Unit 2 A&P

fenestrated capillaries

-large fenestrations (pores) result in increased permeability -found in kidneys and small intestine

Lines of defense

1st line: prevents pathogens from entering the system (skin, tears, mucus, gastric juice) 2nd line: Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) 3rd line: Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes = T killer cells B-lymphocytes = antibody secretion

Jerome, a medical technician, takes a patient's blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer. As he is taking the blood pressure, Jerome begins hearing Kortokoff sounds at 110 mmHg. He stops hearing the Kortokoff sounds at 80 mmHg. These values are used to calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) using the following formulas: Pulse pressure = the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure MAP = diastolic pressure + (1/3)*pulse pressure What is the patient's MAP? (110-80=30) (MAP=80+(1/3)*30=90)

90

vasodilation

A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.

water is filtered out at the _______ of the capillaries and reabsorbed at the ______.

Arterial end Venous end

Which type of cell might secrete perforins and granzyrnes to kill an infected host cell the first tirme a pathogen is encountered?

Cytotoxic T cell

osmotic pressure

Force produced by the pressure of water diffusing through a semipermeable membrane; the greater the difference in water concentration on either side of the membrane, the greater the osmotic pressure

B cells:

Mature in the bone marrow and are activated in secondary lymphatic organs

Which type of cell might create a stronger antibody response the second time a pathogen is encountered?

Memory B cell

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

venous end of capillary

Osmotic pressure (PULL) is higher than hydrostatic pressure therefore fluids and some solutes move into the capillary

colloid osmotic pressure

Pressure that tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment.

vasoconstriction

Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.

Which of the following describes how T cells mature? Select the best answer:

T cells mature by going through positive and negative selection to get rid of T cells with potentially useless or harmful receptors.

immunity (lymphatic system)

The filtering out of harmful bacteria and production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

blood viscosity

Thickness of the blood; the more viscous, the more resistant to flow; higher hematocrits result in higher blood viscosity

sinusoidal capillaries

What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?

Korotkoff sounds

a series of five sounds four sounds followed by an absence of sound heard during the auscultatory determination of blood pressure and produced by sudden distention of the artery because of the proximally placed pneumatic cuff

arteriole end of capillary

a. pressure forces some liquid out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid.

fluid recovery

absorbs plasma proteins and fluid (2 to 4 L/day) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema

In a clinical trial, antibodies purified from the blood of recovered Ebola patients are given to newly infected patients to provide the newly infected patients with an immune system boost. If this clinical trial worked, this would be an example of:

artificially-acquired passive immunity

what factors affect peripheral resistance (friction)?

blood viscosity vessel length radius of vessels

primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus. where B lymphocytes & T lymphocytes mature

Transcytosis

chemicals are packaged into vesicles and released on the endothelium- a form of active transport -fatty acids, some hormones move with this_____

Which of the following changes might you expect to occur as part of the homeostatic the nervous system. Imagine that a sudden decrease in blood pressure acts as a stimulus and triggers a homeostatic response by response?

constriction of blood vessels and increased heart rate

Three types of capillaries

continuous capillaries fenestrated capillaries sinusoids

Vasodilation of blood vessels:

decreases blood pressure by decreasing resistance

lymphatic system functions

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Which of the following describes the role of osmotic pressure in capillaries:

draws fluid into capillaries; stays constant from the arteriole end to the venous end.

R (resistance)

friction, the force holding blood back

What can pass through the fenestrations in fenestrated capillaries? Select ALL that apply: (Hint: fenestrated capillaries are found in many endocrine organs.)

gasses like 02 and CO2 , small molecules like glucose, proteins

continuous capillaries

have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.

What is part of the five cardinal signs of inflammation:

heat redness swelling

A decrease in urination:

increases blood pressure by increasing blood volume

An increase in heart rate:

increases blood pressure by increasing cardiac output

why is the pressure gradient important?

it is the force that is keeping blood flowing through the entire circulatory system

lipid absorption

lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system:

lipid absorption fluid reabsorption immunity

vessel length

longer blood vessels experience more friction which increases resistance

secondary lymphatic organs

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen: immunocompetent lymphocytes migrate to these organs only after they mature in the primary lymphatic organs

Which of the following is a true statement that describes how lymphatic vessels are different from blood vessels

lymphatic vessels carry fluid one-way towards the subclavian vein; blood vessels form a continuous loop

phagocytic cells

macrophages and neutrophils

releases histamine

mast cell, basophil

Which of the following describes the balance of fluid that is pushed out vs. drawn back into capillaries:

more fluid is pushed out of capillaries than is drawn in

radius of vessel

narrow vessels, more contact between blood and walls , more resistance=can change the quickest and its more important

A person becomes infected with Ebola and then recovers. They are exposed to Ebola a second time, but because they had already been exposed previously and built up memory T cells, memory B cells, and antibodies, they don't get sick. This is an example of:

naturally-acquired active immunity

Which TWO of the following cells are phagocytic cells?

neutrophils macrophages

Imagine the black dots in this image represent a chemical that is small enough to pass through the the dots to move? fenestrations in this fenestrated capillary. If the black dots move by diffusion, which direction would you expect

ovarall, into the capillary from the surrounding tissue

natural killer cells (NK cells)

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses, perforins and granzymes

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

pressure forcing blood into tissues, averaged over cardiac cycle

hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

pushes fluid out, it changes from the arteriole end to the venous end of the capillary

Which of the following describes an inflammatory response:

recruitment of immune cells to a site of injury or infection via leaky blood vessels

Cardinal signs of inflammation

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Commands from the cardiovascular center in the brain can be sent out through the vagus nerve, which is part of the parasympathetic nervous system. An active vagus nerve will change blood pressure by:

slowing down heart rate

Fever is classified as an innate immune response, although there is one difference between fever and other types of innate immune response. Which of the following terms apply to fever?

systemic non-specific

What part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center:

the brainstem

P- pressure gradient

the difference between arterial pressure and venous pressure (because the pressure in the vena cava is almost zero this basically determined by the MAP)

pulse pressure

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

In the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by the nervous system, the effectors are:

the heart and blood vessels that receive sympathetic and parasympathetic input

hydrostatic pressure

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

F (flow)

the volume of blood moving through an area at a time

why do bone marrow need sinusoid capillaries

to produce formed elements to produce RBC and WBC and platelets

When taking blood pressure, Kortokoff sounds begin:

when the pressure of the cuff falls to the patient's systolic blood pressure