Unit 3: Chapter 10

Jay's Treaty

(Cause and Effect) Aroused Jeffersonian Republican outrage at the Washington administration's pro-British policies

The XYZ Affair

(Cause and Effect) Caused an undeclared war with France

The Federalist fear of radical French immigrants

(Cause and Effect) Caused passage of the Alien Acts

Hamilton's excise tax on western farmers' products

(Cause and Effect) Caused the Whiskey Rebellion

French Revolution

(Cause and Effect) Created bitter divisions in America between anti-Revolution Federalists and pro-Revolution Republicans

Passage of the Bill of Rights

(Cause and Effect) Guaranteed basic liberties and indicated some swing away from Federalist centralizing

The need to gain support of wealthy groups for the federal government

(Cause and Effect) Led Hamilton to promote the fiscal policies of funding and assumption

The danger of war with Britain

(Cause and Effect) Led Washington to support Jay's Treaty

The need for federal revenues to finance Hamilton's ambitious policies

(Cause and Effect) Led to imposition of the first tariff in 1789 and the excise tax on whiskey in 1791

Clashes between Hamilton and Jefferson over fiscal policy and foreign affairs

(Cause and Effect) Led to the formation of the first two American political parties

b

(Multiple Choice) A key addition to the new federal government that had been demanded by many of the ratifying states was a) a cabinet to aid the president. b) a written bill of rights to guarantee liberty. c) a supreme court. d) federal assumption of state debts.

b

(Multiple Choice) Hamilton's first financial polices were intended a) to finance the new government through the sale of western lands. b) to fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states. c) to repudiate the debts accumulated by the government of the Articles of Confederation. d) to create a sound federal currency backed by gold.

c

(Multiple Choice) Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions argued that a) the Alien and Sedition Acts were dangerous but constitutional. b) the states ought to secede from the federal government. c) the states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. d) the Supreme Court had the right to declare legislation unconstitutional.

a

(Multiple Choice) One immediate innovation not mentioned in the Constitution that was developed by George Washington's administration was a) the cabinet. b) the military joint chiefs of staff. c) the Supreme Court. d) the vice president.

a

(Multiple Choice) Regarding the French Revolution, most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that a) the violence was regrettable but necessary. b) the overthrow of the king was necessary, but the Reign of Terror went much too far. c) the Revolution should be supported by American military aid. d) the Revolution represented a complete distortion of American ideals of liberty.

a

(Multiple Choice) The Alien and Sedition Acts were aimed primarily at a) the Jeffersonians and the allegedly pro-French activities and ideas. b) the opponents of President Adams's peace settlement with France. c) Napoleon's French agents who were infiltrating the country. d) the Hamiltonian Federalists and their pro-British activities and ideas.

d

(Multiple Choice) The Bill of Rights is the name given to provisions that exist as a) an executing proclamation of President George Washington. b) a written agreement between the federal government and the states. c) a set of rulings issued by the Supreme Court. d) the first ten amendments to the federal Constitution.

d

(Multiple Choice) The Federalists essentially believed that a) the most governmental power should be retained by the states. b) government should provide no special aid to private enterprise. c) the common people could, if educated, participate in government affairs. d) there should be a strong central government controlled by the wealthy and well educated.

c

(Multiple Choice) The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that a) the federal government had no power to restrict the action of local governments. b) the powers of the presidency did not extend to foreign policy. c) all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves. d) the Supreme Court had no power to rule in cases affecting property rights.

b

(Multiple Choice) The United States became involved in undeclared hostilities with France in 1797 because of a) fierce American opposition to the concessions of Jay's Treaty. b) American anger at attempted French bribery in the XYZ Affair. c) French interference with American shipping and freedom of the seas. d) President Adams's sympathy with Britain and hostility to Revolutionary France.

b

(Multiple Choice) The Whiskey Rebellion was most significant because a) it showed that American citizens would rise up against unfair taxation. b) it showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority. c) it demonstrated the efficiency of the American military. d) it showed the strength of continuing antifederalist hostility to the new constitutional government.

a

(Multiple Choice) The essential disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson over the proposed Bank of the United States was a) whether or not the Constitution could be constructed to permit the federal government to establish such a bank. b) whether or not it would be economically wise to create a single national currency. c) whether the bank should be under the control of the federal government or the states. d) whether or not such a bank would plunge the federal government into excessive debt.

b

(Multiple Choice) Washington's foreign policy rested on the basic belief that a) it was in America's interest to aid the British against Revolutionary France. b) it was America's interest to stay neutral in European wars. c) America was morally obligated to adhere to the alliance with France. d) America ought to enter the French-British war only if republican ideals were at stake.

b

(Multiple Choice) Which of the following sets of rights are NOT included in the Bill of Rights? a) freedom of religion, speech, and the press b) rights to education and travel c) rights to bear arms and to be tried by a jury d) rights to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances

False

(True/False) Adams decided to negotiate peace with France in order to unite his party and enhance his own popularity with the public.

True

(True/False) Both "funding at par" of the federal debt and assumption of state debts were designed to give wealthier interests a strong stake in the success of the federal government.

True

(True/False) Hamilton financed his large national debt be revenues from tariffs and excise taxes on products such as whiskey.

True

(True/False) Hamilton's basic purpose in all his financial measures was to strengthen the federal government by building up a larger national debt.

False

(True/False) In the battle over the Bank of the United States, Jefferson favored a "loose construction" of the Constitution and Hamilton favored a "strict construction."

False

(True/False) Jeffersonian Republicans believed that the common people were not to be trusted and had to be led by those who were better educated and wealthier.

True

(True/False) One immediate concern for the new federal government was the questionable loyalty of people living in the western territories of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

True

(True/False) The Alien Laws were a conservative Federalist attempt to prevent radical French immigrants and spies from supporting the Jeffersonians and stirring up anti-British sentiment.

False

(True/False) The British showed their respect for Washington's military ability by carefully refraining from any acts that would violate American neutrality.

False

(True/False) The French Revolution's radical political goals were greeted with great approval by both Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists.

False

(True/False) The Jeffersonian Republicans generally sympathized with Britain in foreign policy, while the Hamiltonian Federalists sympathized with France and the French Revolution.

True

(True/False) The first American political parties grew mainly out of the debate over Hamilton's fiscal policies and foreign policies.

False

(True/False) The passage of the first ten amendments to the Constitution demonstrated the Federalist determination to develop a powerful central government.

True

(True/False) Washington supported Jay's unpopular treaty with Britain because he feared a disastrous war if it were rejected.

False

(True/False) Washington's Neutrality Proclamation was based on his confidence in American military strength in comparison to the hostile powers.

Whiskey Rebellion

A protest by poor western farmers that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton's army

Treaty of Greenville

Agreement between the United States and Miami Indians that ceded much of Ohio and Indiana while recognizing a limited sovereignty for the Miamis

funding at par

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

Supreme Court

Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay

Alexander Hamilton

Brilliant administrator and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his character and belief in popular government

Jay's Treaty

Document signed in 1794 whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans

Funding and assumption

Hamilton's aggressive financial policies of paying off all federal bonds and taking on all state debts

assumption

Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states

Alien and Sedition Acts

Harsh and probably unconstitutional laws aimed at radical immigrants and Jeffersonian writers

Bank of the United States

Institution established by Hamilton to create a stable currency and bitterly opposed by states' rights advocates

political parties

Political organizations not envisioned in the Constitution and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founding Fathers

Federalists

Political party that believed in a strong government run by the wealthy, government aid to business, and a pro-British foreign policy

Republicans

Political party that believed in the common people, no government aid for business, and a pro-French foreign policy

XYZ

Secret code names for three French agents who attempted to extract bribes from American diplomats in 1797

James Madison

Skillful politician-scholar who drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the First Congress

Bill of Rights

Ten constitutional amendments designed to protect American liberties

Secretary of the Treasury

The cabinet office in Washington's administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people

nullification

The doctrine, proclaimed in the Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional

a

The first American political parties developed out of a) the disagreement of Jefferson and his states' rights followers with Hamilton's economic policies. b) the believe of the Founding Fathers that organized political opposition was a necessary part of good government. c) the continuing hostility of the antifederalists to the legitimacy of the new federal Constitution. d) patriotic opposition to foreign intervention in American domestic affairs.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution

Convention of 1800

The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French-American alliance

John Adams

The second president of the United States, whose Federalist enemies and political weaknesses undermined his administration

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's secretary of state and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton's policies

french american alliance

agreement signed between two anti-British countries in 1778 that increasingly plagued american foreign policy in the 1790s

Miami confederacy

alliance of eight indian nations led by little turtle that inflicted major defeats on american forces in the early 1790s

census of 1790

effort that counted 4 million americans

Farewell Address

message telling america that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements- a reflection of the foreign policy

french revolution

political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792

electoral college

the official body designated to choose the President under the new Constitution, which in 1789 unanimously elected George Washington

compact theory

the politcical theory on which jefferson and madison based their antifederalist resolutions declaring that the thirteen sovereign states had created the consitution