Unit 2 Practice Milestone + Challenge 1,2,3
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
"Greed is good."
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist?
"Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders."
Which of the following statements represents a conventionalist worldview?
"When in Rome, do as the Romans do."
In a well-known Biblical story, God sent Jonah on an errand to deliver a message. Instead, Jonah went to sea on a ship. There was a terrible storm and Jonah was thrown overboard to save the others. Then God sent a great fish to swallow Jonah and save him. According to divine command theory, was Jonah's decision to go to sea a right or a wrong action?
A wrong action because God had commanded Jonah to do something else
In a popular Bible story, God intends to flood the earth and commands Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and all the animals. According to divine command theory, if Noah had refused to build the ark, would that have been a right action or a wrong action?
A wrong action because that would have been denying God's command
In a well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve lived in a beautiful garden. They were allowed to eat anything they wished, except God forbade them from eating the fruit from one particular tree. Since Eve and Adam sampled the fruit from the forbidden tree, according to divine command theory, was this a right action or a wrong action?
A wrong action because they disobeyed God's command
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
Because good is determined by self-interest, the egoist cannot judge the actions of others.
Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?
Because what is good is determined relative to a society or culture, one cannot apply universal standards.
When visiting the Czech Republic, Carolyn takes her children to a public park and notices that her children are much noisier than their peers. Carolyn wonders if perhaps Eastern Europeans view public parks differently. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Carolyn?
Carolyn should tell her children to play more quietly.
Which of the following is true of conventionalism?
Conventionalism is not a single ethical theory, but a family of theories.
Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory can be a source of comfort.
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
Divine command theory does not offer directives for every situation.
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory is an objectivist moral theory.
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory is not necessarily part of religious practice.
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
Divine command theory offers a firm basis for ethics.
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
Divine command theory offers standards that originate outside of humanity.
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
Divine command theory provides a source for ethical standards.
Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory?
Divine command theory provides objective moral truths.
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory states that God freely chooses what is right and what is wrong.
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory states that God's commands are universal ethical truths.
Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true?
Divine command theory states that what is right is wholly determined from God's command.
Which of the following statements about egoism is true?
Egoism is both a theory about how things are and about how things ought to be.
Choose the statement that correctly identifies whether egoism is relativist or objectivist and why.
Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to an individual's self-interest.
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
Empathy is often thought of a a good trait, but it's not consistent with egoism.
The idea that people ought to act only in their own self interest is part of what kind of egoism?
Ethical egoism
Which type of egoism is the theory that humans should act according to their own best interests?
Ethical egoism
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
Even if two cultures disagree, there can still be a right answer.
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God forbids eating meat from pigs, but many people say eating pork is a good thing.
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God forbids lying, but most people think lying is acceptable if it does good.
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God forbids tattoos, but many people think they're kind of cool.
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God says to forgive all people, but many crimes are thought to be unforgivable.
Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
God says, "Woe to those who are rich," but many people strive for wealth.
Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory?
God's commands have no basis in reason.
Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?
Hailey donates 10% of her paycheck to help feed the hungry out of a sense of duty, even though she would prefer to keep the money.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
Henry is looking for an ethical framework that can account for disagreement on right and wrong.
Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.
Hiring a company to clean your neighbor's lot without their permission so your property value will increase.
Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory?
If God changes, what is good and what is evil could also change.
Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?
Ignatius wants to see two movies, but only has time for one, so he flips a coin to decide.
Becky belongs to a culture in which arriving early is thought to be impolite. What would a conventionalist call this action in Becky's culture?
Impermissible
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
Important innovations are often made by those seeking their own self interests.
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
Individual entrepreneurs often benefit society.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
Ingrid is looking for an ethical framework that respects local norms.
Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory?
It doesn't offer a firm basis for knowing which sacred texts are authentic and which are not.
Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory?
It goes against divine command theory's principle that God's command is free.
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
It is a natural reaction in all humans to avoid pain or suffering.
Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?
It is impossible to make evaluations across cultures.
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
It's possible that some cultures are just wrong about morality.
Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist?
Jeanney steals her neighbor's newspaper because she doesn't want to pay for one herself.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
Jeremiah is looking for an ethical framework that allows morality to change over time.
Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist?
Leah has a hard time deciding between the University of Minnesota and Notre Dame, but she picks Notre Dame in the end.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes.
Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist?
Nadine begrudgingly helps a coworker she doesn't like with a project.
Charlie likes to put on elaborate theme parties on Friday evenings. Some people look down on him for doing so, but many people support and enjoy his parties. What would a conventionalist call this action in Charlie's culture?
Neutral
Gerard likes to lie in his garden and pretend he's a cabbage. His neighbors think it's kind of weird, but they agree that it's none of their business. What would a conventionalist call Gerard's action?
Neutral
Which of the following is a tenet of conventionalism?
No culture is morally better or worse than any other culture.
Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism?
Norm is looking for an ethical framework that respects unfamiliar systems of ethics.
The common practice in Arnold's culture is to remove one's shoes when entering a house. What would a conventionalist call this action in Arnold's culture?
Obligatory
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
Premise 1 is false because disagreement does not mean there is no objective truth.
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
Premise 1 is false because universal truths are not always easy to discover.
Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument?
Premise 2 is false because many cultures agree on certain moral issues.
Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.
Protesting a family who has rented an apartment in your building because you do not want them as neighbors.
Which type of egoism is the theory that humans are only capable of acting in their own self interest?
Psychological egoism
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
Respect for all people is often thought of as a good thing, but it is inconsistent with egoism.
Sarah makes her famous chicken casserole for her new neighbors who have just moved to America from Asia. When her daughter Lily comes home and sees the casserole almost ready, she remarks, "Mom, didn't you know? Where our new neighbors come from, they don't eat meat. You shouldn't have made this!"Sarah replies, "I disagree! They live in America now and need to understand our customs!"According to conventionalism, which of the two - Sarah or Lily - has a better ethical stance?
Sarah, because ethical values are determined by the local culture, not your old one.
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
Selfless heroism is often respected and admired, but it's not consistent with egoism.
Isabel moved with her elderly mother to a culture in which it is mandatory that adult children care for their parents. As her mother ages and requires more care, Isabel considers placing her in a facility so that she can continue thriving in her own profession. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Isabel to take?
She should continue to care for her mother in her own home.
Which of the following statements supports egoism?
Society benefits when individuals succeed.
Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour. What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions?
Supererogatory
Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical.
Taking credit for work that your colleague completed, so you can impress your boss.
Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism?
Teamwork often produces better results for everyone involved.
David hires a recent immigrant, Boris, from Russia as a computer tech in his company. Boris does not speak English well. David's boss thinks this is a problem, but David does not." He needs to learn the language if he's going to live in America," David's boss asserts." But Boris doesn't need to know the language in order to do his job," returns David. According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— David or his boss?
The boss, because speaking English is a societal norm in American culture.
Stefan is from Spain and is visiting Denmark. He finds himself very popular among native Danes because they like his casual and relaxed nature. When Stefan is invited to a local family's home for dinner, he arrives late and is surprised that his hosts have seemingly taken offense. "This is how we do it in Spain," he explained with a smile. "Dinner times are approximate and we arrive when we can." "That is not how we do it in Denmark," replied his host, rather stiffly. According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— Stefan or his host?
The host, because in Denmark, everyone is expected to arrive on time.
Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism?
There can be no intercultural evaluation of what is good.
Which of the following ideas does conventionalism profess?
What is good in one culture could be evil in another.
According to egoism, all of the following are important ideas to consider on the issue of gun control laws in the United States, EXCEPT __________.
an individual has an obligation to consider the safety of others
Patricia abstains from eating pork because she believes God has commanded her to. Thus according to divine command theory, eating pork is __________.
impermissible
According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one's needs is good because __________.
individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics
It is widely accepted that people should work hard to take care of their children. How might an egoist complete this statement? Working hard to take care of one's children is right because __________.
it gives one a sense of pleasure and satisfaction
After moving to a new city, Rachel continues to support her hometown's baseball team. A friend tells her she has to support her new city's team, but Rachel points out that God hasn't said anything on the matter. In Rachel's view, her action is __________ according to divine command theory.
neutral
Oliver asks his rabbi if it's acceptable for him to swim in the ocean while visiting family in South Carolina. The rabbi tells him God has not said anything about swimming in the ocean. Thus according to divine command theory, swimming in the ocean is __________.
neutral
Cheating on one's spouse is widely rejected in most societies. How might an egoist complete this statement? Cheating on your spouse is permissible if __________.
nothing bad happens to you as a result
Norman learns from his pastor that God commands people to love one another. Thus according to divine command theory, loving one another is __________.
obligatory
Thomas goes to church on Sunday morning because he believes God has commanded him to do it. According to divine command theory, going to church on Sunday is thus __________.
obligatory
You are a mechanic who can make more money by diagnosing and repairing nonexistent car problems. How might an egoist complete this statement? Charging people for unnecessary repairs is __________.
wrong, because running an honest business will earn you more money in the long run