Unit 14 Test Corrections

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the

"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress

The humanistic perspective is to Abraham Maslow as the social-cognitive perspective is to

Albert Bandura

Medhi wants to earn good grades in high school because he believes he is obligated to his family to do his best. Medhi's attitude best exemplifies

Collectivism

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

Offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity

In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capitano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

Passionate love

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when

The experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University

Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individuality Western countries are more likely to demonstrate

The fundamental attribution error

People's scores on an extra version test do not neatly predict how sociable they will be on any given occasion. This funding questions the ______ of personality test scores.

Validity

Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother, who can correctly name the different shapes. This fact would most directly challenge:

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis.

A mental set is

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

agreeableness

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

bystander effect

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates

central route persuasion

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

convergent thinking

Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's:

ego

A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people

estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics.

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

frontal lobes

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of

group polarization

Explicit memory is to _______ as implicit memory is to ________

hippocampus and cerebellum

Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who

invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans.

Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among

men in cultures that value individualism

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a(n) ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.

more, less

Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

neuroticism

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to _________.

personality traits; assigned roles

According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the ______ stage

phallic

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.

political conservatives; political liberals

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate

primacy effect

Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with pregnancy-induced morning sickness that she erroneously concluded that she was pregnant. Jacquelyn's conclusion best illustrates the influence of:

representativeness heuristic

Researchers Brad Bushman and Craig Anderson have noted that the correlation between viewing violence and behaving aggressively nearly equals the correlation between

smoking and cancer

High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.

social influence

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

social responsibility norm

After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym and lift weights to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?

sublimation

The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of

suggestibility

Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.

testosterone

The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by:

the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.

Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's

validity

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."