. This therapy, called ___ ___ ___ ___ ___, has proven (completely ineffective/somewhat effective) as a treatment for nonmilitary ___-___ ___ ___. However, skeptics point to evidence that ____ ____ is just as effective as triggered eye movements in producing beneficial results. The key seems to be in the person's ___ traumatic memories and in a ___ effect.

traumatic scenes; eye movement desensitization and processing; somewhat effective; post-traumatic stress disorder; exposure therapy; imagined; placebo

One reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy is inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ___ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their ___.

unhappiness; well-being

For those who are unable to visually imagine an anxiety-arousing situation, or are too afraid or embarrassed to do so, ___ ___ __ therapy offers a promising alternative.

virtual reality exposure

Therapies that are not supported by scientific evidence should be avoided. These include ___, ___-___, and ___ therapies, as well as ___ ___ and ___ ___.

energy; recovered-memory; rebirthing; facilitated communication; crisis debriefing

clinical decision making that integrates research with clinical expertise and patient preferences is called ___-___ ___.

evidence-based practice

The type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others is ___ ___

family therapy

Freud's technique in which a person says whatever comes to mind is called ___ ___

free association

To promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit ____, ___, and ___.

genuineness; acceptance; empathy

The first step in a systematic desensitization is the construction of a ____ of anxiety-arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in ___ _____. In the final step, third person is trained to associate the ___ state with the ___-arousing stimuli.

hierarchy; progressive relaxation; relaxed; anxious

All forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits: ____ for demoralized people; a new ____ on oneself; and a relationship that is ___, ___, and ___.

hope; perspective; empathic; trusting; caring

The American Psychological Association suggests that a person should seek help when he or she has feelings of ___, a deep and lasting ___, disruptive ___, sudden ___ shifts, and ___ rituals, for example.

hopelessness; depression; fears; moods; compulsive

In North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's ___.

individualism

While this approach aims to help people gain ___ into the roots of their difficulties, it focuses on ___ ___ rather than on past hurts.

insight; symptom relief

In contrast to earlier times, most therapy today (is/is not) provided by psychiatrists.

is not

Freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its ___ ___.

latent content

Behavior therapy applies principles of ___ to eliminate troubling behaviors.

learning

A statistical technique that makes is possible to combine the results of many different psychotherapy outcome studies is called ___-___. Overall, the results of such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is (somewhat effective/ineffective.)

meta-analysis; somewhat effective

Differences in values may help explain the reluctance of some ___ populations to use mental health services.

minority

Biomedical therapies include the use of ___ ___ and medical procedures that act directly on the patient's ___ ___.

nervous system

Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal (clear/no clear) differences, that the type of therapy provider (matters greatly/does not matter), and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a group (makes a difference/does not make a difference).

no clear; does not matter; does not make a difference

Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of ___ conditioning. One application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the ___ ___, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.

operant; token economy

Clinicians tent to (overestimate/underestimate) the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

overestimate

Three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___.

paraphrase; invite clarification; reflect feelings

Critics point out that psychoanalysts' interpretations are hard to ___ and that therapy takes a long time and is very ___.

prove; expensive

Therapists who are influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are ___ therapists. In addition, they work with patients only ___ and for only a few weeks or months. These therapists focus on __ across important relationships.

psychodynamic; once a week; themes/patterns

Mental health therapies are classified as either ___ therapies or ___ therapies.

psychotherapies; biomedical

Psychological therapy is more commonly called ___. This type of therapy is appropriate for disorders that are ___-___.

psychotherapy; learning-related

In the best studies of the effectiveness of therapy, researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or not therapy and later evaluate everyone. These are ___ ___ trials.

randomized clinical

In this type of group, therapists focus on improving ___ within the family.

relationships

The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by ____; it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy (was/was not) higher than the rate for those who did not.

Eysenck; was not

Clients' and therapists' perceptions of therapy's effectiveness may be inflated by their ___ that a treatment works. This phenomenon is called the ___ ___. Another phenomenon that may infalte their perceptions of therapy's effectiveness is thet phenomenon called ___ ___ ___ ___, which is the tendency for ___ events or emotions to return to their ___ state.

belief; placebo effect; regression toward the mean; unusual; average

One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the ___ bleiefs often associated with ___ by helping clients see their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by ____

catasrophizing; depression; Beck

One cluster of behavior therapies is based on principles of ____ ____, as developed in Pavlov's experiments. This technique, in which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called _______.

classical conditioning; counterconditioning; exposure therapies; aversive conditioning

The humanistic therapy based on Rogers' theory is called ___-___therapy, which is describes as ___ therapy because the therapist ____ (interprets/does not interpret) the person's problems.

client-centered; nondirective; interprets

Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using ___ therapy.

cognitive

Treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is known as ___-____ therapy;

cognitive-behavioral

Psychoanalysts attempt to bring ___ feelings into ___ awareness where they can be dealt with.

repressed; conscious

When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material, ___ is occurring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst's ___ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy sessions

resistance; interpretation

A majority of psychotherapy clients express (satisfaction/dissatisfaction) with their therapy.

satisfaction

For people who suffer from the wintertime form of depression called ___ ___ ___, timed ___-___ therapy may be beneficial

seasonal affective disorder; light exposure

Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for ___.

self-fulfillment

The goal of Freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his personality theory, is to help the patient gain ___-___

self-insight

Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations is the goal of ___ ____ training. Students trained to ___ their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression.

stress inoculation; restructure

One widely used technique of behavior therapy is the ___ ____. The technique of systematic desensitization has been most fully developed by the therapist ___. The assumption behind this technique is that one cannot simultaneously be ___ and relaxed.

systematic desensitization; Wolpe; anxious

The emotional bond between the therapist client- the ___ ___- is a key aspect of effective therapy. In one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most ___ and ___.

therapeutic alliance; empathic; caring