Unit 2 Nutrition

According to our textbook, is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) any more dangerous to health than other sugars?

...

If an enzyme needs to be turned on or off, which of the following groups of macromolecules is most likely involved?

...

Nutritional scientists research the types of molecules found in food items. If one is trying to determine the types of carbohydrates present in a food item, what should he/she research?

...

The primary biological functions of lipids within the body include everything EXCEPT:

...

Tissue regeneration is best described as...

...

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in the body?

...

Which of the triglycerides would be considered least beneficial to health and why?

...

___________ is the name of the molecule primarily responsible for regulating protein concentration in the blood and keeping it similar to that in the cells.

...

____________ carbohydrates include fruits, juices, candies, desserts, and diary products while ____________ carbohydrates include starchy vegetables, beans and whole grains.

...

Generally, the liver can metabolize 1 standard drink per hour. Which of the following are considered a standard drink?

12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of hard liquor

1 gram of fat or oil provides ___ kilocalories of energy, compared to ____ kilocalories in 1 gram of carbohydrates or protein.

9; 4

Which of the following best describes what occurs during cirrhosis?

Liver cells die and form scar tissue, which blocks blood flow and leads to a buildup of toxins

Is intake of phospholipids through diet a health concern?

No, the body is able to make the majority of phospholipids it needs for healthy functioning.

Are low-carbohydrate diets superior to other diets by helping people lose weight?

Not necessarily. Weight loss occurs with lower calorie intake and the best result is when this is combined with regular exercise.

Which of the following statements can we firmly conclude regarding disease and sugar intake?

Obtaining carbs from whole grains instead of refined grains promotes weight loss and reduces disease risk.

What does our textbook report on consuming protein supplements to boost athletic performance?

Research shows that they are not necessary or helpful.

If a person has a diet too low in healthy fats it can increase cholesterol and inflammation of the joints, tissues, and bloodstream. That person would be encouraged to include more of which foods in the diet?

Salmon and nuts for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

The ability to store excess caloric energy as fat for future use...

allows humans to survive during times of famine and food scarcity

Humans do not produce the enzymes needed to break down dietary fiber, however, _________ in the large intestine (colon) do.

bacteria

Amino acids are the...

building blocks of proteins.

Generally people are advised to obtain most fats from ______________ fats.

polyunsaturated and monounsaturated

Routine physical exercise can help you manage or prevent high blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels because it...

raises HDL and decreases triglycerides and plaque buildup in the arteries.

The two main groups of polysaccharides are _______.

starches and fiber

The chemical digestion of protein takes place in the _____________ with the enzyme __________.

stomach; pepsin

The most abundant structural protein in the body is collagen. Collagen makes bones...

strong, but flexible.

________ is composed of glucose and fructose. This disaccharide is commonly known as table sugar.

sucrose

Phospholipids are ideal ______________ that can keep oil and water mixed.

emulsifiers

The enzyme that is primarily responsible for the chemical digestion of lipids is ____________.

lipase

The breakdown of ethanol begins in the _____________.

liver

Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Unique to proteins, they also include_______________.

nitrogen

Pentoses are 5-carbon monosaccharides less common in food but abundant in...

nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Carbohydrates are a group of _______ compounds, which contain carbon atom(s).

organic

Lipids are a family of __________ compounds that are mostly ___________ in water.

organic; insoluble

During translation, each amino acid is connected to the next amino acid by a chemical bond called a _________ bond.

peptide

Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds containing a ratio of ____ carbon atom(s) to ___ hydrogen atom(s).

1;2

In the US the Dietary Guidelines defines moderate alcohol intake as no more than ____ drink(s) for women and _____ drink(s) for men.

1;2

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, "binge drinking" is when a man consumes _______ or more drinks and a woman consumes ______ or more drinks in two hours or less.

5;4

Why does an over consumption of alcohol often lead to weight gain?

Alcohol has a lot of calories

A diet that is too high in simple sugars can lead to...

All answers are possible

How is BAC calculated?

As a percent of units of alcohol consumed to units of blood

The legal limit for intoxication is a BAC of 0.08. If a person is legally intoxicated and stops consuming alcohol, how long does it take for that person to achieve sobriety?

At least 5 hours

The textbook states that eating tomatoes with olive oil or salad dressing will facilitate lycopene absorption. Why is this?

Certain micronutrients are better absorbed when fat is present.

Which of the following statements best describes how the body digests foods with lots of starch?

Eating raw foods high in starch provides little energy as the body has to work harder to digest the food

When blood glucose levels are too low, a person might feel fatigued, irritable, and/or confused. Why is this?

Glucose is used by all cells for energy, but exclusively by brain and nerve cells.

Why must the blood pH be closely regulated in the body?

If the pH is too high or too low proteins denature.

Which of the following best describes the cause of a condition known as fatty liver or hepatic steatosis (as a result of alcohol consumption)?

Increased accumulation of triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Which of the following places the phases of wound healing in the correct order from start to finish?

Inflammatory; proliferative; remodeling

Bile plays an important role in lipid digestion as it serves as an emulsifier in the stomach. Why is this beneficial?

It increases the surface area of lipids making it easier for enzymes to break them down for digestion

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of cholesterol in the human body and diet?

It is naturally produced in the body and is found in all cells. It is crucial to health but excess of it in the diet can lead to heart disease.

Polyunsaturated fats are beneficial because they both lower ____ and raise____.

LDL; HDL

What does the phrase "added sugars" mean?

The addition of sugar or syrup to foods during processing or preparation.

What is the primary concern when omega-6 fatty acids are consumed much more than omega-3 fatty acids?

The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids are diminished

How and why is alcoholism associated with increased risk for heart attacks?

The liver releases more "bad" cholesterol, which causes atherosclerosis (plaque buildup on blood vessel walls)

What is hydrogenation?

The process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids resulting in a more saturated fatty acid

Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) known as the "good cholesterol"?

They carry excess cholesterol out of the bloodstream into the liver, and therefore are healthy for your cardiovascular system.

Which of the following best explains how Breathalyzers work?

They detect the amount of alcohol excreted through the breath

What is the role of platelets in wound healing?

They form a clot to stop the bleeding.

Alcohol metabolism activates an enzyme that transforms this substance,____________, into a toxic metabolite that causes liver inflammation and damage, which might not be reversible. Which over-the-counter medication is this? (hint: you should never take this with alcohol!)

Tylenol/acetaminophen

Are any of the forms of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) reversible?

Yes, fatty liver is reversible but cirrhosis is not

Are there any plant-based foods which are complete proteins?

Yes, foods such as soy and quinoa.

According to the research through the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC), is it possible for an athlete to have a vegetarian diet?

Yes, it is possible although they do have to be careful about their nutrient intake.

Sugar alcohols are often used in place of table sugar to sweeten foods. They are incompletely digested and absorbed, therefore making them less _____compared to other sugars.

caloric

Most of the energy required by the human body is provided by...

carbohydrates and lipids

Plants (and other photosynthetic organisms) use energy from sunlight to produce glucose from...

carbon dioxide and water

Which of the following is the primary reason a person would feel ill ("hangover") after excessive intake of alcohol?

dehydration

The healing process begins when proteins such as bradykinin which ...

dilate blood vessels at the site of injury

The group of lipids known for an important role in health, especially for brain function during fetal and early development is known as__________.

docosahexaenoic acid or "DHA"

If a reaction is to take place but the needed enzyme has denatured, the reaction...

does not occur

A health benefit of consuming plant-based protein over animal-based protein is that plant-based foods...

don't have as much saturated fat and cholesterol

Proteins that conduct biochemical reactions are called _______________

enzymes

Which of the following indicates the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) from least to most liver damage?

fatty liver - liver fibrosis - cirrhosis

Alcohol can be made from a variety of starchy foods through a process called ____________.

fermentation

There is enough scientific evidence to support that diets high in __________ reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes, which are primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

fiber

Which type of carbohydrate is most likely to promote digestion and a healthy movement of foods through the gastrointestinal track?

fibers

If a person is trying to increase fiber intake, he/she should include more______________ in his/her diet.

fruits, vegetables, and legumes

Fat contributes to satiety, or the sensation of ____________.

fullness

Plants use energy from sunlight to produce chemical energy in the form of______.

glucose

Lipids play important roles throughout the body, but specific to the brain lipids...

help form nerve cell membranes, insulate neurons, and facilitate signals throughout brain tissue.

Diets ________________have been linked to an increase in risk for kidney stones, kidney disease, liver malfunction, colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis.

high in red meat

Empty calorie foods include...

highly processed foods such as soft drinks, cookies, cakes, and candy.

_______________ are chemical messengers made by proteins and produced by endocrine glands.

hormones

Alcohol disrupts nerve cell communication by...

interfering with nerve receptors on the brain

If a person consumes more protein in the diet than needed by the body, the excess protein...

is broken down and transformed into body fat.

During the breakdown of alcohol, acetaldehyde is initially produced but it must be converted to acetate because acetate...

is not toxic to our cells

Alcohol is considered a psychoactive drug because...

it is a substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier and affects the function of the brain

Disaccharides are composed of two ________________ linked together.

monosaccharides

Some starches are not digested and remain intact throughout digestion. These are called ___________starches.

resistant

High fructose corn syrup is a popular manufactured product which provides artificial _________ to a variety of processed foods we eat.

sweetness

Triglycerides control the body's internal climate, maintaining constant ______________.

temperature

An overabundance of fat tissue can be unhealthy because...

the accumulation of too much cholesterol can lead to cardiovascular disease.

The "fold" step of protein building refers to...

the amino acid sequence forming the correct shape so that protein can function

According to the textbook, the largest influence on blood cholesterol levels is ...

the mix of saturated and trans fats in the diet.

Albumin chemically binds to hormones, fatty acids, some vitamins, essential minerals, and drugs, and _____________ them throughout the circulatory system.

transports

Which of the following is the most common nutrient deficiency among alcoholics?

water

When you cook foods high in starch...

your body digests them more easily because the heat from cooking begins to break down the molecules