Unit 3 Bio Genetics

If the sequence of bases in the template strandof a DNA molecule is 3' ATCGCTCC 5', what is the sequence of bases in the RNA that is transcribed from this molecule? :3' UAGCGAGG 5' 5' TAGCGAGG 3' 5' AUCGCUCC 3' 3' TAGCGAGG 5' 5' UAGCGAGG 3'

5' UAGCGAGG 3'

How many unique mRNA codons can be constructed from the four different RNA nucleotides? four 64 16 12 61

64

Within its core a nucleosome contains ____ histones. 8 4 6 64 2

8

What would happen if snRNPs did not recognize the branch point within an intron? A lariat would not form. A 5' cap would not be added to the transcript. A 3' poly A tail would not be added to the transcript. snRNPs would not base-pair with the 5' end of the intron.

A lariat would not form.

You are studying an individual with very low levels of insulin in her blood. Further analysis indicates that cells of her pancreas are producing normal levels of this protein, but it is accumulating in the cytoplasm rather than being secreted from the cells. Which hypothesis makes the most sense to explain this observation? A. A small deletion has removed the nucleotides that code for the signal sequence at the amino terminus of the protein. B. A two-base deletion near the middle of the gene has altered the reading frame during translation of the protein. C. A missense mutation has altered the ribosome-binding sequence at the 5' end of the mRNA. D. A chromosomal segment that includes the gene for insulin has been inverted. E. A missense mutation has caused premature termination during translation of this protein.

A. A small deletion has removed the nucleotides that code for the signal sequence at the amino terminus of the protein.

Why are there fewer tRNA anticodons than the 61 needed to match each mRNA codon that codes for an amino acid? A. There is some flexibility in pairing between the 3' base of the codon and the 5' base of the anticodon. B. There is some flexibility in pairing between the middle base of the codon and the middle base of the anticodon. C. There is some flexibility in pairing between the 5' base of the codon and the 3' base of the anticodon. D. There is some flexibility in pairing between all 3bases of the codon and all 3 bases of the anticodon.

A. There is some flexibility in pairing between the 3' base of the codon and the 5' base of the anticodon.

The template strand of aDNA segment that codes for mRNA has the sequence: ATGCGT. Which tRNA anticodons would pair with the mRNA that is coded for by this sequence? ATG CGT. UAG CGU. AUG CGU. UAC GCA.

AUG CGU.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms differ in how they process genetic information. Which statements best explain one of these differences? A. In prokaryotes, translation occurs before genes are transcribed into mRNA. In eukaryotes, genes are transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into polypeptides. B. In prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA begins before transcription is complete. In eukaryotes, transcription and modification of themRNA is completed before translation begins. C. In prokaryotes, introns are removed before genes are transcribed into mRNA. In eukaryotes, introns are removed after genes are transcribed into mRNA. D. In prokaryotes, genes are transcribed directly into polypeptides. In eukaryotes, genes are transcribed into RNA which is used to assemble polypeptides.

B. In prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA begins before transcription is complete. In eukaryotes, transcription and modification of themRNA is completed before translation begins.

How would a large chromosomal inversion affect the expression of a gene if the gene is located between the two break points but no breaks occur within the gene? A. The gene would not be transcribed because it would be oriented in the wrong direction. B. The inversion would probably have no effect on gene expression. C. The gene would be transcribed in the 3' to 5' direction. D. The gene would be transcribed normally but the mRNA would be translated in the 3' to 5' direction.

B. The inversion would probably have no effect on gene expression.

The "one-gene/one-enzyme" hypothesis was proposed by Watson and Crick. Franklin. Garrod. Griffith. Beadle and Tatum.

Beadle and Tatum.

Although 61 different codons code for amino acids, cells contain fewer than 61 different tRNAs. Why? A. Although 61 different codons code for amino acids, any given cell contains fewer than 61. B. Because each amino acid is coded for by just one codon. C. Because the 5' base on the tRNA anticodon has some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can pair with more than one mRNA codon. D. Because the 5'base on the mRNA codon has some flexibility (wobble); thus, some mRNA codons can pair with more than one tRNA anticodon.

C. Because the 5' base on the tRNA anticodon has some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can pair with more than one mRNA codon.

A gene that codes for a protein was removed from a eukaryotic cell and inserted into a prokaryotic cell. Although the gene was successfully transcribed and translated, it produced a different protein than it produced in the eukaryotic cell. What is the most likely explanation? A. Unlike eukaryotes, which have three differentRNA polymerases, prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase. B. Eukaryotic transcripts have a 5' cap while prokaryotic transcripts do not. C. Eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not. D. There are slight differences in the genetic code for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

C. Eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not.

What is the best way to describe our current understanding of the one-gene/one-polypeptide hypothesis? A. It continues to be an accurate description of how genes work. B. It has been replaced by the more accurate "one-gene/one-enzyme" hypothesis. C. It is oversimplified, especially in eukaryotes. D. It was true for fungi like Neurospora, but not for other species.

C. It is oversimplified, especially in eukaryotes.

Within the transcription bubble, the 9 most recently added nucleotides in the newly synthesized RNA strand temporarily form a helix with the template DNA strand. How might transcription be affected if helix formation did not occur? A. Rewinding the DNA molecule would be inhibited. B. Unwinding the DNA molecule would be inhibited. C. The position of the 3' end of the RNA would be unstable, inhibiting elongation. D. The position of the 5' end of the RNA would be unstable, inhibiting elongation. E. The position of the 5' end of the RNA would be unstable, stimulating elongation.

C. The position of the 3' end of the RNA would be unstable, inhibiting elongation.

During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, what happens during RNA splicing? A. The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature tRNA. B. The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and all pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA. C. The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA. D. The product of transcription, called the secondary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA. E. The product of translation, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA.

C. The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA.

What is required for formation of the transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes? A. binding of the sigma subunit to the start site followed by recruitment of RNA polymerase II B. binding of a transcription factor to the transcription bubble, followed by recruitment of additional transcription factors and recruitment of RNA polymerase III C. binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, followed by recruitment of additional transcription factors and recruitment of RNA polymerase II D. binding of the sigma subunit to promoter elements at -35 and -10, followed by recruitment of the core polymerase E. binding of RNA polymerase II to the TATA box, followed by recruitment of transcription factors

C. binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, followed by recruitment of additional transcription factors and recruitment of RNA polymerase II

You are working to characterize a novel protein in mice. Analysis shows that high levels of the primary transcript that codes for this protein are found in tissue from the brain, muscle, liver, and pancreas. However, an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal portion of the protein indicates that the protein is present in brain, muscle, and liver, but not in the pancreas. What is the most likely explanation? A. The transcript is immediately degraded in the pancreas. B. The transcript receives a 5' cap in the pancreas. C. The gene that codes for this protein is not transcribed in the pancreas. D. Alternative splicing in the pancreas creates a protein missing the domain that the antibody recognizes. E. The transcript receives a 3' poly-A tail in the pancreas.

D. Alternative splicing in the pancreas creates a protein missing the domain that the antibody recognizes.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms differ in how they process genetic information. Which statements best explain one of these differences? A. In prokaryotes, translation occurs before genes are transcribed into mRNA. In eukaryotes, genes are transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into polypeptides. B. In prokaryotes, introns are removed before genes are transcribed into mRNA. In eukaryotes, introns are removed after genes are transcribed into mRNA. C. In prokaryotes, genes are transcribed directly into polypeptides. In eukaryotes, genes are transcribed into RNA which is used to assemble polypeptides. D. In prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA begins before transcription is complete. In eukaryotes, transcription and modification of themRNA is completed before translation begins.

D. In prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA begins before transcription is complete. In eukaryotes, transcription and modification of themRNA is completed before translation begins.

How does DNA polymerase differ fromRNA polymerase? A. Only RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing chain. B. Only RNA polymerase requires a primer. C. Only DNA polymerase uses a template DNA strand to direct synthesis of a new nucleotide strand. D. Only DNA polymerase has a proofreading ability.

D. Only DNA polymerase has a proofreading ability.

If a strain of bacteria had a mutation that blocked expression of the lac repressor, what would you expect as a result? A. The mutant strain would outcompete wildype strains, since it could always utilize lactose. B. The mutant strain would act the same, because it would still require lac activator protein to turn on. C. The mutant strain would grow at the same rate as wildtype if lactose was not present. D. The mutant strain would waste energy producing enzymes in the absence of lactose.

D. The mutant strain would waste energy producing enzymes in the absence of lactose.

The primary transcripts in eukaryotes are most accurately described as A. composed of RNA polymerase and associated histones. B. having the exons removed and the introns retained for translation. C. an RNA copy, but the noncoding exons and introns have been removed. D. a faithful copy of the entire gene including exons and introns. E. an exactcopy of the gene, but the introns have been removed.

D. a faithful copy of the entire gene including exons and introns.

A defining characteristic of eukaryotic organisms is that they A. use the leucine zipper primarily for the production of the amino acid tryptophan. B. have only operons to assist in gene expression. C. have their transcription occurring in the cytoplasm and translation in the nucleus. D. have their transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. E. carry out protein synthesis only in the presence of the cAMP molecule.

D. have their transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

In prokaryotes, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme consists of A. the core polymerase plus two beta subunits. B. two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and two sigma subunits. C. the core polymerase plus two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and a sigma subunit. D. the core polymerase plus a sigma subunit. E. the core polymerase plus two alpha subunits.

D. the core polymerase plus a sigma subunit.

The Central Dogma of biology can be stated as DNA→ RNA→ proteins. proteins→ RNA→ DNA. DNA→ proteins→ RNA. RNA→ DNA→ proteins.

DNA→ RNA→ proteins.

During translation, uncharged tRNA molecules leave the ribosome from the _________ site. termination E P release A

E

A scientist makes three artificial mRNA strands:(x) 5' AAAUUUAAAUUUAAAUUUAAAUUUAAA 3'(y) 5' UUUCCCUUUCCCUUUCCCUUUCCCUUU 3'(z) 5' AUAUAUAUAUAUAUAUAUAUAUAUAU 3'When he analyzes the polypeptides produced, he finds that:x produces a polypeptide that is50% phenylalanine and 50 phenylalanine and 50% proline.z produces a polypeptide that is 50% isoleucineand 50% tyrosine.Based on these results only, the best conclusion to make is that A. AUA codes for isoleucine B. AAA codes for phenylalanine and AUA codes for isoleucine C. AAA codes for phenylalanine D. AAA codes for lysine and AUA codes for isoleucine E. AAA codes for lysine

E. AAA codes for lysine

Two 6-base sequences are present in bacterial promoters: TATAAT (located 10 nt upstream from the start site) and TTGACA (located 35 nt upstream from the start site). What is the significance of the fact that these two base sequences are different? A. Binding sites for both the core polymerase and holoenzyme are provided. B. It allows RNA polymerase to distinguish between the template strand and the coding strand of the DNA molecule. C. The transcription bubble can be properly formed. D. Binding sites for both the holoenzyme and ATP are provided. E. Both the location of the start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

E. Both the location of the start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

Two 6-base sequences are present in bacterial promoters: TATAAT (located 10 nt upstream from the start site) and TTGACA (located 35 nt upstream from the start site). What is the significance of the fact that these two base sequences are different? A. Binding sites for both the holoenzyme and ATP are provided B. It allows RNA polymerase to distinguish between template strand and the coding strand of the DNA molecule C. The transcription bubble can be properly formed D. Binding sites for both the core polymerase and holoenzyme are provided E. Both the location of the start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

E. Both the location of the start site and the direction of transcription can be established.

Which statement about the genetic code is false? The genetic code is almost universal, but not quite. Nucleotides are always read in groups of three. There is no punctuation or spacing between codons. Every codon codes for one amino acid. Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

Every codon codes for one amino acid.

Ribosomes are complex aggregates of RNA and DNA. RNA and sugars. nucleosomes and RNA. RNA and proteins. DNA and proteins.

RNA and proteins.

The gene encoding apolipoprotein B exists in two isoforms, APOB100 and APOB48. These two forms are produced as a result of RNA editing. alternative splicing. tissue-specific expression. a gene mutation that results in a stop codon.

RNA editing.

Transcription in prokaryotes is carried out by ______, which unwind(s) and transcribe(s) the gene. RNA polymerase II transcription factors RNA polymerase RNA polymerase III RNA synthetase

RNA polymerase

You are attempting to synthesize rRNA in a test tube using DNA isolated from mouse cells. In addition to the template DNA, ribonucleotides, and the necessary transcription factors, you should also add _________ to the test tube. RNA polymerase I poly-A polymerase RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase III

RNA polymerase I

What is the first step during transcription initiation in prokaryotes? RNA polymerase binds to the promoter the transcription bubble is formed the DNA double helix is unwound RNA polymerase synthesizes a short primer transcription factors bind to the TATA box sequence

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

In order for transcription to be initiated DNA polymerase must have access to the RNA and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. RNA ligase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. DNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and also must be capable of binding to the gene's operator.

RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter.

During translation in prokaryotes, formation of the initiation complex requires all of the following except a small ribosomal subunit. initiation factors. mRNA. tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine. RNA polymerase.

RNA polymerase.

Many factors bind around the core promoter to form the eukaryotic initation complex, but the most important one is ______, which directly binds the TATA box. TFIIB TFIIF TFIIE TFIIH TAF TFIIA TFIID

TFIID

Given the sentence "THE FAT CAT ATE THE RED RAT," which of the following would represent a frameshift mutation? THE FAC ATA TET HER EDR AT THE FAT RAT ATE THE RED CAT THE FAT CAT ATE THE RED RAT THE CAT ATE THE RED RAT

THE FAC ATA TET HER EDR AT

Initiation of transcription differs from initiation of DNA replication in several ways. One difference is that initiation of transcription does not require a primer. enzymes. a promoter. a DNA template strand.

a primer.

Elucidation of the histone code might allow us to turn specific genes on or off. lead to chromatin remodeling. allow us to control translation. allow the determination of nucleosome composition.

allow us to turn specific genes on or off.

Specific amino acids are attached to tRNA molecules by initiation factors. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. hydrogen bonds. anticodons. deactivating enzymes.

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

The tRNA nucleotide sequence that pairs with bases on the mRNA is called a(n) exon. anticodon. intron. initiation factor. codon.

anticodon.

Cells conserve energy and resources by making active proteins only when they are needed. If a protein is not needed, which of the following methods of control would be the most energy-efficient? block transcription degrade the protein after it is made prevent translation of the mRNA degrade the mRNA after it is made

block transcription

The progesterone receptor (PR) is a steroid hormone receptor and transcription factor. The protein SRC-1, which does not bind DNA by itself, can bind to PR and increase expression of genes regulated by PR. Based on this information, SRC-1 is best described as a(n) specific transcription factor. coactivator. general transcription factor. inducer.

coactivator.

The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the ______ strand. noncoding complementary template coding

coding

Crick and his colleagues proposed that the genetic code consists of a series of blocks of information, called ______, each corresponding to one amino acid in an encoded protein. alleles codons polypeptides genes

codons

During translation, the nucleotides that make up themRNA are read in groups of three. These groups are called templates. introns. exons. codons. anticodons.

codons.

Gene ________ refers to the combined processes of transcription and translation. expression regulation modification replication

expression

What is the likely consequence of a mutation that alters the branch point within an intron? no exon shuffling failure to form a lariat failure of snRNAs to combine with protein and form snRNPs no effect, since introns are not expressed failure of snRNPs to recognize the5' end of intron

failure to form a lariat

One of the DNA-binding motifs in many eukaryotic organisms that contains a nearly identical sequence of 60 amino acids is known as the homeodomain. leucine zipper. helix-turn-helix. zinc finger. nonhelical zipper.

homeodomain.

The maintenance of a constant environment in a cell is called __________. gene expression active transport translation homeostasis

homeostasis

Eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules are modified at the ribosome. inside the nucleus. as they pass through the nuclear membrane. in the cytoplasm. at the transcription bubble.

inside the nucleus.

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs inside the nucleus. on the surface of the nuclear membrane. on the surface of the plasma membrane. on ribosomes. on spliceosomes.

inside the nucleus.

If you were given a bacterial strain with a mutation in the promoter region of the trp operon the most likely effect would be derepression of the trp operon. enabling the trp operon to be expressed in the absence of tryptophan. lack of expression of just the first gene in the operon. to block the repressor from binding. interference with RNA polymerase binding.

interference with RNA polymerase binding.

Most eukaryotic genes contain noncoding sequences called ________ that are interspersed with the coding sequences. codons spacers exons introns spliceosomes

introns

Eukaryotic mRNA molecules may contain noncoding sequences that must be removed before translation. These are called exons. introns. nucleosomes. anticodons. noncodons.

introns.

The proteins necessary for the use of lactose in E. coli are collectively called the lac suppressor. lac transcriptional operator. lac operon. lac regulator. lac promoter.

lac operon.

During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, which molecule passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and specifies the sequence of amino acids in the new polypeptide? rRNA DNA mRNA RNA polymerase tRNA

mRNA

In eukaryotes, the 3' poly-A tail is attached to the template strand of DNA. poly-A polymerase. the ribosome. mRNA. tRNA.

mRNA.

During translation, translocation refers to joining an amino acid to a tRNA molecule. moving the ribosome along the mRNA molecule. releasing a tRNA molecule from the ribosome. joining a tRNA molecule to the ribosome. joining an amino acid to the next amino acid in the chain.

moving the ribosome along the mRNA molecule.

During translation, translocation refers to moving the ribosome along the mRNA molecule. releasing a tRNA molecule from the ribosome. joining an amino acid to a tRNA molecule. joining a tRNA molecule to the ribosome. joining an amino acid to the next amino acid in the chain.

moving the ribosome along the mRNA molecule.

In some organisms, the primary function of a gene in a cell is to participate in regulating the body as a whole rather than responding to the cell's immediate environment. These organisms would be diploid. prokaryotic. bacterial. multicellular.

multicellular.

Histones that are tightly wound by DNA and are the basic unit of chromatin are called nucleosomes. operons. facilitators sites. repressor genes. protein clusters.

nucleosomes.

Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as nucleic acids. amino acids. codons. genes. nucleotides.

nucleotides.

In eukaryotes, translation takes place on ribosomes. inside the nucleus. on spliceosomes. on the nuclear membrane. on the plasma membrane.

on ribosomes.

The location of translation in prokaryotic cells is on the plasma membrane. on ribosomes. on mesosomes. in the nucleoid. on chromosomes

on ribosomes.

A site of negative genetic regulation where binding by repressor blocks transcription is the operon. operator. repressor. CAP. promoter.

operator.

A cluster of functionally-related genes that are regulated together and encoded into a single mRNA molecule is called a(n) promoter. CAP. operon. operator. repressor.

operon.

When a polypeptide is being assembled, the bond that forms between a newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid in the chain is a _________ bond. peptide phosphodiester hydrogen terminal hydrophobic

peptide

Messenger RNA molecules contain information that is used to synthesize___________. polypeptides amino acids fatty acids nucleotides

polypeptides

To begin transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to a segment of DNA called the ____. primer promoter transcription bubble inducer initiation site

promoter

DNA affects the traits of an organism by providing the instructions for synthesizing_______. codons nucleotides amino acids proteins

proteins

The connection that exists between genes and hereditary traits is based on using the information encoded in genes to synthesize codons. nucleotides. histones. complementary bases. proteins.

proteins.

The connection that exists between genes and hereditary traits is based on using the information encoded in genes to synthesize proteins. complementary bases. nucleotides. histones. codons.

proteins.

Which molecule combines with proteins to form both the large and small ribosomal subunits? miRNA DNA tRNA rRNA RNA polymerase

rRNA

Codons that serve as "stop" signals for translation are recognized by anticodons. translation terminators. tRNA. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases release factors.

release factors.

In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA processing may involve all of the following except addition of a 5' cap. addition of a 3' poly-A tail removal of exons from the pre-mRNA. pre-mRNA splicing by the spliceosome.

removal of exons from the pre-mRNA.

The polypeptide-making organelles, which consist of protein combined withRNA, are called lysosomes. centrosomes. ribosomes. mitochondria. Golgi bodies.

ribosomes.

The polypeptide-making organelles, which consist of protein combined withRNA, are called ribosomes. mitochondria. Golgi bodies. centrosomes. lysosomes.

ribosomes.

During the splicing reaction, the intron-exon junctions are recognized by the branch point. miRNAs. snRNPs. the lariat. SRP RNAs.

snRNPs.

To remove noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA of eukaryotes, multiple snRNPs combine with proteins to form a larger complex called the ___________ . spliceosome ribosome 3' poly-A tail introsome 5' cap

spliceosome

During transcription of mRNA in eukaryotes, some sequences are cut out of the primary transcript and the remaining sequences are joined together. This processing of mRNA is called _________. elongation splicing capping termination translation

splicing

During transcription of mRNA in eukaryotes, some sequences are cut out of the primary transcript and the remaining sequencesare joined together. This processing of mRNA is called _________. elongation capping splicing termination translation

splicing

Eukaryotic cell mRNA transcripts can remain in the cell for hours because they are long. stable. analogous. isolated.

stable.

During translation, amino acids are carried to the ribosome by tRNA. rRNA. mRNA. snRNA. miRNA.

tRNA.

In prokaryotes, the form of RNA polymerase that can accurately initiate synthesis of RNA is called the core polymerase. the holoenzyme. RNA polymerase III. the sigma subunit. RNA polymerase II.

the holoenzyme.

The A, P, and E sites are progressively occupied by amino acids being assembled into a polypeptide. These sites are part of mRNA. DNA. tRNA. the spliceosome. the large ribosomal subunit.

the large ribosomal subunit.

A codon is composed of how many bases? one 64 two three four

three

Eukaryotes have ____ type(s) of RNA polymerase. one 64 three four two

three

The genetic code uses _________nucleotide(s) to specify one amino acid. four two 64 three one

three

During _______, RNA polymerase synthesizes a molecule ofRNA usingDNA as a template. mRNA splicing transcription termination gene sequencing translation

transcription

Gene expression involves two phases, ___________ and translation. condensation initiation replication transcription

transcription

A bacterial cell has a nonsense mutation that prevents it from producing a functional sigma subunit for RNA polymerase. Inability to synthesize a functional sigma subunit would have the most direct effect on transcription elongation. translation initiation. transcription initiation. transcription termination. translation termination.

transcription initiation.

As a microbiologist you have been asked to investigate the regulation of a novel gene in a bacterial species. Given what is known about bacteria, the logical place to begin your investigation is regulation by general transcription factors. alternative splicing regulation. transcriptional regulation. regulation by enhancer elements. translational regulation.

transcriptional regulation.

During ________, a ribosome assembles a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of mRNA. posttranscriptional modification transcription replication translation

translation

During _________, nucleotide sequence information is changed into amino acid sequence information. translation replication translocation sequencing transcription

translation

Ribosome movement along the mRNA is called activation. translocation. transcription. replication. initiation.

translocation.

The mutation responsible for Huntington's disease is a frameshift mutation. nonsense mutation. missense mutation. triplet repeat expansion mutation.

triplet repeat expansion mutation.

When E. coli cells produce the amino acid tryptophan, a cluster of five genes is transcribed together. This cluster of genes is referred to as the trp transcriptional operator. trp operon. trp regulator. trp suppressor. trp promoter.

trp operon.

Which base in an anticodon will pair with the base adenine in a codon? uracil guanine cytosine thymine

uracil