Unit 2 bio

You're talking with Liliana before her release from the hospital. Which of her statements indicates the need for further patient education?

"The only supplement I should need would be calcium, so I will take a calcium supplement every morning." Liliana needs to know that to absorb the calcium from those supplements she will require vitamin D

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate ?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones." Right! Remember that Wolff's law states that bone density increases in response to mechanical stress. Appropriate activity is an essential component of the treatment for this condition

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in a typical adult skeleton?

5 A typical adult skeleton has 5 lumbar vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 7 cervical vertebrae.

Which of the following statements is true?

After the age of 21 most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones Longitudinal bone growth ends when the bone of the epiphysis and diaphysis fuses. This process, called epiphyseal plate closure, happens at about 18 years of age in females and 21 years of age in males

Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint?

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding forward

What structural arrangement usually permits the greatest freedom of movement in a joint?

Bones joined by a fluid-filled articulate capsule Synovial joints, those formed by uniting bones via an articular capsule containing synovial fluid, separate the bones and provide the greatest amount of freedom .They are classified as diarthroses, or freely moving joints

What is a common characteristic of a syndesmosis and a symphysis

Both may be slightly movable Depending on the length of the fibers uniting the bones in a syndesmosis, the joint may permit some movement. Symphyses, where bones are united by fibrocartilage, also permit some movement. Both may be classified as amphiarthroses.

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons. Both and tendon sheath with synovial joints, both reduce friction between adjacent structures, and both a thin film of synovial fluid

Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT?

Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose. Respiratory cartilages form the skeleton of the larynx (voice box) and reinforce other respiratory passageways. Costal cartilages connect the ribs to the sternum

Which of the following statements is true?

During endochondral ossification , hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone within hyaline cartilage. Beginning late in the second month of development, this process uses hyaline cartilage "bones" formed earlier as models, panems, for bone construction. is more complex than intramembranous ossification because the hyaline cartilage must be broken down as ossification proceeds. Most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossification

A patient is brought to the trauma center with head and facial injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident. You note a constant flow of clear fluid from her nose. Which bone may be fractured?

Ethmoid If the bones forming the base of the skull are disrupted, clear cerebrospinal fluid may leak into the nasal passages.

Each of the 12 ribs articulates with one vertebra. Is this statement true or false?

False Each rib articulates with two separate vertebrae. The tubercle of the articulates with the rib facet of a thoracic vertebra on the transverse process. The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of two separate vertebrae.

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

GROWTH HORMONE During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus for bone growth is growth hormone. It directly stimulates growth of the hyaline cartilage that forms the epiphyseal plates in long bones, causing the bones to lengthen.

Which of the following statements is correct?

If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial. A joint that moves in these three directions is triaxial. The three directions in this example are extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and rotation.

Since mastoid infections may spread to the brain, surgical removal of the mastoid process was once considered to be the best way to prevent brain inflammation. Unfortunately, this also had the side-effect of causing ____________.

Impaired head and neck movements This region of the temporal bone is the origin for the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which, unilaterally, draws the head toward the shoulder and rotates head to the opposite side and, bilaterally, flexes the neck.

When assessing Liliana's condition relative to her tibia fracture after the reduction, the nurse will be especially alert for signs of which of these problems?

Infection The laceration caused by the broken end of the bone creates a breach in the protective barrier of the skin, providing an entry point for bacteria and other microorganisms

Which statement regarding the classification of bones is FALSE ?

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. This is false; long bones include all limb bones except the patella, tarsals, and carpals

A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density

Osteoclasts Osteoclasts are the bone cells that break down bone. If they were activated more than normal, you should expect to see bone loss.

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT?

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into macrophages; they are not derived from osteogenic cells

Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE?

Osteons are found in all bone tissues Osteons are found only in compact bone; they are absent in spongy bone.

Old Norse stories tell of a famous Viking named Egil, who lived around 900 AD. His skull was greatly enlarged and misshapen, and the cranial bones were thickened (6 cm, more than 2 inches, thick). He had headaches from the pressure exerted by enlarged vertebrae on his spinal cord. So much blood was diverted to his bones to support their extensive remodeling that his fingers and toes always felt cold and his heart was damaged through overexertion. What bone disorder did Egil probably have?

Paget's disease Pagets disease is charactenzed by excessive and abnormal bone remodeling. It results in irregular thickening of bone tissue and often atfects the skull and spine, causing pain and deformity

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption Paget's disease is associated with excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Dislocation of a joint is a common orthopedic problem. Which of these joints is MOST likely to be dislocated?

Shoulder (glenohumeral) -The articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity allows for maximum flexibility but sacrifices stability.

Which of the following statements is true?

Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions , which makes it good for shock absorption The trabeculae in spongy bone align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resist stress

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

Sternum: long bone The sternum is a flat bone.

Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is INCORRECT?

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs. The bones of the limbs make up the appendicular skeleton

Which statement about the knee is incorrect?

The deep cups created by the tibial articular surfaces help to stabilize the joint. The articular surfaces formed the tibial condyles are very shallow. The menisci function to deepen the tibial articular surface and stabilize the knee

Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint?

The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable. The shoulder joint has the best mobility of all the joints in the body. However, the adaptations that make it mobile sacrifice strength to provide the mobility.

Which of the following statements is true?

The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton The ilium directly articulates with the sacrum

Because of its many direct articulations with the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle is very stable.

The only bony connection between the pectoral girdle and the thoracic bones is the clavicle. This makes the pectoral girdle very Mobile but not very strong

How are the male and female pelvises different ?

The pelvic inlet is heart-shaped in the male. The female pelvis is modified for childbearing; it is wider, shallower and lighter than the male pelvis. The male pelvis has thicker/heavier bones with more prominent bone markings, acetabula that are larger and closer together, and a narrower, heart-shaped pelvic inlet.

Which of the following statements is true ?

The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm. In the anatomical position; the radius would be supinated into the lateral position

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parietal bones?

They form the base of the skull. The base of the cranium (skull) is formed by the occipital bone (not the parietal bones)

Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification?

a cartilage model of the bone is formed this event precedes all others in endochondral ossification, the process by which a bone develops by replacing existing hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?

a symphysis A symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, not a fibrous joint.

Which of the following is a bony articulation for the scapula?

acromion Acromion forms a joint with the clavicle

Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable ?

amphiarthrosis Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints.

What would be the physical sign that a bone cannot continue longitudinal growth?

an epiphyseal line The epiphyseal plate is a zone of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. When the cartilage is replaced with bone and the plate closes, the bone has reached its maximum length. This is called the epiphyseal line.

To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________.

articular tubercle A tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle forms the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa and normally prevents the mandibular conduele from slinging to far forward

Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints?

bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the synovial joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed.

Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?

bones of the face The bones of the skull including facial bones are part of the axial skeleton

Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function?

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels Calcitonin is produced in the thyroid gland; it plays a minor role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis by decreasing blood calcium levels.

A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.

cartilaginous -Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses.

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?

cartilaginous Cartilaginous is a structural classification for joints

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?

clavicle The clavicle is part of the APPENDICULAR skeleton

Which of the following are correctly matched?

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin In a compound (open) fracture, the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin. Such open injuries carry a higher risk of infection

The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the

deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments The main contributors to hip-joint stability are the deep socket of the joint and the strong capsular ligaments. Joints that have shallow sockets, such as the shoulder and jaw (temporomandibular) joints, are relatively unstable and more easily dislocated.

Which of the following is a bone marking of the humarus?

deltoid tuberosity The deltoid tuberosity is a marking the humerus. It is a roughened site where attachment to the deltoid muscle of the shoulder occurs

Most joints of the body and nearly all the joints in the limbs are

diarthrotic synovial joints Synovial joints contain synovial fluid to permit greater mobility. Joints that are classified as diarthotic are moving freely. Most joints of the highly mobile skeleton are diarthotic synovial joints

The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment.

false; It is the appendicular skeleton, along with the skeletal muscles that attach to it, that allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts.

Which is the largest, longest , and strongest bone in the body?

femur The femur is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body. Its durable structure reflects the stress exerted on the femur as it bears the weight of the body when standing, walking, or running.

Based upon structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?

fibrous joint Sutures are classified structurally as fibrous joints. They would be classified functionally as synarthrotic joints based upon their degree of movement.

Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones?

flexion Flexion is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint?

gliding Gliding occurs when two bones slide across one another, such as in the intercarpal joints.

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?

glucagon Glucagon's main action is to increase blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of glycogen in the liver; it does not affect bone remodeling.

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling From start to finish a fracture is repaired by (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation a fibrocartilaginous cullus, (3) formation of a bony callus, (4) and bone remodeling

When you hit your elbow and say that you hit your "funny bone," you have actually hit a nerve that runs across the bone surface. Over which bone can this nerve be found?

humerus The ulnar nerve, which runs behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus at its distal end (at the elbow), is responsible for the painful, tingling sensation you experience when you hit your "funny bone" (associate humerus with humorous).

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint?

hyaline cartilage connecting the two bones of the joint Hyaline cartilage makes up the articular cartilage in a synovial joint, but this does not connect the two sides together.

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?

hydroxyapatite Hydroxyapatite, or mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, accounts for the most notable characteristic of bone—its exceptional hardness, which allows it to resist compression.

The_______ is the only bone in the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

hyoid bone The hyoid bone does not articulate directly with any other bone. Instead, it anchored by the stylohyoid ligaments to the styloid process of the temporal bones

Hypercalcemia can be caused by

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

interstitial growth Interstitial growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, thereby expanding the cartilage tissue from within. This causes the cartilage to lengthen.

Sprains indicate damage to what joint component?

ligaments In a sprain, the ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn.

Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions?

lumbar The lumbar vertebrae have the largest bodies.

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

lumbar vertebrae; short, flat spinous processes The lumbar vertebrae have large, flattened spinous processes as a result of being attached to the large muscles in the back.

Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?

lyme disease Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. It often results in joint pain and arthritis.

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?

maxilla The maxilla is the only listed bone that is not part of the cranium. Instead, it is a facial bone

Most bones articulate with the _________.

maxillary bones The maxillary bones considered the keystone bones of the faciu They form the central part of the facial skeleton, articulating with all facial bones except the mandible

What controls bone remodeling?

mechanical stress and hormones Remodeling goes on continuously in the skeleton, regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different homeostatic conditions. One is a negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood; the other involves responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton.

The arch that runs front to back on the inside of the foot is the

medial longitudinal arch The medial longitudinal arch runs longitudinally along one side, the medial side of the foot.

Which of the following are correctly paired?

multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes Multiaxial joints such as the shoulder and hip, permit movement in all three planes and around all three axes

When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called

opposition The saddle joint between metacarpal I of the thumb and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition--the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. It is opposition that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating objects.

Which of the following are correctly matched?

osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis is a common chronic degenerative disease often called "wear and tear arthritis"

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with their appropriate function?

osteocytes; produce new bone cells. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that monitor and repair mature bone tissues.

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

osteon The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

osteoporosis Osteoporosis refers to groups of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. The bones become fragile and easily fractured. The composition of the matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light. Osteoporosis occurs most often and postmenopausal women

Which bone or pair of bones forms the most superior portion of the cranium?

parietal bones The parietal form the superior-most portion of the cranium

Which type of movement is unique to the forearm?

pronation Supination and pronation are unique to the forearm because of the arrangement of the radius and ulna. This allows rotation of our hand in space.

Which of the following structures is common only to only one region of the spinal column?

rib facets Rib facets are only found on thoracic vertebrae

Which of the following is correctly matched?

scoliosis; abnormal lateral curvature Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region of the vertebral column.

What structures develop as a result of gravity acting on the skeleton after birth?

secondary curvatures The secondary curvatures are associated with the spine; they develop after birth. The cervical curvature develops when the baby picks its head up against gravity. The lumbar curvature develops when the baby begins to walk

Osteoblasts ______

secrete osteoid Osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells that produce new bone by secreting the components of the organic matrix, called osteoid. They also play a role in the calcification of osteoid to form the mature bone matrix.

Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on

shape of their articular surfaces Based on the shape of their articular surfaces which in turn determine the movements allowed, synovial joints can be classified into six major categories: plane, hinge, condylar, (or ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints

Which joint has most notably sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?

shoulder -In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone).

Which types of joints may form synostoses during normal growth and development?

synchondroses and sutures Sutures between the skull bones fuse together to form the strong and immobile cranium. Likewise, the synchondroses of the epiphyseal plates in a long bone ossify, fusing epiphyses the diaphysis. Both of these events occur during normal growth and development of the skeleton

Which of the following are correctly paired?

synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones A synchondrosis is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones. Epiphyseal plates are examples of synchondroses

Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity?

synovial Synovial is a structural classification for joints. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.

What factor does not contribute to the strength and stability of a synovial joint?

synovial fluid

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit?

temporal bone The temporal bone is lateral and too far posterior to contribute to the orbit

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?

the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

the epiphyseal plate Correct. The epiphyseal plate is a weak point because of the lack of calcification.

What is intramembranous ossification?

the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes The formation of bone by ossification centers within fibrous membranes is called intramembranous ossification.

Old age affects many parts of the skeleton. Which of the following is NOT associated with old age?

the mandible conitues to grow and thicken The opposite is true; as the bony tissue of the jaws declines, the jaws (including the mandible) look small and childlike once again

A fracture of which structure is commonly referred to as "breaking your hip"?

the neck of the femur The neck of the femur is at risk because of the large percentage of spongy bone in the neck

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone?

the sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is a cranial bone.

Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion?

the temporomandibular joint The temporomandibular joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion. This is used to grind food on the molars.

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

trochanter A trochanter is a bone projection; projections often protrude from the bone because of the interaction forced upon them by muscle or ligaments.

The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces

true The organic matrix, or osteoid, makes up about one-third of the bone matrix. This portion includes the collagen fibers that provide bone with its flexibility and tensile strength, allowing it to resist stretch and twisting.

Which forearm bone(s) contribute(s) most to the structure of the elbow joint?

ulna The olecranon articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint

Bones do NOT have a role in

waste removal Waste removal is not a role of bone; takes place primarily in kidneys