Unit 2

Eukaryotic

A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals).

What is the purpose of the placebo?

A dummy pill that gives the client a more (false) psychological benefit vs. a real physiological benefit.

What did studies of glucose transport in liposomes reveal?

A liposome wont transport glucose unless it has a glucose transporter incorporated into its membrane.

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

What is an ABC transporter?

ABC stands for ATP- Binding Cassette. Use energy donated by ATP to transport certain ions, sugars, and polypeptides, and amino acids.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food (producer)

Prokaryotic

An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

What is the most basic level of chemical organization?

Atom: smallest unit of life.

What type of bonding links peripheral proteins to either surface of the plasma membrane?

Bound to exposed regions of integral proteins with noncovalent interactions.

What is I?

Capsule

What is E?

Cell Wall

What is G?

Cell Wall (p)

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

What is M?

Centrioles (a)

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

What is B?

Chloroplast (p)

What is E?

Chromatin (a)

What is M?

Chromatin (p)

What is G?

DNA

What molecule is hereditary information encoded in all living organisms?

DNA

What is C?

Dead bodies

What is B?

Decomposes (bacteria, fungi)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

What is I?

ER (a)

What is P?

ER (p)

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

What is A?

Fimbriae

What is C?

Flagellum

To determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using colored stain, what microscope technique will you use?

Florescence microscope.

The function of cholesterol within membranes requires interactions with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of phospholipids, how is this function fulfilled.

Fluidity buffer. Amphicatic. Acts as a "spacer" between hydrocarbon chains.

What is G?

Food

I am neither prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and I obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into my environment. What am I?

Fungi

What is E?

Golgi Complex (p)

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

What is H, I, K?

Heat

What would be the ultimate effect on the ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated?

If decomposers did not exist, nutrients would remain locked up in wastes and dead bodies and the supply of elements required by living systems would soon be exhausted.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lacks ribosomes; lipid synthesis; drug detoxification; calcium ion storage.

Nucleus

Large structure surrounded by double membrane, contains nucleolus and chromosomes. Information in DNA is transcribed in RNA synthesis; specifies cell proteins.

Who was the first scientist to view living cells?

Leeuwenhoek

What is J?

Light Energy

What is J?

Mitochondrion (a)

What is C?

Mitochondrion (p)

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm. Synthesizes lipids and modifies many proteins; origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins.

cell theory

New cells are produced from existing cells

What is H?

Nuclear Area

What is C?

Nuclear Envelope (a)

What is J?

Nuclear Envelope (p)

What is B?

Nuclear Pores (a)

What is I?

Nuclear Pores (p)

What is D?

Nucleolus (a)

What is L?

Nucleolus (p)

What is F?

Nucleus (a)

What is K?

Nucleus (p)

What types of molecules is least likely and which types are likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Polar molecules will not cross. Large polar molecules will not cross. Ions of any size will not cross.

What is K?

Peroxisome (a)

What is A?

Peroxisomes (p)

What is A?

Plant litter, wastes

What is F?

Plasma Membrane

What is F?

Plasma Membrane (p)

General structure of plasma membrane.

Plasma membrane physically separates the inside of a cell from the outside world and defines it as a distance entity. Complex dynamic structures composed of lipids and protein molecules that are in constant motion.

What is D?

Plasmodesmata (p)

What is E?

Primary consumer (caterpillar)

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

What is F?

Producer (plant)

What is D?

Ribosome

What is A?

Ribosomes (a)

What is H?

Ribosomes (p)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes stud outer surface. Manufactures proteins.

What is G?

Rough ER (a)

What is N?

Rough ER (p)

Who proposed the fluid moasic model of cell membrane structure?

S. Johathan Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972

What is D?

Secondary consumer (bird)

What is included in the domain eukarya?

Single-celled protists, Kindgoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

What is O?

Smooth ER (p)

What is H?

Smooth Er (a)

What is B?

Storage granule

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Surface for chemical reactions; adhere to communicate with other cells; regulate passage of materials; transmit signals; part of energy storage and transfer system

endomembrane system

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

independent variable/ control group

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

What is homeostasis and why is it important? Provide an example.

The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism and it is important because without it your body would not be able to function correctly. Example: regulation of glucose.

How does the sodium potassium pump work?

The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy.

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Biology

The study of life

Identify two adaptations in living animals.

Thick fur in a polar bear allows for withstanding frigid temperatures. Feathers and light weight bones allow for birds to fly.

Why are membrane bound organelles faster facilitators of chemical reactions in a cell?

Things are kept in close proximity, so it is easier to pass items from one area to the next.

transmembrane proteins

Transmembrane proteins are integral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane.

How is a transmembrane protein different from other membrane proteins?

Use of alpha helix or a beta pleated sheath (rolled).

What types of molecules are permeable to biological membranes?

Water (slowly), small nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules: oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose

Population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

sexual reproduction

a method of reproduction involving the fusion of female gamete (ovum) and male gamete (spermatozoon), resulting in a zygote that develops into an offspring genetically different from the parent organism.

fluid moasic model

a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport

What is a hypothesis?

a testable statement that explains something observed

Cell theory states

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, all cells are produced from other cells

Basic Themes of Biology

biological systems interact; structure and function are interrelated in all biological systems; information must be transmitted within organisms and among organisms; life depends on a continuous input of energy from the sun because every activity of a living cell or organism requires energy; evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over time.

adhering junction

cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix

Cellular Organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Plasmodesmata

channels between adjacent plant cells

charistics of life

composed of cells; organisms grow and develop; regulate their metabolic processes; respond to stimuli; reproduce; evolve and become adapted to their environment.

Chromosomes

composed of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein; condense during cell division, becoming visible as rodlike structures. Contain genes (units of hereditary information) that govern structure and activity of a cell.

what is the variable being tested?

dependent variable/ experimental group

Why does electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope?

electrons have short wavelengths which gives them high resolutions.

cell wall

extracellular structure that encloses the entire cell, including the plasma membrane.

anchoring junctions

fasten cells together into sheets

Name one benefit sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction.

genetic variation.

What is O?

golgi comples (a)

Ribosomes

granuels composed on RNA and protein; some attached to ER some free in cytosol. Synthesize polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Hyper tonic

having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Biological growth

involves an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells or in both

What is P?

lysosome

plasma membrane

membrane boundary of cell. Encloses cell contents; regulates movement of materials in and out of cell; helps maintain cell shape; communicates with other cells.

Lysosomes

membranous sacs (in animals); contain enzymes that break down ingested materials; break down damaged or unneeded organelles and proteins.

Vacuoles

membranous sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, algae); store materials, wastes, water; maintain hydrostatic pressure.

Peroxisomes

membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes. Site of many diverse metabolic reactions: ex: break down fatty acids.

What is N?

microtubules (a)

capsule

mixture of layers of carbst proteins in prokaryotic cells.

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

ultimate source of genetic variation

mutations and natural selection

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. "imbeded in"

What is L?

plasma membrane (a)

osmotic pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

You discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on this evidence how would you classify this organism?

protist

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

The nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making what nucleotide molecule?

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Mitochondria

sacs consisting of two membranes; inner membrane is folded to form cristae and encloses matrix. Site of most reactions of cellular respiration; transformation of energy originating from glucose or lipids into ATP energy.

Golgi Complex/Apparatus

stacks of flattened membrane sacs. Modifies proteins; packages secreted proteins; sorts other proteins to vacuoles and other organelles.

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Explain the importance of information transfer in living systems.

the transfer or genetic info allows for reproduction and for life to exist. DNA to mRNA; mRNA to proteins; signals in protein to the process in rough ER or cytoplasm.

Finbriae

used to adhere to one another or to attach to cell surfaces or organisms.

Nucleoplasm

viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same