Unit 3 (9-11) Psychology

stress

the demand that is made on an organism to adapt

Peter has decided to manage his stress related to his statistics class by talking to his professor, his TA and joining a study group. Peter is engaging in

B. problem-focused coping.

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.

B. psychodynamic theories

Katie studies the relationship between psychological factors and the workings of the immune system. This field of study is called

B. psychoneuroimmunology.

A demand made on an organism to adapt is called

B. stress.

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.

B. unconditional positive regard

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

C. Carl Jung

_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

C. Existentialism

Illness and disease are affected

C. by genetic predispositions.

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.

C. generativity

Which group is more likely to commit suicide when depressed?

C. perfectionists

Introverts and people who live alone are more prone to developing the common cold under stress because of a lack of

C. social support.

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

C. the age of possibilities

Inflammation is caused by

C. the immune system.

A student is starting a math exam. After reading the first question, they convince themselves that they will fail even though they studied for the test. What should this student do?

B. Take a deep breath and tell themselves I can do this. I am prepared.

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

B. The Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

B. They are dependent on their primary caregivers.

Betsy paces herself in her work, tends to be less impatient, and also tends to be less ambitious. She fits a ________ pattern.

B. Type B

Individuals who are relaxed, patient, forgiving and focus on the quality of life are

B. Type B

Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is

B. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

B. conscientiousness

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

B. feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

_________ is mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.

B. fluid intelligence

Gender differences in response to stress are thought to be related to _________.

B. hormones

Jesse has migraine headaches. Which of the following is characteristic of migraine headaches?

B. perception of unusual odors

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.

B. reality principle

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.

B. scaffolding

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.

B. self-actualization

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.

C. postconventional level

A two-year-old child has a pet dog called Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

A. Assimilation

When under a great deal of stress, the body secretes these hormones in which of the following orders?

A. CRH, ACTH, cortisol

Boris has been under a great deal of stress. Which of the following is most likely true?

A. His immune system is weakened.

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

A. Identity exploration

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?

A. It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

A. She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Which personality type is associated with migraine headaches more so than muscle- tension headaches?

A. Type A

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

A. Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.

For a patient suffering with painful arthritis the doctor may prescribe

A. a daily dose of the Comedy Hour.

William feels as if he has too much to do and not enough time to accomplish these things. These thoughts are considered

A. daily hassles.

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventionallevel base their moral judgments on _____.

A. the consequences of behavior

role diffusion

lack of clarity in one's life roles

pathogen

organism that can cause disease

internals

perceived ability to attain reinforcements within oneself

While crossing the street Jennifer looks to her left and sees an oncoming truck. She first experiences the

A. alarm reaction.

_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.

A. uninvolved parents

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

B. People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Paul is concerned about his risk for cancer. Which of the following is true of the development of cancer?

B. People normally develop cancerous cells.

_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

B. Personality

conflict

being torn in different directions by opposing motives

self-efficacy expectations

belief that one can bring about desired changes through our own efforts

Alfred Adler

believed the people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?

D. Ego identity

A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.

D. Erik Erikson

Which statement most accurately depicts the role of "predictability" as discovered in research on stress?

D. It decreases the impact of stress.

adolescence

period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities

latency

repression of sexual impulses

emerging adulthood

roughly the period from ages 18 to 25

exhaustion stage

weaken resistance and possible deterioration

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?

B. A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior

Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.

B. Carl Rogers

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

B. Humanistic theorists

Who among the following is at the greatest risk for cancer?

B. Kathy, who works outside, smokes, and is depressed.

Who would be most at risk for CHD when looking only at the type of work they do?

B. Mark, who has a job with high psychological demand and low decision control

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television,the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.

B. Moro reflex

Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.

B. crystallized intelligence

Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. This is most properly called

B. essential hypertension.

Which of the following targets cognitions to reduce the state of arousal caused by stress?

B. meditation

Vaccinations often introduce a small amount of antigen so the immune system produces _________, which remain in the bloodstream for years to fight off the disease in case of re-exposure.

C. antibodies

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, they have reached the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

C. exhaustion

Which of the following is true concerning African Americans and cancer?

C. more likely to contract most forms of cancer than European Americans

Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but then he will feel guilty that he is not exercising. If he were to go to the gym, he would be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the exercise itself. This is ________ conflict.

D. multiple approach-avoidance

_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.

D. reflexes

A _________ is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

D. schema

According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:

D. seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.

D. self-ideals

The _________ functions according to the moral principle.

D. superego

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

D. the ability to hypothesize

Dominic learned that there is a system in the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents. This system is properly called

D. the immune system.

oral stage

Freud said this phase satisfies activities such as sucking and biting for sexual gratification for a child.

conventional level

period during which moral judgments largely reflect social conventions; a "law and order" approach

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

scaffolding

Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures of solving problems that help a child to function independently

critical period

a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus

empty nest syndrome

a sense of depression and loss of purpose felt by some parents when the youngest child leaves

imaginary audience

an aspect of adolescent egocentrism

Karen Horney

asserted that unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses are less important than social relationships-girls are not inferior to boys

preoperational stage

characterized by illogical use of words and symbols

concrete operational stage

characterized by logical thought concerning tangible objects, conservation and subjective morality

phallic stage

conflict for the child to the gender of opposite sex of their parents

sensorimotor stage

coordination of sensory information and motor activity

Carl Jung

developed analytical psychology-downplayed the importance of sex

psychodynamic theory

emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts-Freud

ego identity

firm sense of who one is and what one stands for

anal stage

gratification through controlling of muscles for control of waste products

fight-or-flight reaction

innate adaptive response to the perception of danger

catastrophize

interpret negative events as being disastrous; blow out of proportion

genital stage

mature stage-expressing libido through adult intercourse

superego

moral guardian, sets high standards

crystallized intelligence

one's lifetime of intellectual achievement

authoritarian parents

parent who are rigid in their rules and demand obedience for the sake of obedience

authoritative parents

parents who are strict and warm

uninvolved parents

parents who generally leave their children to themselves

permissive parents

parents who impose few, if any, rules

sandwich generation

people in middle adulthood who are responsible for their children and their aging parents

externals

perceived ability to attain reinforcements outside oneself

id

present at birth, physiological drives and fully unconscious

Alzheimer's disease

progressive form of mental deterioration

resistance stage

prolonged sympathetic activity to help restore lost energy and repair damage

Erik Erikson

psychosocial development- according to traits

ego

self awareness, planning and delay of gratification

eustress

stress that is healthful

attachment

the enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another

alarm reaction

triggered by the impact of a stressor

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?

A. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are _________ personalities.

A. Type A

Mark sees an attacker approaching him with a knife. During his reaction, he experiences increased energy and a faster heart rate. This is caused most directly by

A. adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Vacationing in Paris versus vacationing in Rome could be an example of an ______________ conflict.

A. approach-approach

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.

A. avoidant attachment

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:

A. collectivists.

Individuals who are more likely to exhibit irrational beliefs that can put them at a higher risk for anxiety and depression are

A. dependent on social approval and perfectionist.

One theory about the way humor functions to help people cope with stress is that humor is correlated with

A. immune system efficiency.

Edgar was upset about something a friend said to him the previous day. He figured that he'd better not mention it to this friend because then this friend would be angry with him. This is an example of the effects of ________ on stress.

A. irrational thoughts

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.

A. it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

Lewis has been kicked in the head. When it becomes inflamed,

A. more blood flows to that region.

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.

A. personal fable

Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized.

A. reinforcement

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

A. reliability

Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same citywhile her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.

A. sandwich generation

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.

A. self-awareness

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?

A. social relationships

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.

B. self-efficacy expectations

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

C. He is extraverted and unstable.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

C. It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

C. The far-reaching effects of childhood events

The Electra complex involves:

C. a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

Kristen has a cold, and her body reacts to the virus in her system. This virus is considered a(n)

C. antigen.

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.

C. authoritarian

The development of mutant cells that take root in the body is known as

C. cancer.

Psychological hardiness is characterized by

C. challenge, commitment, and control.

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

C. children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

C. children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

C. critical period

Jerry has poor social skills and lives on his own. When he is under stress,

C. he is more likely to develop an infectious disease.

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.

C. introversion-extraversion

Lili has a headache after a day of frustrating events. Most likely she is experiencing a ________ headache.

C. muscle-tension

_________ is also termed as modeling.

C. observational learning

Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

C. oral stage

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

C. pleasure principle

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

D. Establishment of close relationships

All of the following are irrational beliefs many people have (according to Ellis) EXCEPT

D. It is unreasonable to expect complete competence at everything we do.

Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

D. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

D. Western cultural prejudice

According to Ellis, a situation like failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n)

D. activation event.

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she knows she does not like to see animals suffering from illnesses. This produces a(n) ________ conflict.

D. approach-avoidance

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

D. conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.

D. ego identity

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:

D. the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.