Unit 3 Gov

In Europe, interest groups A) do not exist. B) often form political parties. C) exist but are not as powerful as in the United States. D) have the same role and power as in the United States. E) do not have the same constitutional protection that they have in the United States and are frequently persecuted.

B) often form political parties.

Right-to-work laws A) guarantee full employment. B) outlaw union membership as a condition of employment. C) require employees to join the union representing them. D) offer government jobs to unemployed workers. E) require welfare recipients to work for their welfare checks.

B) outlaw union membership as a condition of employment.

The idea that interest group activity brings representation to all is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) republicanism.

B) pluralist theory.

A(n) ________ group is composed of all people who might be group members because they share some common interest. A) potential B) interest C) actual D) single-issue E) latent

A) potential

According to the text, one of the most common function of lobbyists is to A) provide information and ideas to members of Congress. B) recruit former officeholders to help with public relations. C) convert members of Congress to the point of view the lobbyists represent. D) actually introduce new legislation. E) raise funds for preferred political candidates.

A) provide information and ideas to members of Congress.

The hyperpluralist complaint that interest group politics creates subgovernments refers to A) the cooperative efforts of group leaders, government agencies, and members of congressional committees and subcommittees to promote special interests. B) the power of interest groups in determining government policies. C) the conflict of interest created when government agencies promote group interests. D) the use of paid lobbyists on congressional committees and subcommittees. E) the proliferation of specialized local governments over the last thirty years, many of which are designed to service some special interest.

A) the cooperative efforts of group leaders, government agencies, and members of congressional committees and subcommittees to promote special interests.

C) raising a political question.

All of the following are examples of standing to sue EXCEPT A) having sustained a direct injury from another party. B) serious interest in the case. C) raising a political question. D) having sustained a direct injury from the government. E) being a member of a class

D) groups that are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants.

An amicus curiae brief may be submitted by A) lawyers representing each side of a case. B) a judge to a jury outlining the parameters a jury must follow in deciding a case. C) the chief justice. D) groups that are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants. E) the actual litigants in a case.

D) United States attorney

An important player at the district court level in each district is the ________, nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. He or she serves at the discretion of the president. A) Solicitor General B) county clerk C) federal marshal D) United States attorney E) federal magistrate

A) concurring opinion.

An opinion written to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment is called a(n) A) concurring opinion. B) dissenting opinion. C) amending opinion. D) majority opinion. E) minority opinion.

All people who might be group members because they share some common interest make up A) an actual group. B) a potential group. C) a collective group. D) an interest group. E) a probable group.

B) a potential group.

Elitist views of interest groups emphasize that A) groups are essentially equal in their power and thus cancel each othersʹ influence on policymakers. B) a system of interlocking directorates reinforces the power of the few dominant groups. C) group competition weakens the ability of any one group to dominate. D) because there are so many groups, their effect on policy is insignificant. E) the leaders of powerful interest groups tend to think they are superior to the average citizen and thus they demand special privileges from government not accorded the rest of society in order to maintain themselves as a privileged elite.

B) a system of interlocking directorates reinforces the power of the few dominant groups.

American political parties differ from interest groups in that parties A) are policy specialists. B) are policy generalists. C) are policy-driven. D) do not take positions on policy issues. E) have a narrower scope than interest groups.

B) are policy generalists.

Right-to-work laws are most strongly supported by A) unemployed citizens. B) business groups. C) union officials. D) the feminist and civil rights movements. E) illegal immigrants.

B) business groups.

Elite theorists emphasize the power of A) subgovernments. B) business leaders. C) congressional staff members. D) public interest lobbies. E) presidents.

B) business leaders.

Many interest groups involve themselves in ________ to help get those they consider to be the right people into office or to keep them there. A) lobbying B) electioneering C) litigation D) policymaking E) recruitment

B) electioneering

Political Action Committees are primarily a means used by interest groups for A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) litigation. D) policymaking. E) political action.

B) electioneering.

In many countries with multiparty systems and proportional representation, interest groups A) frequently win a majority of seats in the national legislature. B) frequently win some seats in the national legislature. C) frequently run candidates for seats in the national legislature, but these candidates almost never win. D) are barred from running candidates for office. E) are guaranteed by law seats in the national parliament in proportion to their percentage of the general population.

B) frequently win some seats in the national legislature.

Interest group liberalism refers to A) government freedom to favor some interest groups over others. B) governmentʹs excessive deference to interest groups. C) the liberal political ideology of most interest groups. D) the proliferation of the number of interest groups. E) the strong tendency of interest groups to back the Democratic party and not the Republican party and that keeps the Democratic party in power.

B) governmentʹs excessive deference to interest groups.

Environmental groups A) are an example of an economic interest group. B) grew dramatically after the first Earth Day in 1970. C) support nuclear power as a clean alternative to coal mining. D) have had very little influence on Congress and state legislatures. E) tend to avoid energy issues, while concentrating on the preservation of wilderness.

B) grew dramatically after the first Earth Day in 1970.

A hyperpluralist interpretation of group politics would maintain that A) groups weak in one resource can substitute other resources to influence policy decisions. B) groups have become so powerful that government ends up aiding every possible interest. C) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because groups are unequal in power. D) groups provide a key linkage between people and government. E) All of these are true.

B) groups have become so powerful that government ends up aiding every possible interest.

The free-rider problem refers to the difficulty of A) small groups in raising enough money to influence policy. B) groups in organizing all their potential members. C) actual groups in collecting dues from members. D) potential groups in receiving their share in collective goods. E) all taxpayers having to pay for public services and payments that go only to the poor.

B) groups in organizing all their potential members.

Interest group liberalism is criticized especially by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) social-conservative

B) hyperpluralist

The criticism that government refuses to make tough choices between X or Y, instead pretending there is no need to choose and trying to favor both is most often made by ________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) rational choice

B) hyperpluralist

Three basic strategies employed by interest groups are all of the following EXCEPT A) lobbying. B) implementation. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) going public.

B) implementation.

According to James Madison in Federalist Paper No. 1, the way to prevent any one group from having too much power is to A) eliminate most groups. B) increase the scope and number of groups. C) strictly regulate them. D) make them unconstitutional. E) none of the above

B) increase the scope and number of groups.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which a lobbyist can help a member of Congress? A) obtaining group support for the politicianʹs reelection B) introducing legislation in Congress C) providing valuable information on specialized policy areas D) helping with political strategy E) assisting with the cost of traveling between their home district and Washington, D.C.

B) introducing legislation in Congress

Pluralists argue that lobbying A) is dominated by wealthy corporations and the wealthiest individuals and is a danger to the democratic system. B) is open to all and is therefore not to be regarded as a problem. C) by so many interest groups who get what they want indicates that the relation between groups and government has grown too cozy. D) must be suspended until tighter regulations can be put into place to protect the public interest. E) has no effect on policymaking.

B) is open to all and is therefore not to be regarded as a problem.

A ʺcommunication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decisionʺ is a definition of A) campaigning. B) lobbying. C) electioneering. D) litigation. E) a policy output.

B) lobbying.

The ________ is the oldest and largest of the African-American groups which have fought for equality at the polls, in housing, on the job, in education, and in all other facets of American life. A) Urban League B) Congress of Racial Equality C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D) Rainbow Coalition E) National African-American Organization

C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

According to Robert Salisbury, the increase in lobbying activity has resulted in A) greater clout for business and industry groups. B) less democracy. C) less clout overall for interest groups. D) government by minority interests. E) elitist policymaking.

C) less clout overall for interest groups.

According to Mancur Olson, small interest groups generally are ________ compared to all other groups. A) insignificant B) incoherent C) less focused D) more effective E) more democratic

C) less focused

According to the text, lobbying works best A) with people who are undecided about a policy. B) when large amounts of money are involved. C) on people already committed to the lobbyistʹs policy position. D) when the lobbyist uses pressure tactics. E) when the lobbyist starts crying and pleading.

C) on people already committed to the lobbyistʹs policy position.

A single-issue group is one that is all of the following EXCEPT A) focused on narrow interest. B) unable to compromise. C) organizes on the national level only. D) single-mindedly in pursuing its goal. E) intensely committed to a policy goal.

C) organizes on the national level only.

According to ________ theorists, interest groups compete and counterbalance one another in the political marketplace. A) elitist B) hyperelitist C) pluralist D) hyperpluralist E) free market

C) pluralist

One of the main differences between American political parties and interest groups is that A) interest groups are concerned with more issues. B) interest groups concentrate on only one policy arena. C) political parties run candidates for office. D) interest groups limit their membership. E) political parties are policy specialists.

C) political parties run candidates for office.

All subgovernments have the same goal A) protecting the public interest. B) attacking the government head-on. C) protecting their self-interest. D) electing the most qualified people to office. E) to join the main government.

C) protecting their self-interest.

Organizations seeking a collective good that may not benefit them directly are called A) commodity associations. B) protest groups. C) public interest lobbies. D) single-issue groups. E) altruistic lobbies.

C) public interest lobbies.

The union shop A) outlaws union membership as a condition of employment. B) offers low-cost consumer goods to union members. C) requires new employees to join the union representing them. D) is supported by business groups. E) is a business owned by a union, has a tax-exempt status, and is not allowed to collect profits.

C) requires new employees to join the union representing them.

The union shop A) serves as the headquarters of an organized labor group. B) sells only goods made by laborers affiliated with a union. C) requires that all employees in a unionized business join the union. D) is a retail store whose employees are unionized. E) both B and D

C) requires that all employees in a unionized business join the union.

A ʺcollective goodʺ refers to A) goods and services that are publicly owned. B) benefits that accrue to the group that sought them. C) something of value that benefits both the actual and potential members of a group. D) a public policy that is in the public interest. E) goods and services collected for the needy.

C) something of value that benefits both the actual and potential members of a group.

The case involving Eli Lilly and Company illustrates how A) little influence special interests actually have on Congress. B) special interests can still bribe members of Congress. C) special interestsʹ campaign contributions can influence congressional action. D) Congress can regulate the activities of special interests. E) the increasing importance of multinational corporations.

C) special interestsʹ campaign contributions can influence congressional action.

Interest group liberalism is promoted by A) ideologically liberal interest groups and not conservative groups. B) one group winning and another losing in the competition for government action or funding. C) subgovernments. D) hyperpluralists. E) all of the above

C) subgovernments.

A) can be overturned by Congress by clarifying an existing law.

Cases that involve statutory construction A) can be overturned by Congress by clarifying an existing law. B) must be decided according to a strict construction of the Constitution. C) are usually precedent setting. D) involve policy issues. E) can only be changed through a Constitutional amendment.

D) prosecute violations of federal law.

Federal magistrates perform each of the following functions EXCEPT A) preside over some trials. B) issue warrants for arrest. C) hear motions subject to review. D) prosecute violations of federal law. E) none of the above

C) 12

For handling cases at the courts of appeal level, the United States is divided into ________ judicial circuits, including one for the District of Columbia. A) 55 B) 26 C) 12 D) 51 E) 91

C) Franklin Roosevelt

The proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court, known as the ʺcourt packing planʺ to critics, was made by President ________ who wanted to be able to appoint justices more sympathetic to his philosophy than the ʺnine old men.ʺ A) Dwight Eisenhower B) Harry Truman C) Franklin Roosevelt D) Richard Nixon E) John F. Kennedy

E) President Ulysses S. Grant took office in 1869.

The size of the Supreme Court has remained the same since A) the Judiciary Act of 1789. B) the Twelfth Amendment was ratified in 1804. C) President Roosevelt expanded it in 1937. D) the original Constitution specified the number of justices. E) President Ulysses S. Grant took office in 1869.

B) four justices must agree to take the case.

In order for the Supreme Court to hear oral arguments or decide a case on the written record, A) a majority of the justices must agree to take the case. B) four justices must agree to take the case. C) the case must first be sent to it by the president. D) only the chief justice must agree to take the case. E) all justices must agree to take the case.

D) competence or ethics.

In order to convince moderate senators to join them, opponents of a nomination for the Supreme Court try to focus on a nomineeʹs A) mistrial rate. B) ideology. C) political activities. D) competence or ethics. E) age.

C) be able to question a nomineeʹs competence or ethics.

In order to defeat a judicial nomination, opponents in the Senate usually must A) get public support in opposition to the nomination. B) be in the majority and be in the opposite party as the president. C) be able to question a nomineeʹs competence or ethics. D) get the American Bar Association on their side. E) prove the nomineeʹs ideological extremism.

D) appeals from lower federal courts.

Most decisions handed down by the Supreme Court are cases involving A) original jurisdiction. B) appeals from state courts. C) federal felonies involving ʺexceptional circumstances.ʺ D) appeals from lower federal courts. E) appeals from state supreme courts.

Which of the following statements about interest groups going public is FALSE? A) Interest groups carefully cultivate their public images. B) Interest groups market not only their stand on issues but their reputations as well. C) More and more organizations have launched expensive public relations efforts. D) The public relations of most groups tend to be characterized by hard sell and bias. E) A and C only

D) The public relations of most groups tend to be characterized by hard sell and bias.

That successful lobbying efforts by consumer groups benefits all consumers, and not just group members, is an example of A) interest group liberalism. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) a free-rider problem. E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups.

D) a free-rider problem.

C) ideology.

Under Ronald Reaganʹs administration, there was a strong tendency to appoint federal judges on the basis of A) ascriptive characteristics. B) experience in the law profession. C) ideology. D) partisan involvement. E) their contributions to Reaganʹs presidential campaign.

A) standing to sue

Not everyone can challenge a law. Litigants must have what is called ________, meaning that they must have a serious personal stake in the case, typically determined by whether or not they have sustained or are in danger of an injury. A) standing to sue B) a writ of mandamus C) stare decisis D) original jurisdiction E) legal prerogative

C) justiciable disputes.

One constraint on federal courts is that they may decide only A) statutory law. B) appellate cases. C) justiciable disputes. D) constitutional issues. E) interstate conflicts.

A) there is no charge that a law has been violated.

One of the differences between criminal law and civil law is that in civil law A) there is no charge that a law has been violated. B) there is no jury. C) the case cannot be appealed. D) the government cannot be one of the litigants. E) common law takes precedent over statutory law.

A) Warren Court.

One of the most active Supreme Courts in shaping public policy in areas of desegregation and the rights of the accused was the A) Warren Court. B) Rehnquist Court. C) Marshall Court. D) Burger Court. E) Nixon Court.

E) involvement in partisan politics.

One of the most important factors that brings potential federal judges to the attention of senators and the Department of Justice is their A) stand on issues. B) conviction rates. C) total honesty and integrity. D) ideological neutrality. E) involvement in partisan politics.

C) Warren Burger

Richard Nixon chose ________ as the new chief justice in 1969, hoping with this appointment to move the Supreme Court toward a more ʺstrict constructionʺ interpretation of the Constitution in its subsequent decisions. A) John Marshall B) Nelson Rockefeller C) Warren Burger D) Harry Blackmun E) Earl Warren

D) the custom of senatorial courtesy.

Senators have dominated the selection of judges for the federal district courts through A) their control of the budget. B) their power over court jurisdictions. C) the influence of the Senate Judiciary Committee. D) the custom of senatorial courtesy. E) all of the above

D) whether or not the litigants have a serious interest in a case.

Standing to sue is determined by A) the judiciary committee of Congress. B) whether or not the case involves a class action suit. C) the Solicitor Generalʹs office. D) whether or not the litigants have a serious interest in a case. E) a court-appointed jury.

D) decided on the basis of precedent.

Stare decisis means that cases are A) decided using an adversarial system of opposing sides through which the truth hopefully will emerge. B) decided on the grounds of constitutionality. C) often used by judges to in effect enact new law and public policy. D) decided on the basis of precedent. E) appealable only on procedural grounds not on evidence.

D) the Court is normally in line with popular majorities.

Studies of Supreme Court decisions found that A) the Court prefers to base its decisions on the Constitution rather than narrower and more contentious technical grounds. B) the Court is usually out of line with public opinion. C) there is no correlation between public opinion and Court decisions. D) the Court is normally in line with popular majorities. E) the Court renders fewer decisions in election years.

E) is ideologically conservative.

Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas A) has no identifiable ideology. B) is an ideological moderate. C) is an ideological moderate who advocates a jurisprudence of original intent. D) is ideologically liberal. E) is ideologically conservative.

C) so that a president with compatible views will choose their successor.

Supreme Court justices often try to time their retirement A) to maximize their government retirement pension. B) in such a way as to maximize their historical impact. C) so that a president with compatible views will choose their successor. D) so they can resign in protest of a major majority decision that they disagree with. E) near election time so that the Supreme Court nomination becomes an election issue.

A) can

The Supreme Court ________ overrule is own precedents. A) can B) can, but has not tried to C) will routinely D) has tried but has failed to E) cannot

A) eight

The Supreme Court consists of the chief justice and ________ associate justices. A) eight B) ten C) six D) twelve E) nine

B) political questions.

The justification used by federal courts primarily to avoid deciding cases regarding conflicts between the president and Congress is known as the doctrine of A) judicial activism. B) political questions. C) independent grounds. D) stare decisis. E) judicial restraint.

E) writ of certiorari

The most common way for the Supreme Court to put a case on its docket is by issuing a(n) ________, a formal document that calls up a case which deals with a Constitutional question or in which state laws are claimed to violate federal law. A) writ of mandamus B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae brief D) per curiam decision E) writ of certiorari

A) ideology and partisanship.

The most important factors influencing the presidentʹs selection of judges and justices appears to be A) ideology and partisanship. B) race and gender. C) judicial and elective experience. D) geography and religion. E) their law school rank.

C) Warren Court.

The most liberal court of the modern era has been the A) Rehnquist Court. B) Marshall Court. C) Warren Court. D) Taft Court. E) Burger Court.

D) district courts.

The only federal courts in which trials are held, and in which juries may be impaneled, are the A) superior courts. B) legislative courts. C) courts of claims. D) district courts. E) courts of appeal.

A) Franklin Roosevelt.

The president who tried to pack the Supreme Court by increasing its size in order to effect a sympathetic majority was A) Franklin Roosevelt. B) Harry Truman. C) Richard Nixon. D) Dwight Eisenhower. E) Thomas Jefferson.

D) Marbury v. Madison.

The principle of judicial review was first established expressly in writing in the Supreme Court decision of A) United States v. Nixon. B) McCulloch v. Maryland. C) Marshall v. United States Congress. D) Marbury v. Madison. E) Marshall v. Jefferson.

Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent executive agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) executive commercial agencies. E) independent regulatory agencies.

a

A) institutionalized population

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements involved in the implementation of judicial decisions according to the categories noted by Charles Johnson and Bradley Canon? A) institutionalized population B) interpreting population C) consumer population D) implementing population E) defining population

Common criticisms of judicial activism include all of the following except a. judicial activism only works when laws are devoid of ambiguous language. b. judges usually have no expertise in designing complex institutions. c. judges are not elected and are therefore immune to popular control. d. judicial activism often fails to account for the costs of implementing activist rulings. e. judges usually have no expertise in managing complex institutions.

a

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through A) rewriting laws and budgets and holding hearings. B) deregulation. C) the use of executive orders and appointments. D) the creation of ʺiron triangles.ʺ E) all of the above

a

Deregulation has resulted, at least in part, in each of the following EXCEPT A) environmental damage. B) the proliferation of government agencies. C) competitive airline fares. D) an expensive bailout of the savings and loan industry. E) less government oversight in some key areas.

a

During the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the New Deal, the dominant issue that the Supreme Court faced was that of a. government regulation of the economy. b. rights of privacy. c. states' rights versus federal supremacy. d. slavery. e. government regulation of interstate commerce.

a

Each of the following is a criticism of regulation EXCEPT that it A) lowers prices. B) does not work. C) distorts market forces. D) is too complex. E) gives bureaucrats too much power.

a

If a justice agrees with the conclusion of the Court's decision, but disagrees with the logic of the opinion of the Court, he/she would probably write a a. concurring opinion. b. majority opinion. c. plurality opinion. d. per curiam opinion. e. dissenting opinion.

a

If citizens of different states wish to sue one another in a matter involving more than $75,000, they can do so in a. either a federal or a state court. b. a court in the plaintiff's state only. c. an intermediate court of appeals. d. a court in the defendant's state only. e. a federal court only.

a

Issue networks are A) a growing participatory force in bureaucratic decision making whose membersʹ interest in issues is intellectual or emotional rather than material. B) the same as ʺiron triangles.ʺ C) the relatively new television stations that specialize in political coverage. D) subject to standard operating procedures. E) two or more agencies that share regulatory power when a policy or regulation affects more than one regulatory body.

a

Most regulatory agencies adopt specific ________ to carry out a policy, based on what they believe was the intended purpose of the specific policy at hand. A) guidelines B) iron triangles C) incentive systems D) mandates E) merit principles

a

One proposed solution to the ʺproblemʺ of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been A) deregulation. B) deproliferation. C) budget cuts. D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

a

Patronage is a hiring and promotion system based on A) knowing the right people. B) civil service exams. C) talent and skill. D) the Pendelton Act. E) the merit principle.

a

Which of the following was a consequence of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002? a. Impressive levels of spending by so-called 527 organizations. b. A decrease in the costs of campaigns. c. A reduction in the influence of money in campaigns. d. Less restriction on "independent expenditures." e. Elimination of the so-called "incumbent advantage."

a.

Which, according to the text, is probably least likely to be elected president? a. A current member of the Senate. b. A former member of Congress. c. A governor. d. A military hero. e. A vice-president.

a.

With respect to the seemingly "negative" tone of today's campaigns, the authors suggest it a. is not a new feature of American politics and it has been much worse. b. is not a new feature of American politics, but it is worse now than it has ever been. c. is a relatively new feature in American politics. d. became a feature of American politics when pro- and antiabortion groups grew in influence. e. tends to disappear when the nation is at war.

a.

C) Their decisions are final and cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court.

Which of the following is NOT true about the United States courts of appeal? A) They hold no actual trials, hear no testimony, and do not impanel juries. B) Their focus is on correcting errors of procedure and law that occurred in the original proceedings of the case. C) Their decisions are final and cannot be appealed to the Supreme Court. D) Their decisions set precedent for all the courts and agencies within their jurisdiction. E) none of the above

D) the majority of all criminal cases in the United States

Which of the following is NOT under the jurisdiction of the district courts? A) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings B) supervision of the naturalization of aliens C) admiralty and maritime law cases D) the majority of all criminal cases in the United States E) civil suits under federal law

D) Only seven Supreme Court justices have ever been removed from office.

Which of the following statements about federal judges is FALSE? A) All federal judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority of the Senate. B) Federal judges may be removed from office only by conviction of impeachment. C) Members of the federal judiciary can not have their salaries reduced. D) Only seven Supreme Court justices have ever been removed from office. E) none of the above

D) Candidates for judicial nomination rarely campaign for the positions themselves.

Which of the following statements about judicial selection in the lower courts is FALSE? A) The president usually has more influence in the selection of judges to the federal courts of appeal than to federal district courts. B) Sitting judges may be asked to evaluate prospective judicial nominees. C) The Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation conduct competency and background checks on prospective judicial nominees. D) Candidates for judicial nomination rarely campaign for the positions themselves. E) none of the above

C) To invoke senatorial courtesy, the relevant senator must provide documented evidence why the nominee is not fit for office.

Which of the following statements about senatorial courtesy is FALSE? A) When there is a vacancy for a federal judgeship, the relevant senator will suggest one or more names to the Attorney General and the president. B) Presidents usually check carefully with the relevant senator ahead of time so that they will avoid making a nomination that will fail to be confirmed. C) To invoke senatorial courtesy, the relevant senator must provide documented evidence why the nominee is not fit for office. D) Federal judicial nominations are not confirmed when opposed by a senator of the presidentʹs party from the state in which the nominee is to serve. E) none of the above

C) The Court ruled that Madison was in the right to withhold Marburyʹs commission.

Which of the following statements about the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison is FALSE? A) The Court established its power to hold acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution. B) The Court ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. C) The Court ruled that Madison was in the right to withhold Marburyʹs commission. D) The Court ruled that it had no power to require that Marburyʹs commission be delivered. E) none of the above

. Which of the following statements about the selection of federal judges is correct? a. The principle of senatorial courtesy applies to the selection of Supreme Court justices. b. Presidents generally appoint judges whose political views reflect their own. c. Since personal attitudes and opinions have little impact in judicial decision-making, presidents are usually not too concerned about who they nominate. d. Nominees for district judgeships often face tough confirmation battles in the Senate. e. The application of political litmus tests to Supreme Court nominees is no longer legal.

b

Certiorari is a Latin word meaning, roughly, a. "certified." b. "made more certain." c. "without certainty." d. "appealed." e. "judicial."

b

Each bureaucratic agency is created initially by A) constitutional provision. B) the president. C) the bureaucracy itself. D) Congress. E) order of a federal court.

b

FDR's court-packing bill is an example of a presidential action designed to a. help the Court reduce its backlog. b. influence the way in which the Court decided its cases. c. make the Court more impartial. d. discourage the Court from rendering decisions on major economic questions. e. allow the Court to grow with society.

b

Franklin Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court called for a. the Court to meet once every other year. b. the total number of justices to be increased according to the age of sitting justices. c. the president to select justices without senatorial confirmation. d. the Senate to have the power to remove justices from the Court at will. e. all New Deal legislation to be removed from the Court's jurisdiction.

b

Government corporations A) operate an airline, manufacture steel, and provide health insurance. B) provide services and charge for them. C) tend to be captured by interest groups. D) are independent regulatory agencies. E) sell stock and pay dividends.

b

In addition to a hierarchical authority structure, Max Weber argued that a bureaucracy involves all of the following EXCEPT A) extensive rules. B) an incentive system. C) task specialization. D) the merit principle. E) hierarchical authority structure.

b

In theory, restraint oriented judges differ from activist judges in that they are more likely to a. adopt a liberal viewpoint on such issues as states' rights and birth control. b. apply rules that are clearly stated in the Constitution. c. see, and take advantage of, opportunities in the law for the exercise of discretion. d. believe in the application of judicial review to criminal matters. e. look for and apply the general principles underlying the Constitution.

b

Independent regulatory agencies have A) complete independence from the president, but their policymakers are appointed by Congress. B) powerful rule-making, dispute-settling, and enforcement authority. C) no real enforcement power any more, and remain today as part of the federal government only in a ceremonial role. D) no formal ties to either the president or the Congress. E) governing commissions composed of long-time federal Civil Service employees.

b

Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for A) its ratification. B) its implementation. C) its deregulation. D) funding it. E) judging its merits.

b

Owen Roberts' change of view was a clear concession to a. established precedent. b. public opinion. c. his legal training. d. Roosevelt's court-packing plan. e. the Chief Justice.

b

Standard operating procedures A) usually prove to be unjust and discriminatory when followed to the letter. B) save time and bring uniformity to complex organizations. C) were waived by the Reagan Administration in an effort to make the bureaucracy more flexible and customize the solutions to problems. D) give authority to administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. E) are frustrating and inappropriate in addressing most situations.

b

The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of A) dependent presidential boards. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) government corporations. D) Cabinet departments. E) independent executive agencies.

b

The Pendleton Act established the A) patronage system. B) federal civil service. C) Office of Management and Budget. D) plum book. E) Interstate Commerce Commission.

b

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 A) was very difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of responsibility for implementing it. B) was successfully implemented thanks to its clear goal, its clear methods to achieve the goal, and its lack of bureaucratic fragmentation. C) failed to achieve its policy goals because of the outright hostility of street-level bureaucrats. D) was impossible to implement because of a lack of clarity in the legislation. E) All but D are true.

b

The dramatic and sometimes bitter conflict surrounding some Supreme Court nominations can only be explained by the fact that a. there are only nine people on the Court at any given point in time. b. the Court plays such a large role in making public policy. c. the partisan balance of the Court is quite skewed. d. Presidents rarely seek the "advice" of the Senate. e. nominees are rarely qualified for the job.

b

The increasing importance of a political litmus test is evident in the dramatic drop in the confirmation rates of nominees to a. the U.S. District Courts. b. the U.S. Courts of Appeal. c. the Supreme Court. d. the trial courts of limited jurisdiction in the federal system. e. all of the above.

b

The parts of the federal bureaucracy with responsibility for different sectors of the economy, and making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest, are the A) independent executive agencies. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) commercial ministries. D) government corporations. E) Cabinet departments.

b

The plum book lists A) all federal contracts available for bid. B) top federal jobs available by Presidential appointment. C) all civil service jobs above GS-12. D) job openings in the prestigious Office of Personnel Management. E) appeals filed with the Merit Systems Protection Board.

b

The rationale for all civil service systems is based on A) patronage. B) the merit principle. C) the Hatch Act. D) the plum book. E) voluntary service.

b

The rationale for the civil service rests on the A) goal of centralizing government employment at the federal level. B) desire to create a nonpartisan government service and promotion on the basis of merit. C) General Schedule rating system for patronage appointees. D) the need to separate military institutions from civilian institutions to prevent undue military influence. E) need for job replacements when a new party comes to power.

b

The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as A) socialism. B) regulation. C) oversight. D) executive review. E) public administration.

b

To limit bureaucratic discretion and make its instructions clearer, Congress can A) deregulate. B) write new and more detailed legislation. C) hold congressional hearings. D) reregulate. E) threaten to cut an agencyʹs budget.

b

Vigorous disputes over the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 in regard to funding for womenʹs athletic programs arose primarily due to A) faulty program design. B) lack of clarity in the original policy decision. C) adherence to administrative routine. D) fragmentation of responsibilities. E) all of the above

b

Which of the following is NOT a method a president can use to control the bureaucracy? A) issue executive orders or more informal requests B) rewrite statutes to make instructions clearer as to how policies are intended C) appoint people to head an agency who share the presidentʹs goals and strategies D) tinker with an agencyʹs recommended budget E) request a congressional oversight hearing

b

Which of the following is NOT a reason that policy implementation sometimes breaks down in the federal bureaucracy? A) fragmentation of responsibilities B) lack of standard operating procedures C) lack of clarity in the original policy decision D) faulty program design E) lack of resources

b

Which of the following is NOT an area in which an ʺiron triangleʺ has controlled federal policy over the past several decades? A) nuclear power policy B) environmental policy C) pesticide policy D) smoking & tobacco policy E) none of the above

b

. Seventy years ago judicial activists tended to be a. strict constructionists. b. liberals. c. conservatives. d. moderates. e. radicals.

c

8. The Court of Military Appeals is an example of a(n) _________ court. a. district b. appellate c. legislative d. general jurisdiction e. second level appellate

c

A dramatic change in a long standing trends began in the early 1990s, when the Court struck down a congressional statute on the premise that ______did not affect interstate commerce. a. nude dancing b. racial discrimination c. carrying a gun d. commercial advertising e. the trucking industry

c

A major problem for presidents and Congress in controlling bureaucracies is the existence of A) the plum book. B) Supreme Court rulings curbing the scope of their oversight. C) ʺiron triangles.ʺ D) standard operating procedures. E) the incentive system.

c

All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT A) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress B) some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations C) presidential oversight and control of enforcement D) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself E) All of these are elements of the regulatory process.

c

An independent regulatory agency is governed by A) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president and subject to presidential firing. B) members of the Senior Executive Service of the federal civil service. C) a small commission, usually with five to ten members, appointed by the president for fixed terms. D) a single executive appointed by and removable by the president. E) a single executive appointed by the Senate committee responsible for the agencyʹs oversight.

c

An ʺiron triangleʺ consists of A) representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. B) the president, the head of a relevant congressional committee, and the head of any regulatory agency. C) a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. D) the metal stamp used to certify that the president has approved a new regulation and it now takes legal effect. E) those favoring regulation X, those opposing regulation X, and the regulatory agency in charge of overseeing X.

c

The Hatch Act, passed in 1940, A) established the patronage system for federal employment. B) prohibited the president from firing the heads of independent executive agencies. C) prohibits federal civil service employees from active participation in partisan politics. D) required the publication of the plum book. E) established the federal civil service.

c

The ________ employs about one-fourth of all federal civilian workers, more than any other department or agency. A) Department of Education B) Department of Health and Human Services C) Department of Defense D) Department of Justice E) Department of Labor

c

Which of the following is a major restraint on the influence of federal judges? a. Politics, especially the results of recent elections. b. Rule 17. c. The lack of effective enforcement power. d. The veto power of the president. e. International law.

c

Roger B. Taney was deliberately chosen for the Supreme Court because he a. opposed the invention of the steamboat. b. opposed the creation of a national bank. c. favored a strong national government. d. was an advocate of states' rights. e. opposed slavery

d

Section 844 of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. B) specifically prohibits sex discrimination in college sports. C) was supported by most colleges and universities. D) was vaguely written, eventually resulting in scores of court cases. E) was interpreted by Congress to exclude college football.

d

Standard operating procedures accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A) bring uniformity to complex organizations. B) save time. C) make personnel interchangeable. D) reduce red tape. E) treat citizens equally, regardless of class or race.

d

Subgovernments promote A) centralization of authority. B) strong executive branch control of policymaking. C) the control of the bureaucracy by Congress. D) decentralized and fragmented policymaking. E) presidential control of bureaucratic discretion.

d

The 1868, case of Mississippi newspaper editor William McCardle was extraordinary because a. the Supreme Court accepted his appeal before it was formally filed. b. it seems almost certain that he would have remained in jail for the rest of his natural life despite having committed the most trivial of offenses. c. a federal district court insisted that he be released from jail after Congress issued a proclamation demanding such. d. Congress took away the Court's power to consider the case in the middle of his appeal. e. a unanimous Court declared Reconstruction policy (under which he was convicted) unconstitutional.

d

The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois (1877) A) declared that regulation was not within the realm of state powers. B) first established the right to own property as one of the rights of the Bill of Rights. C) set the precedent for deregulation. D) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the constitutionality of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

d

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) its goal was clear. B) its implementation was straightforward. C) the authority of the implementors was plain. D) it was universally supported. E) none of the above

d

The Weberian model depicts a bureaucracy as A) fundamentally dangerous to a democratic society. B) inefficient, primarily concerned with maximizing its budget, and largely responsible for the growth of modern government. C) wasteful, bloated, over-staffed, over-paid and arrogant. D) a well-organized machine with plenty of working but hierarchical parts. E) ambling and groping, affected by chance, and largely operating by a loosely run style of trial and error.

d

The Weberian model views bureaucracies as A) promoting good monopolies. B) loosely organized and loosely run. C) largely self-serving. D) efficient and necessary. E) hindering democracy.

d

The Weberian theory of bureaucracies views them in the most positive light as A) acquisitive. B) inefficient. C) monopolistic. D) hierarchical. E) democratic.

d

The solicitor general has the job of a. serving as liaison between the Department of Justice and the president. b. deciding whether to sue large corporations. c. deciding who is eligible for the Supreme Court. d. deciding which cases the government will appeal from the lower courts. e. deciding which cases the Supreme Court will hear.

d

There are roughly ________ civilian and military federal government employees A) 800,000 B) 3,000,000 C) 2,100,000 D) 4,000,000 E) 500,000

d

Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT A) some means of enforcing compliance. B) a grant of power and set of directions from Congress. C) a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself. D) an incentive system to maximize performance by those regulated. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following is NOT true about ʺiron trianglesʺ? A) They present tremendous difficulties for Congress and the president when they attempt to control the bureaucracy. B) They add a strong decentralizing and fragmenting element to the governmentʹs policymaking process. C) They are also known as subgovernments. D) They are indestructible. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about Congress and the bureaucracy is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies can help Congress find answers to policy problems. B) Bureaucracies help provide services to constituents. C) Members of Congress often find a big bureaucracy congenial. D) Congress has found it easy to control the bureaucracy. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucracies are simply a way of organizing people to perform work. B) The vast majority of tasks carried out by governments are noncontroversial. C) Bureaucracies receive very little credit when they function well. D) Government bureaucracies have been shown to be less efficient and effective than private bureaucracies. E) Bureaucracies are prevalent in all levels of government.

d

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? A) Bureaucratic power extends to every corner of American economic and social life. B) Bureaucracies are scarcely hinted at in the Constitution. C) Nothing better illustrates the complexity of modern government than its massive bureaucracies. D) Each bureaucratic agency is created by the president. E) How to manage and control bureaucracies is a central problem of democratic government.

d

Which of the following statements about independent regulatory commissions is FALSE? A) Regulatory commission members cannot be fired by the president. B) Regulatory commissions consist of five to ten members. C) Regulatory commission members are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. D) Regulatory commission members may not be drawn from the ranks of present or former employees of the regulated industry. E) none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE? A) The Office of Personnel Management has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, and firing of civil servants. B) The top of the civil service is composed of about 9,000 members of the Senior Executive Service. C) Once hired, civil servants are assigned a General Schedule ranging from GS-1 to GS-18. D) Due to the merit system, it is easy to fire incompetent civil servants. E) none of the above

d

Which type of opinion is typically brief and unsigned? a. Opinion of the Court. b. Majority opinion. c. Plurality opinion. d. Per curiam opinion. e. Dissenting opinion.

d

Careful statistical studies based on actual campaigns suggest that negative ads a. backfire on the candidates that use them and mobilize support for their opponents. b. are a turn-off to voters. c. increase the disgust of voters with politics and decrease voter turnout. d. work by stimulating voter turnout. e. have a major impact on levels of confidence in the political system.

d.

Federal law restricts the amount that any single individual can give a candidate to _________ in each election. a. $500 b. $1,000 c. $1,500 d. $2,000 e. $5,000

d.

In order to win the party nomination, candidates need to appear particularly a. liberal. b. conservative. c. void of anything that looks like an ideological disposition. d. liberal if Democrats, conservative if Republicans. e. conservative if Democrats, liberal if Republicans.

d.

In the general election, the government pays all the costs of each candidate up to a limit set by law. In 2004, that limit was at about ______ million dollars. a. 40 b. 54 c. 64 d. 74 e. 100

d.

A major complaint of the Food and Drug Administration is A) its lack of clarity. B) the fragmentation of responsibilities. C) that there is no administrative discretion. D) that too much food is contaminated by dirt and rodents. E) the shortage of personnel.

e

A(n) ________ consists of an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. A) issue network B) independent executive agency C) triumvirate D) administrative discretion triad E) ʺiron triangleʺ

e

Administrative discretion is greatest when A) rules and regulations are not written down. B) when standard operating procedures are used. C) an agency has elaborate rules and regulations. D) a particular agency is the subject of media coverage. E) rules do not fit a case.

e

Executive orders are issued by A) independent regulatory agencies. B) any federal agency or department. C) Congress. D) members of the Senior Executive Service. E) the president.

e

Fee shifting enables the plaintiff to a. get paid by the Department of Justice. b. split costs with the court. c. have taxpayers pay his or her costs. d. split the costs with the defendant. e. collect costs from the defendant if the defendant loses.

e

If you wish to declare bankruptcy, you must do so in a. a court in the state in which you reside. b. a state appellate court. c. a federal appellate court. d. the U.S. Supreme Court. e. a federal district court.

e

In 1887, Congress established the first regulatory agency, the ________, and charged it with regulating the railroads, their prices, and their services to farmers. A) Department of Transportation B) Railroad Commission C) American Railway Union D) Federal Trade Commission E) Interstate Commerce Commission

e

In 1974, the Supreme Court discouraged class action suits by requiring a. lawyers to provide at least 20 amicus briefs supporting their claims. b. a special panel of judges to review all such suits. c. such suits to impact at least 300,000 persons. d. all fees in such suits be initially shifted to plaintiffs. e. every ascertainable member of a class be individually notified of a suit.

e

In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton described the judicial branch as the ________ branch. a. most corrupt b. least political c. reliable d. existential e. least dangerous

e

In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court A) ruled that states could not impose corporate income taxes. B) ruled that the Civil Service System was constitutional. C) outlawed the patronage system. D) held that government had no right to regulate the business operations of a firm. E) upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm.

e

The Federal Aviation Administrationʹs protocol for for hijackings assumed that A) the pilot would be able to radio air traffic controllers and alert them to the problem. B) the FAA would be able to pinpoint the aircraft involved. C) there would be enough time for the government to formulate a response. D) the hijackers would be motivated in part by a desire to stay alive. E) All of the above

e

The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of A) government corporations. B) independent regulatory agencies. C) Cabinet departments. D) presidential administrative agencies. E) independent executive agencies.

e

The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called A) policy implementation. B) selective management. C) the merit principle. D) the definition of alternatives. E) administrative discretion.

e

The federal civil service was created by A) Article IV of the Constitution. B) an executive order of President Arthur. C) the Office of Management and Budget. D) the merit principle. E) the Pendleton Act.

e

The largest federal agency based on dollars spent is the A) Department of Defense. B) Department of Justice. C) State Department. D) Department of Health and Human Services. E) Social Security Administration.

e

The main job of federal bureaucrats is to A) advise the president and Cabinet on internal affairs. B) countervail the power of private corporations, especially monopolies. C) compete with the private sector for monopoly power. D) protect the interests of their constituencies. E) implement and regulate government policies.

e

The real work of a Cabinet department is done A) by the entire Cabinet. B) by the presidentʹs staff. C) by the undersecretaries. D) by the secretary. E) in the bureaus.

e

The text suggests "judicial activism" was born in the a. 1970s. b. 1960s. c. 1950s. d. 1930s. e. 1890s.

e

The two kinds of lower federal courts created to handle cases that need not be decided by the Supreme Court are a. constitutional and district. b. appeals and limited jurisdiction. c. district and appeals. d. appeals and legislative. e. constitutional and legislative.

e

There are ____ U.S. District Courts. a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 50 e. 94

e

To bring suit in a court, a plaintiff must first show that a. there is a defendant. b. the defendant is a real person. c. there is no true case and controversy. d. the defendant is a citizen of the United States. e. he/she has standing.

e

What percentage of appeals court cases are rejected by the Supreme Court? a. 1 or 2 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 50 percent e. 99 percent

e

When bureaucrats are asked to execute orders with which they do not agree, A) they usually ignore the orders. B) they are likely to lose their jobs if they do not follow through with the orders. C) they can file a Conflict Of Interest Form and will be exempted from that duty by their boss. D) implementation follows standard operating procedures. E) slippage is likely to occur between policy decisions and performance.

e

When politicians complain about the use of "litmus tests" in judicial nominations, they are probably a. Democrats. b. Republicans. c. Liberals. d. Conservatives. e. not part of the group that is currently in power.

e

Which Cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nationʹs national resources? A) Homeland Security B) Environmental Protection Agency C) Defense D) State E) Interior

e

Which of the following statements about McCulloch v. Maryland is correct? a. It established judicial review. b. It ruled a national bank unconstitutional. c. It restricted the scope of congressional power. d. It allowed states to tax federal agencies. e. It established the supremacy of national laws over state laws.

e

Which of the following statements regarding judicial impeachments is incorrect? a. Fifteen federal judges have been impeached. b. Some judges have resigned in the face of probable impeachment. c. Seven impeached judges were acquitted. d. The most recent conviction of a federal judge occurred in 1989. e. The possibility of impeachment is an important influence on judicial policy making.

e

Which of the following would be included in a plum book? A) doctors at a Veteranʹs Administration hospital B) postal carriers C) the phone numbers of a Congress memberʹs sex partners D) Senate committee chairs E) Cabinet secretaries

e

Who was defiant of Supreme Court rulings and supposedly taunted the Chief Justice to go and "enforce" one of its decisions? a. The Mayor of New York City. b. The Governor of New York. c. The Cherokee Indians of Georgia. d. Robert Fulton. e. President Andrew Jackson

e

ʺIron trianglesʺ face challenges from a growing number of A) street-level bureaucrats. B) subgovernments. C) plastics and softer metals. D) administrative discretions. E) issue networks.

e

A major difference between presidential and congressional campaigns is that a. more people vote in congressional elections. b. presidential races are generally less competitive. c. presidential candidates can more credibly take credit for improvements in a district. d. presidential incumbents can better provide services for their constituents. e. congressional incumbents can more easily duck responsibility.

e.

According to the text, which of the following is a critical problem to solve in deciding who gets represented in the House? a. Allocating seats in the House among the states. b. Determining the shape of districts. c. Determining the size of districts. d. Establishing the total size of the House. e. All of the above.

e.

All of the following statements about presidential and congressional races are true except a. presidential races are more competitive. b. more people vote in presidential elections. c. congressional incumbents usually win. d. presidents can rarely take credit for improvements in a district. e. presidents can distance themselves from the "mess" in Washington.

e.

Among the major changes in elections in campaigns are all of the following except a. money matters more than ever. b. parties are less important. c. fund raising is a non-stop activity. d. media are more important. e. debates are more important.

e.

Federal law restricts the amount that a PAC can give a candidate to _________ in each election. a. $500 b. $1,000 c. $1,500 d. $2,000 e. $5,000

e.

In America, candidates win party nominations primarily through a. convention politics. b. the decision-making of state party leaders. c. the decision-making of national party leaders. d. seniority. e. individual effort.

e.

In the 1992 election, Bill Clinton chose as a theme a. trust. b. compassionate conservatism. c. competence. d. stay the course. e. we need change.

e.

Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory over Jimmy Carter particularly suggests the importance of a. the personal popularity of Reagan. b. the public's broad agreement with Reagan's position on issues. c. partisan loyalty in voting decisions. d. prospective voting in presidential elections. e. retrospective voting in presidential elections.

e.

When a voter casts a "clothespin" vote, he or she picks the a. most comfortable, homelike candidate. b. candidate most likely to endure. c. most familiar candidate. d. candidate that appears most reliable in a time of crisis. e. least objectionable candidate.

e.

Which of the following is a valence issue rather than a position issue? a. Legal access to abortion. b. Nuclear disarmament. c. Civil rights legislation. d. All of the above. e. Wasted tax dollars.

e.

The launching of the Chamber of Commerce was an example of interest groups forming as a result of • government policy • the emergence of talented leadership • the enlargement of governmental responsibilities • broad economic developments • foreign interference

government policy

The U.S. tobacco industry is represented in Washington by a strong lobby that seeks to influence public policy regarding the use of tobacco. This lobby is most accurately reerred to as a(n) • membership interest • solidary group • institutional interest • public-interest lobby • social movement

institutional interest

Purposive incentives are MOST likely to motivate people who join • the Illinois Farm Bureau • the National Organization for WOmen • the parent teacher associations (PTAs) • the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) • the AFL-CIO

the National Organization for Women

The formation of antislavery organizations in the 1830s and 1840s was an example of interest groups forming as a result of • government policy • the emergence of talented leadership • the enlargement of governmental responsibilities • broad economic developments • foreign interference

the emergence of talented leadership

D) per curiam decision

A ________ is a Supreme Court ruling without explanation which resolves an immediate case but has no value as precedent because the Court does not offer reasoning that would guide lower courts in future decisions. A) stare decisis B) writ of certiorari C) concurring opinion D) per curiam decision E) writ of mandamus

C) staffed by judges who lack the protections against removal or salary reductions while in office.

A legislative court is A) a state-level court. B) the initial level of federal courts for most disputes. C) staffed by judges who lack the protections against removal or salary reductions while in office. D) staffed by judges who serve for life. E) one that specializes in the review of legislation for its constitutionality.

Foreign Policy

A nation's overall plan for dealing with other nations

A) decision without explanation.

A per curiam decision is a A) decision without explanation. B) decision by the court not to hear a case. C) written opinion of a case. D) decision that can be used as a precedent. E) court decision of narrow scope that can be issued by a single judge in limited circumstances.

C) is used by the Supreme Court to call up a case.

A writ of certiorari A) means that judges have decided a case on the basis of precedent. B) frees a detained person whom a court has found is being held in violation of due process. C) is used by the Supreme Court to call up a case. D) is the official record of a courtʹs decision, stating the facts of the case and the rationale for the decision. E) is used to move a case from a court of original jurisdiction to a federal district court.

C) statement of the legal reasoning behind a decision.

A written opinion in a Supreme Court case is a A) legal argument submitted by an attorney in a case seeking to sway a justiceʹs decision. B) way of establishing the Courtʹs agenda. C) statement of the legal reasoning behind a decision. D) formality handled by the chief justiceʹs law clerks. E) form of press release written by the chief justice.

An example of a public interest group is A) Common Cause. B) American Medical Association. C) National Organization for Women. D) National Association of Manufacturers. E) National Rifle Association

A) Common Cause.

Which of the following theories offers the most positive interpretation of the effect of interest groups on American democracy? A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

A) pluralist

The first ________ in April 1970 helped to spur on a number of environmental groups. A) Earth Day B) smog alert C) serious oil spill D) nuclear power plant accident E) nuclear plant explosion

A) Earth Day

Interest group liberalism is associated with which of the following criticisms? A) In an effort to please and appease every interest, agencies proliferate, conflicting regulations expand, programs multiply, and the budgets skyrocket. B) Real power is held by relatively few people, key groups, and institutions that get nearly all they want from government. C) Interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time, and democratic government is well served by their competition. D) The framers of the Constitution intended that groups serve to bargain for various interests in American society, and this has proven a wise and relatively fair, open system. E) The interest group system is dominated by liberal interest groups who have been successfully pushing an agenda that has made it hard for the police to fight crime, contributed to declining moral values and bankrupted the government with giveaways to welfare freeloaders.

A) In an effort to please and appease every interest, agencies proliferate, conflicting regulations expand, programs multiply, and the budgets skyrocket.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) In the American economy, government directly determines wages, prices, and profits. B) Public policy in America has economic effects through regulations, tax advantages, subsidies and contracts, and international trade. C) Even a minor change in government regulatory policy can cost industries a great deal or bring increased profits. D) How the tax code is written determines whether people and producers pay a lot or a little of their incomes to the government. E) B and D only

A) In the American economy, government directly determines wages, prices, and profits.

Which of the following groups claims the smallest share of its potential members? A) National Consumers League B) United States Savings and Loan League C) Tobacco Institute D) Air Transport Association E) American Medical Association

A) National Consumers League

________ helps to explain why public interest lobbies have relatively small proportions of actual members. A) The free-rider problem B) Special interest liberalism C) The rise of political action committees D) Tougher regulation of all lobbyists E) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups

A) The free-rider problem

Common Cause is an example of A) a public interest lobby. B) a subgovernment. C) interest group liberalism. D) a single-issue group. E) a for-profit lobby.

A) a public interest lobby.

Steve Sovernʹs LASTPAC and Common Cause A) agree that all candidates and officeholders should not accept money from political action groups. B) disagree on the issue of whether PACs engage in influence peddling. C) disagree on the issue of whether electioneering is an appropriate policy arena for interest groups. D) agree that the $5,000 limit on PAC contributions makes such contributions meaningless in multimillion -dollar presidential campaigns and should be rescinded. E) agree that the income tax check-off to support public financing of presidential campaign should be eliminated.

A) agree that all candidates and officeholders should not accept money from political action groups.

In addition to fighting segregation and discrimination, civil rights interest groups have also focused on A) broader economic problems. B) the environment. C) transportation. D) housing quality. E) gender equality.

A) broader economic problems.

One of the reasons that ʺbusinessʺ does not always get what it wants is A) business groups often have different interests and want different things. B) it has limited resources to spend on influencing government policy. C) it has often used ineffective lobbying techniques. D) it is a relatively ʺweakʺ cluster of interest groups. E) none of the above

A) business groups often have different interests and want different things.

Subgovernments are composed of key interest group leaders interested in policy X, the government agency in charge of administering policy X, and the ________ handling policy X. A) congressional committees and subcommittees B) federal courts C) public relations officers D) political candidates E) local governments

A) congressional committees and subcommittees

The idea that just a few groups have all the power is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) syndicalism.

A) elite theory.

The text identifies two types of lobbyists, A) full-time employees and consultants. B) policy experts and legal specialists. C) attorneys and non-attorneys. D) those based in Washington, D.C., and those based elsewhere. E) ʺold schoolʺ and ʺmodern styleʺ lobbyists.

A) full-time employees and consultants.

Single-issue groups A) include members with narrow, uncompromising interests. B) have had little effect on the outcomes of elections. C) mainly focus on the issue of abortion. D) are not taken seriously because they lack a large constituency. E) tend to focus on their specific economic interest rather than on collective social issues.

A) include members with narrow, uncompromising interests.

The most successful tactic that civil rights and environmental groups have used to influence policy is A) litigation. B) electioneering. C) lobbying. D) media advertising. E) protest demonstrations.

A) litigation.

The successes of civil rights and womenʹs rights groups in redirecting the course of public policy, once they were organized, is pointed to as evidence to support the ________ theory that American politics is open and not a problem. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) free market

A) pluralist

The pluralist theory of American politics maintains that A) the extensive organization of competing groups is evidence that influence is widely dispersed among them. B) the proliferation of interest groups results in political stagnation. C) the largest interest groups will come to dominate policymaking. D) although groups often do not play by the rules of the game, they do represent the American public at large. E) the slogan on our money, e pluribus unum, is accurate in the sense that out of the many competing groups in America, a single unified American purpose has been forged.

A) the extensive organization of competing groups is evidence that influence is widely dispersed among them.

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. B) the smaller the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. C) the more levels of authority within a group, the more faith its members will have in it. D) the more levels of authority within a group, the less faith its members will have in it. E) the larger the group, the more likely it is to win.

A) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good.

Part of Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups is the argument that A) the larger the potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute. B) the larger the potential group, the more likely potential members are to contribute. C) potential group size does not have any measurable affect on the willingness of potential members to contribute. D) an actual group and a potential group are virtually the same when it comes to effectiveness. E) the smaller the group the less likely the potential members are to contribute.

A) the larger the potential group, the less likely potential members are to contribute.

D) the district courts.

About 75 percent of the more than 63,000 cases heard in the United States courts of appeal come from A) challenges to orders of many federal regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission. B) the Supreme Court. C) the Superior Courts. D) the district courts. E) the legislative courts.

C) state and local court systems.

About 98 percent of all criminal cases in the United States are heard in A) federal district courts. B) appellate courts. C) state and local court systems. D) the Supreme Court. E) legislative courts.

D) 20 percent

About ________ of nominees to the Supreme Court fail to be confirmed. A) 38 percent B) 5 percent C) 50 percent D) 20 percent E) 10 percent

A) judicial activism

Advocates of ________ emphasize that the courts may alleviate pressing needs, especially of those who are weak politically or economically, left unmet by the majoritarian political process. A) judicial activism B) the jurisprudence of original intent C) judicial restraint D) judicial implementation E) judicial review

C) precedent

All courts rely heavily upon ________-the way similar cases were handled in the pastas a guide to current decisions. A) writs of certiorari B) writs of mandamus C) precedent D) original intent E) amicus curiae

A) the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Appeals regarding patents would be heard by A) the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. B) the Court of Claims. C) the Solicitor General. D) a Federal District Court. E) the United States Supreme Court.

E) political questions.

As a means to avoid deciding some cases, the federal courts have developed a doctrine of A) judicial precedent. B) strict constructionism. C) statutory construction. D) judicial activism. E) political questions.

Which of the following is NOT true about Political Action Committees? A) There are far more PACs now than there were in 1974. B) Most PAC money goes to challengers rather than incumbents. C) Some PACs contribute to both challenger and incumbent, playing it safe. D) Only a handful of candidates have completely resisted the lure of PAC money. E) PACs contribute before and after elections.

B) Most PAC money goes to challengers rather than incumbents.

The Fair Share program is an effort by the A) National Organization of Women to renew the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to negotiate agreements with businesses to increase minority hiring and the use of minority contractors. C) National Organization of Women to get equal pay for comparable work. D) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to desegregate private clubs. E) American Taxpayersʹ Union to raise the wages and cut the taxes of lower- and middle-income people.

B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to negotiate agreements with businesses to increase minority hiring and the use of minority contractors.

Which of the following groups has the largest potential membership? A) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People B) National Organization for Women C) American Medical Association D) Air Transport Association of America E) American Political Science Association

B) National Organization for Women

Which of the following is NOT typical of American interest groups? A) They frequently look to the bureaucracy or the judicial process to achieve their policy goals. B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country. C) Most have a handful of key policies to push, and are policy experts in those areas. D) Unlike political parties, they are not faced with the constraint of trying to appeal to everyone. E) They mostly represent diffuse, non-economic interests.

B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country.

The free-rider problem refers to A) unrelated amendments being added to a piece of legislation in order to bypass usual procedures. B) potential members of a group failing to join the actual group, as they know they will receive the same benefits whether they are active members or not. C) legislators who face no election opponents, and thus are automatically reelected. D) mass transit scofflaws who endanger government aid to subways, buses, and commuter trains by not being officially counted. E) welfare fraud and the costs it imposes on government and taxpayers.

B) potential members of a group failing to join the actual group, as they know they will receive the same benefits whether they are active members or not.

The biggest obstacle to the effectiveness of large groups is the A) difficulty of finding effective leadership. B) problem of raising funds and attracting government support. C) formation of counter-groups to oppose them. D) discrepancy between potential and actual membership. E) government regulations on lobbying activities.

B) problem of raising funds and attracting government support.

Since the 1960s, the number of interest groups has A) remained constant. B) risen rapidly. C) declined slightly. D) declined sharply. E) fluctuated up and down as new issues developed and others faded away.

B) risen rapidly.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic interest group strategies in America? A) lobbying B) running candidates for office C) litigation D) electioneering E) implementation

B) running candidates for office

Technological improvements in communication have caused interest groups to A) consolidate. B) sharply increase in number. C) sharply decline in number. D) move out of Washington, D.C. E) form broad coalitions to expand their clout.

B) sharply increase in number.

Elitist theorists argue that A) groups weak in one resource can use another, and all legitimate groups are able to affect public policy by one means or another. B) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in power. C) the government has treated all interest group demands as legitimate, and unwisely chosen to advance them all. D) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. E) governments should be controlled by a select group of well-educated, cultured, wealthy persons who understand the laws of economics and can run the most efficient government.

B) the fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing, because most groups are extremely unequal in power.

According to Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups, A) the larger the group, the more effective it will be. B) the smaller the group, the more effective it will be. C) the size of a group does not determine its effectiveness, the leadership structure is the key. D) all groups have a life cycle of birth, growth, maintenance, and decline, although many never decline completely. E) large groups are more democratic.

B) the smaller the group, the more effective it will be.

In ʺgoing publicʺ interest groups A) extend membership to a broader range of people. B) use advertising and public relations to enhance their image. C) bring class action suits against their opponents. D) issue stock. E) open their decision-making meetings to the general public.

B) use advertising and public relations to enhance their image.

________ are written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. A) Class action lawsuits B) Litigations C) Amicus curiae briefs D) Public interest lobbies E) Opening arguments

C) Amicus curiae briefs

________ theorists are impressed by how insignificant most organized interest groups are. A) Pluralist B) Hyperpluralist C) Elitist D) Pluralist and hyperpluralist E) Deconstruction

C) Elitist

________ is a communication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a government decision maker, particularly in the legislative and executive branch, with the hope of influencing his or her decision. A) Electioneering B) An amicus curiae brief C) Lobbying D) Litigation E) Campaigning

C) Lobbying

Consumer organizations suffer from A) amicus curiae briefs. B) class action suits. C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups. D) right-to-work laws. E) hyperpluralism.

C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups.

Interest groups seeking to exert influence on the electoral process can honestly and openly funnel money into the campaign coffers of their supporters through A) lobbying. B) electioneering. C) Political Action Committees. D) subgovernments. E) electronic banking.

C) Political Action Committees.

Single-issue group politics has been especially emotional over the issue of A) consumerism. B) equality. C) abortion. D) foreign policy. E) affirmative action.

C) abortion.

A pluralistic interpretation of interest group politics would maintain that A) all groups are subject to corrupt practices and tactics involving violence. B) the degree of organization of a group has no effect on its ability to influence policy. C) all legitimate groups can affect public policy by means of one political resource or another. D) when groups compete the public interest is not served. E) the overemphasis on groups in America has submerged the value of the individual and lead to government policies that suppress individual interests.

C) all legitimate groups can affect public policy by means of one political resource or another.

An organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims is called A) a political party. B) a political action committee. C) an interest group. D) a collective. E) a political corporation.

C) an interest group.

Economic groups A) are those which require individuals to pay dues to be members. B) consist only of corporations, rather than individuals, as members. C) are those groups interested in wages, prices, and profits. D) lobby on behalf of all consumers. E) are those groups that provide information to Congress.

C) are those groups interested in wages, prices, and profits.

The growth of both interest groups and the scope of government over the past several decades represents A) the former increasing the latter. B) the latter increasing the former. C) both A and B D) the latter decreasing the former. E) Neither A nor B; there is no relationship between the two.

C) both A and B

An example of a collective good is A) food. B) employment. C) clean air. D) housing. E) all of the above

C) clean air.

Amicus curiae briefs A) are written explanations of a court decision. B) are lawsuits submitted by interest groups. C) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. D) enable groups of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. E) are legal arguments submitted by the presidentʹs attorneys advocating the United States governmentʹs position in an important federal court case.

C) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.

The ________ movement was spurred by a single person: Ralph Nader. A) American labor B) modern civil rights movement C) consumer D) anti-Vietnam War E) gay rights

C) consumer

The ________ theorists argue that the power of the few is fortified by an extensive system of interlocking directorates, and that wealthy corporations prevail when it comes to major decisions by government. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) pyramid

C) elitist

Class action lawsuits A) consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. B) consist of lawsuits brought to the courts by one particular social class in society. C) enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. D) enable organized interests groups to sue the federal government over a particular issue. E) ask a court to take action against a particular group to stop them from injuring another group financially.

C) enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major elements of the subgovernment system at the national level? A) interest group B) congressional committee C) federal court D) federal agency E) bureaucrats

C) federal court

Literally, amicus curiae means A) legal opinion. B) legal argument. C) friend of the court. D) curious observer. E) let the decision stand.

C) friend of the court.

The group theory of politics offered by pluralist theorists argues all of the following EXCEPT A) groups provide a key link between people and government. B) no one group is likely to become too dominant. C) groups are all of equal strength. D) groups usually play by the rules of the game. E) different groups win at different times.

C) groups are all of equal strength.

According to the group theory of politics, A) all groups are equal. B) groups do not compete. C) groups do not play by the rules of the game. D) groups weak in one resource can use another. E) most political influence comes from individuals speaking in the name of groups but actually acting on their own personal agenda.

C) groups do not play by the rules of the game.

Business PACs A) have so far been associated only with multinational corporations. B) are the most visible of Washington lobbies. C) have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs. D) have not been as effective as labor and consumer PACs. E) contribute more to Democrats than to Republicans.

C) have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs.

The idea that too many groups are getting too much of what they want is associated with A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) proliferation theory.

C) hyperpluralist theory.

The presence and power of multinational corporations illustrates A) elite theory. B) pluralist theory. C) hyperpluralist theory. D) democratic theory. E) global unity theory.

C) hyperpluralist theory.

Political action committee (PAC) money goes overwhelmingly to A) Independents. B) challengers. C) incumbents. D) Democrats. E) Republicans.

C) incumbents.

One of the major inducements of the American interest group system is that it A) provides too much representation. B) distracts government officials. C) is biased toward the wealthy. D) stifles the expression of new interests. E) is dominated by single-issue groups.

C) is biased toward the wealthy.

According to Mancur Olson, A) large groups are the most effective groups B) the bigger the group, the smaller the free-rider problem. C) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good. D) the larger the group, the more effective it is in influencing public policies. E) the key to group power is to form broad coalitions with other groups, making themselves nearly invincible.

C) the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good.

An advantage for small groups is that A) free-riders can be forced out of the organization, creating more unity. B) it is easier to reconcile divergent interests in small groups. C) there is more at stake for each member, making it easier to organize and activate all members. D) collective goods do not have to share with the big interests. E) they are able to ʺhideʺ in the political process so that opposing groups are not able to organize against them.

C) there is more at stake for each member, making it easier to organize and activate all members.

Environmental groups have been most successful at A) stopping strip mining. B) halting the trans-Alaskan pipeline. C) thwarting the expansion of the nuclear power industry. D) stopping the development of commercial supersonic aircraft. E) protecting the reefer toad and other endangered species.

C) thwarting the expansion of the nuclear power industry.

An interest group is more likely to form its own political party where A) voters choose their legislators in single-member districts. B) voters choose their legislators in dual-member districts. C) voters choose their legislators using proportional representation. D) the government has a bicameral legislature. E) there is a strong two-party system, and the major parties ignore their demands.

C) voters choose their legislators using proportional representation.

C) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

Class action suits A) are those which have to do with constitutional issues, thus broadening the standing to sue. B) are filed by students seeking to force a school district to offer additional sections of perpetually over-enrolled courses. C) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. D) may only be filed if all of those with a standing to sue agree to participate. E) are routinely filed by teachersʹ groups to prepare the way for legal strikes.

A) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

Class action suits A) permit a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. B) are cases in which the government sues on behalf of groups of people unable to go to court for a variety of reasons. C) are civil suits brought to the courts by interest groups. D) are civil or criminal cases involving discrimination on the basis of income. E) involve groups of people suing each other rather than individuals.

C) justiciable

Courts may only decide ________ disputes. A) civil B) constitutional C) justiciable D) criminal E) class action

B) trial courts.

Courts of original jurisdiction are A) usually federal courts. B) trial courts. C) highly specialized in the types of cases they hear. D) usually appellate courts. E) the courts that were established by the original Constitution rather than by Congress.

E) appellate jurisdiction

Courts with ________ hear cases brought to them on appeal from a lower court. A) stare decisis B) original jurisdiction C) judicial review D) justiciable disputes E) appellate jurisdiction

B) review the legal issues involved in a case.

Courts with appellate jurisdiction A) determine the facts about a case. B) review the legal issues involved in a case. C) hear only criminal cases. D) have no original jurisdiction. E) hear only civil cases

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By 2000, the number of groups listed in the Encyclopedia of Associations was over A) 5,000. B) 1,000. C) 10,000. D) 20,000. E) 50,000.

D) 20,000.

________ enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit. A) An amicus curiae brief B) A public interest suit C) Olsonʹs Law of Large Groups D) A class action lawsuit E) A collective civil suit

D) A class action lawsuit

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) With proportional representation systems, all it takes is between one and five percent of the vote for a party to win seats in the national legislature. B) In many Scandinavian countries, farmersʹ parties have long been in existence. C) Many new interest groups in Europe have formed parties on the basis of shared values. D) Green parties in Europe have never been able to win enough votes to enter the national legislature. E) Parties are more like interest groups in Europe than in the U.S.

D) Green parties in Europe have never been able to win enough votes to enter the national legislature.

Which of the following ideas is NOT associated with hyperpluralism? A) Groups have become too powerful in the political process. B) Interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous subgovernments. C) Trying to please every group results in contradictory and confusing policy. D) Political power is highly concentrated. E) The dominance of an economic elite.

D) Political power is highly concentrated.

Which of the following statements about interest groups is FALSE? A) The majority of groups now have their headquarters in Washington, D.C. B) There are an enormous number of highly specialized and seemingly trivial groups. C) Almost every group has a staff and publications. D) The growth rate of interest groups has slowed in recent years. E) Groups are more diverse today than in past decades.

D) The growth rate of interest groups has slowed in recent years.

An amicus curiae brief is A) one which enables a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit to pursue a remedy for past wrongs. B) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group which is party to the particular case. C) an oral or written appeal of a court decision made by an interest group not party to a particular case. D) a written argument submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. E) the written statement of a courtʹs decision in a case explaining the reasons for the decision.

D) a written argument submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.

The term interest group can be generally defined as A) an organization that seeks a collective good, the achievement of which will not specifically or materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization. B) a group that has a narrow interest, dislikes compromise, and single-mindedly pursues its goal. C) all people who share some common interest regardless of whether they join an organization promoting that interest. D) an organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims. E) an organization of people who share a common interest who run candidates in elections sympathetic to that interest.

D) an organization of people with similar policy goals entering the political process to try to achieve those aims.

Most PAC money goes overwhelmingly to incumbents because incumbents A) need more money due to the restraints of being in office. B) have already been ʺbought offʺ by interest groups. C) have already become friends and supporters of lobbyists. D) are the most likely to be able to return the investment. E) have the need for large amounts of money to maintain themselves in power.

D) are the most likely to be able to return the investment.

Flight attendants won a(n) ________ against the airline industryʹs regulation that all stewardesses had to be unmarried. A) amicus curiae brief B) writ of habeas corpus C) bill of attainder D) class action lawsuit E) administrative appeal

D) class action lawsuit

According to the text, the least effective activity of lobbyists in Congress is A) contributing to campaigns. B) providing information. C) activating members of Congress to vote on legislation. D) converting members of Congress to the lobbyistsʹ positions. E) both A and B

D) converting members of Congress to the lobbyistsʹ positions.

An advantage of single-issue groups is their A) financial resources. B) pool of potential members. C) pool of actual members. D) intensity. E) diversity.

D) intensity.

The National Organization for Women A) was first formed in the nineteenth century to help women gain the right to vote. B) was primarily responsible for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. C) is no longer a formidable force for womenʹs rights. D) now works for the enactment of individual statutes (laws) to protect womenʹs rights rather than a constitutional amendment. E) is a counter-interest group formed by Phyllis Schlafly to oppose the Womenʹs Liberation Movement and the Equal Rights Amendment.

D) now works for the enactment of individual statutes (laws) to protect womenʹs rights rather than a constitutional amendment.

Right-to-work laws ________ the union shop. A) take a neutral stance toward B) require C) legalize D) outlaw E) regulate

D) outlaw

The right of interest groups to organize is A) protected by the Constitution. B) protected by the Federal Election Campaign Act. C) protected by state laws. D) protected by the Bill of Rights. E) none of the above

D) protected by the Bill of Rights.

Public interest lobbies are those organizations that A) emphasize equal rights and equality of opportunity in America. B) eschew the subgovernment system and operate within view of the public, often through town meetings. C) have large memberships, usually a million or more. D) seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit members or activists. E) focus exclusively on public expenditures directed toward Social Security.

D) seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit members or activists.

Interest group liberalism holds that A) the fact that there are numerous interest groups proves nothing, because groups are extremely unequal in power. B) interest groups win some and lose some, but no group wins or loses all the time. C) when one interest group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system. D) virtually all pressure group demands are legitimate, and the job of government is to advance them all. E) the role of government is to leaven the natural inequalities of the free market system and that entails paying more attention to the needs of economically weak interest groups and less attention to economically powerful groups.

D) virtually all pressure group demands are legitimate, and the job of government is to advance them all.

C) not representative of the people or majority public opinion.

Democratic theorists criticize the courts on the grounds that they are A) used indiscriminately, leading to legal stagnation. B) not representative of the victimized upper and upper-middle classes. C) not representative of the people or majority public opinion. D) and always have been used to persecute vulnerable minorities. E) easily swayed by interest-group pressure.

B) viewed federal intervention in the economy as unconstitutional, and declared several laws invalid.

During the early New Deal era, the Supreme Court was dominated by conservatives who A) came to be known as the Bad Deal Five for thwarting New Deal legislation and were impeached and removed as a group by Congress. B) viewed federal intervention in the economy as unconstitutional, and declared several laws invalid. C) strongly supported federal intervention in the economy, and voted to uphold all New Deal acts. D) overturned the precedent of Marbury v. Madison and ruled that the Supreme Court has no power of judicial review. E) were impeached one by one by Congress.

Lobbyists provide members of Congress all of the following EXCEPT A) help with accomplishing their legislative goals. B) information. C) campaign strategy and organizational help. D) ideas and innovations. E) None of the above; lobbyists provide all of the above to members of Congress.

E) None of the above; lobbyists provide all of the above to members of Congress.

E) 3

Each court of appeals normally hears cases in panels consisting of ________ judges. A) 9 B) 6 C) 12 D) 7 E) 3

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A) fewer than 200

How many times has the Supreme Court ruled a federal law unconstitutional? A) fewer than 200 B) more than 500 C) once D) never E) about 1,000

C) four

If ________ Supreme Court justices agree to grant review of a case, it can be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the basis of the written record already on file with the Court. A) six B) two C) four D) nine E) a majority of

B) fewer than 100

In a typical year, the Supreme Court issues ________ formal written opinions that could serve as precedent, and thus as the basis of guidance for lower courts. A) more than 1,000 B) fewer than 100 C) between 150 and 500 D) more than 500, but less than 1,000 E) fewer than ten

D) may probe a nomineeʹs judicial philosophy in great detail.

In its investigation of Supreme Court nominees, the Senate Judiciary Committee A) follows the custom of senatorial courtesy and confirms nominees approved by their home state senators. B) limits its investigation to the nomineeʹs judicial integrity and experience. C) is basically a rubber stamp for the presidentʹs nomination. D) may probe a nomineeʹs judicial philosophy in great detail. E) none of the above

C) President Nixon had to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts.

In the case of United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that A) President Nixon did not have to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. B) John Kennedy had lawfully won the presidential election of 1960, and Richard Nixonʹs challenge was unfounded. C) President Nixon had to hand over White House tape recordings to the courts. D) President Nixon be removed from office and that Vice President Gerald Ford take over the presidency. E) President Nixon was guilty of conspiracy to obstruct justice by impeding the investigation of the Watergate burglary.

A) refused to enforce speedy compliance with the ruling, thus severely weakening implementation over the next decade.

In the immediate aftermath of the Supreme Courtʹs famous Brown v. Board of Education decision, the president and Congress A) refused to enforce speedy compliance with the ruling, thus severely weakening implementation over the next decade. B) celebrated the fact that the Supreme Court had now joined them in supporting swift compliance with a new federal law. C) overruled the Supreme Court in a rare instance of judicial review. D) worked quickly to implement the decision nationwide. E) proposed a Constitutional amendment to overturn the Courtʹs decision, although the amendment was never ratified by the states.

B) never reach trial, but are settled out of court.

Most criminal and civil cases A) are decided by jury trial in state courts. B) never reach trial, but are settled out of court. C) are appealed to a higher court. D) are decided by a judge in federal district court. E) eventually end up in the Supreme Court.

E) implementation

Judicial ________ refers to how and whether court decisions are translated into real policy, affecting the behavior of others. A) restraint B) intent C) action D) review E) implementation

D) the right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional.

Judicial review means A) the right of the Congress to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. B) the power to remove Supreme Court justices from the bench if deemed unfit to retain office. C) the right of the president to determine whether a decision of the Supreme Court is or is not Constitutional. D) the right of the courts to determine whether executive or legislative acts are or are not Constitutional. E) the Solicitor Generalʹs oversight of the courts to make sure that rulings are uniform nationwide and that procedural due process is being followed by all courts.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the prolifieration of interest groups in this country? • social diversity • governmental fragmentation • limited government • the weakness of political parties

Limited Government

B) the plaintiff and the defendant.

Litigants are A) the attorneys. B) the plaintiff and the defendant. C) the plaintiff and the plaintiffʹs attorney. D) the defendant and the defendantʹs attorney. E) plaintiffs.

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B) the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Lower federal courts of general jurisdiction were established by A) President George Washington. B) the Judiciary Act of 1789. C) the Eleventh Amendment. D) the Constitution. E) the Supreme Court.

D) judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of A) Constitutional penumbra. B) national supremacy. C) original intent. D) judicial review. E) stare decisis.

B) governmental support for religion.

Merely being a taxpayer and being opposed to a law does not provide the standing necessary to challenge that law in court except in cases pertaining to A) taxation. B) governmental support for religion. C) environmental protection. D) civil liberties. E) racial or sexual discrimination.

D) civil actions from lower federal courts.

Most cases heard by the Supreme Court come from A) matters over which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. B) state criminal courts. C) the United States Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit. D) civil actions from lower federal courts. E) civil actions from state courts.

C) appeals from state courts.

The jurisdiction of the district courts extends to each of the following EXCEPT A) federal crimes. B) supervision of bankruptcy proceedings. C) appeals from state courts. D) admiralty and maritime law cases. E) federal civil suits.

D) how presidents can become disappointed with their selections.

President Eisenhowerʹs selection of Earl Warren and William Brennan to the Supreme Court is an example of A) the Senate majorityʹs tendency to reject nominees of the opposing political party. B) how religion and region were once important selection criteria. C) how a president can mold the Court to his ideology. D) how presidents can become disappointed with their selections. E) the importance of partisanship in the selection of justices.

A) liberalized the Court.

President Franklin Rooseveltʹs appointees to the Supreme Court A) liberalized the Court. B) routinely ruled his New Deal legislation unconstitutional. C) made the Court more conservative. D) proved to have no effect upon the decisions of the Court. E) proved to be great disappointments to him on issue after issue.

A) was rejected by the Senate.

President Reaganʹs nomination of Robert Bork as an associate justice on the Supreme Court A) was rejected by the Senate. B) was rejected by both the House and the Senate. C) was withdrawn after it came to light that Bork had smoked marijuana while a law professor at Harvard. D) was confirmed by the closest margin in the twentieth century. E) based on Borkʹs extensive legal experience.

A) Jimmy Carter

President ________ appointed more women, African Americans, and Hispanics to the federal district and circuit courts than all previous presidents combined. A) Jimmy Carter B) Lyndon Johnson C) Ronald Reagan D) Gerald Ford E) George Bush

D) 25

Presidents are disappointed with their judicial nominations to the Court about ________ percent of the time. A) 33 B) 15 C) 10 D) 25 E) 50

D) politically hot and divisive cases.

Principal reasons for the Courtʹs choosing to hear a case would include each of the following EXCEPT A) conflict between different lower courts on the interpretation of federal law. B) cases that involve major issues, like civil liberties. C) disagreement between a majority of the Supreme Court and lower court decisions. D) politically hot and divisive cases. E) the justicesʹ law clerks recommend doing so.

A) has slowly chipped away at liberal decisions.

The Rehnquist Court A) has slowly chipped away at liberal decisions. B) has been deeply divided between liberals and conservatives, and personality conflicts have added to a court in turmoil. C) created a revolution in constitutional law. D) has been a disappointment to conservatives. E) has gone further to shape public policy than the Warren Court.

Amicus curiae is generally translated as meaning a. "friend of the court." b. "amicable but curious." c. "let the decision stand." d. "to reveal." e. none of the above.

a

C) but left it to the discretion of Congress to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction.

The Constitution specifically provided that there would be a Supreme Court, A) and established a system of lower federal courts throughout the nation. B) but left it up to the individual states to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. C) but left it to the discretion of Congress to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. D) but left it up to the Supreme Court itself to establish lower federal courts of general jurisdiction. E) and granted the President the power to establish any lower federal courts he deemed necessary.

C) legislative court.

The Court of Claims is a A) district court. B) state court. C) legislative court. D) Constitutional court. E) presidential court.

E) consists of judges who hear appeals in specialized cases such as those regarding patents, copyrights, etc.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit A) decides which cases will and will not be heard by the Supreme Court. B) screens all cases going to the Supreme Court, from which the Supreme Court decides which cases to take. C) consists of the Supreme Court itself. D) is responsible for determining the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. E) consists of judges who hear appeals in specialized cases such as those regarding patents, copyrights, etc.

A) appellate jurisdiction from both state and federal courts.

The United States Supreme Courtʹs jurisdiction includes A) appellate jurisdiction from both state and federal courts. B) original jurisdiction only in cases involving foreign diplomats. C) only appellate jurisdiction. D) original jurisdiction in cases involving citizens from one state only if it involves a federal question. E) all of the above

D) United States attorney.

The United States government is represented in civil cases in district courts by a A) district judge. B) United States marshal. C) federal magistrate. D) United States attorney. E) none of the above

B) Solicitor General

The ________ is a presidential appointee who is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government, works out of the Department of Justice, and can have an important influence on the Supreme Court. A) Adjutant General B) Solicitor General C) United States attorney D) Attorney General E) chief justice

A) how other courts and other institutions of government can be roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation.

The case of a black man named Virgil Hawkins who tried to get admitted to the University of Florida Law School illustrates A) how other courts and other institutions of government can be roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation. B) how controversial issues shape the Supreme Court agenda. C) the ability of the Supreme Court to resolve issues once and for all. D) the ways Supreme Court judges enforce their decisions. E) how the Supreme Court can remove all roadblocks in the way of judicial implementation.

A) judges and justices should determine the intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding a particular matter and decide cases in line with that intent.

The concept of original intent holds that A) judges and justices should determine the intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding a particular matter and decide cases in line with that intent. B) the founders intended judges to use discretion. C) it is necessary to adapt the principles in the Constitution to the demands of each era. D) the founders embraced general principles that are open to interpretation. E) the founders intended judges to interpret the Constitution but make new law when necessary.

B) senatorial courtesy.

The customary manner in which the Senate disposes of federal judicial nominations in one state is through A) the seniority system. B) senatorial courtesy. C) majority vote, usually along party lines. D) judicial review. E) stateʹs review.

B) Solicitor General.

The decision to appeal cases the federal government has lost in the lower courts is made by the A) majority of the Supreme Court. B) Solicitor General. C) president. D) chief justice. E) district judge.

B) district

The entry point for most litigation in the federal courts is in one of the ________ courts. A) appellate B) district C) Superior D) legislative E) municipal

A) Sandra Day OʹConnor.

The first woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court was A) Sandra Day OʹConnor. B) Frances Perkins. C) Hillary Clinton. D) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. E) Ruth Bader Ginsberg.

C) reviewing the evidence in cases involving crimes committed by public officials.

The functions of the Supreme Court include each of the following EXCEPT A) maintaining national supremacy in the law. B) resolving conflicts among the states. C) reviewing the evidence in cases involving crimes committed by public officials. D) ensuring uniformity in the interpretation of national laws. E) rule on cases accepted from lower courts.

A) state courts of original jurisdiction.

The great majority of Americaʹs judicial business is transacted in A) state courts of original jurisdiction. B) Tax Court. C) Supreme Courts. D) the United States courts of appeal. E) federal courts of original jurisdiction.

A) begin and end in state courts.

The vast majority of all civil and criminal cases A) begin and end in state courts. B) involve federal law, but are tried in state courts. C) begin and end in federal courts. D) begin in state courts and are appealed to federal courts. E) involve state laws that are tried in federal courts.

B) stare decisis

The vast majority of cases reaching the federal courts are settled on the principle of ________, meaning that an earlier ruling should hold for the case being considered. A) historical authority B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) certiorari

B) restraint.

The view that judges should play a minimal role in policymaking is called judicial A) jurisprudence. B) restraint. C) precedent. D) objectivity. E) neutrality.

D) 91

There are ________ federal district courts. A) 53 B) 12 C) 9 D) 91 E) 50

C) amicus curiae

Those who are interested in the outcome of a case, but are not formal litigants, sometimes submit ________ briefs, raising points of view and presenting information that they hope will influence the Supreme Courtʹs decision. A) certiorari B) stare decisis C) amicus curiae D) per curiam decision E) concurring

C) the powers and legitimacy of the federal government.

Until the Civil War, the dominant questions before the Supreme Court regarded A) questions of the relationship between the federal government and the economy. B) presidential powers. C) the powers and legitimacy of the federal government. D) issues of social and political equality and the expansion of the right to vote. E) the interpretation of First Amendment rights.

D) their own party.

Usually more than 90 percent of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of A) the Department of Justice. B) law school faculties. C) state legislatures. D) their own party. E) Congress.

D) usually more than 90 percent

What percentage of presidentsʹ judicial nominations are members of their own parties? A) almost 80 percent B) slightly more than half C) except for rare occasions, 100 percent D) usually more than 90 percent E) about 75 percent

C) the Constitution.

When given a choice, the courts are least likely to decide a case on the basis of A) standing. B) precedent. C) the Constitution. D) mootness. E) jurisdiction.

C) require the Supreme Court to review a government case on appeal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the United States Solicitor Generalʹs office? A) decide whether or not to appeal cases the government has lost in the lower courts B) review and modify the briefs presented in government appeals C) require the Supreme Court to review a government case on appeal D) represent the government before the Supreme Court E) none of the above

B) Interest groups find it difficult to find judges who will rule in their favor.

Which of the following statements about the courts and pluralism is FALSE? A) Almost every major policy decision these days ends up in court. B) Interest groups find it difficult to find judges who will rule in their favor. C) When groups go to court, they use litigation to achieve their policy objectives. D) The habit of always turning to the courts as a last resort can add to policy delay, deadlock, and inconsistency. E) Even though the courts are the least democratic institution, groups can still us them to achieve their goals.

B) Most of American judicial policy is made in the Supreme Court.

Which of the following statements about the courts is FALSE? A) Supreme Court decisions may directly shape peopleʹs lives. B) Most of American judicial policy is made in the Supreme Court. C) The great bulk of American legal business is transacted in the less-noticed courts. D) The Supreme Court decides a handful of key issues each year. E) The judicial system in the U.S. is, at least in principle, an adversarial one.

B) Senators play a greater role in the recruitment of Supreme Court justices than in the selection of lower court judges.

Which of the following statements about the selection of Supreme Court justices is FALSE? A) The president usually relies on the Attorney General and the Department of Justice to identify and screen candidates for the Court. B) Senators play a greater role in the recruitment of Supreme Court justices than in the selection of lower court judges. C) The president usually operates under fewer constraints in nominating members to the Supreme Court than to the lower courts. D) Candidates for nomination to the Supreme Court usually keep a low profile. E) none of the above

B) They hear appeals from municipal, county, and state courts.

Which one of the following is NOT true about the federal district courts? A) Each district has between 2 and 27 judges, with one judge usually presiding alone over most cases. B) They hear appeals from municipal, county, and state courts. C) They are the only federal courts in which trials are held, and juries may be impaneled. D) They are the entry points for most litigation in the federal court system. E) All federal district court judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.

D) John Roberts

Who currently serves on the Supreme Court as the chief justice? A) William Rehnquist B) Samuel Alito C) Harriet Miers D) John Roberts E) Dennis Kucinich

C) Concurring

________ opinions are those offered by one or more Supreme Court justices not only to support a majority decision, but also to stress a different Constitutional or legal basis for the judgment. A) Amicus curiae B) Dissenting C) Concurring D) Adjunct E) Differential

A major reason that the courts play a greater role in American society today than they did earlier in the century is that a. government plays a greater role generally. b. lawyers are more influential than ever. c. public opinion is less focused. d. judges are better trained. e. the courts are more representative of American society

a

Administrative personnel who exercise discretion, pay attention to routine, and deal directly with clients, A) are called street-level bureaucrats. B) are limited to high-level positions in the administration. C) implement federal policies. D) are part of the Senior Executive Service. E) are usually dismissed for not following standard operating procedures.

a

Proposals to reorganize the government in order to solve the problem of bureaucratic fragmentation A) are often opposed by agencies not wanting to be submerged within a broader bureaucratic unit. B) tend to be supported by Republican presidents, who advocate governmental centralization. C) are opposed by congressional committees, fearing they will be given greater responsibility to oversee larger and more diverse agencies. D) are supported by interest groups, who feel they could better control the regulatory programs of a reorganized bureaucracy. E) are supported and opposed for all of these reasons.

a

Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they A) do not directly apply to a particular situation. B) slow bureaucratic responses to citizensʹ needs. C) are not specifically codified. D) transfer personnel to different posts. E) are not closely followed.

a

The Cabinet department that has the largest budget is the Department of A) Health and Human Services. B) Defense. C) Commerce. D) the Treasury. E) Education.

a

The ________ Act was passed partly as a memorial to the memory of President James Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881. A) Pendleton Civil Service B) Treason C) Voting Rights D) Hatch E) Interstate Commerce

a

The classic conception of a bureaucracy was advanced by ________, who argued that the bureaucracy was a ʺrationalʺ way for a modern society to conduct its business. A) Max Weber B) Thomas Jefferson C) John Locke D) Charles L. Schultze E) James Madison

a

The diffusion of responsibility within the bureaucracy A) makes the coordination of policies both time-consuming and difficult. B) increases administrative discretion. C) allows for a diversity of opinion thus facilitating effective administration. D) helps diminish the use of administrative discretion. E) facilitates the use of inter-bureaucracy standard operating procedures.

a

The doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents citizens from suing the government unless the government a. consents to be sued. b. has violated a state law. c. has violated both a state and federal law. d. is exempt from having to pay fees. e. has clearly been involved in manipulation of evidence.

a

The principle of precedent is not always so clear because a. lawyers are gifted at showing cases are different in some relevant way. b. records of judicial decisions are not particularly well organized. c. most appellate decisions are not accompanied by written decisions. d. the Court rarely gets a case that is at all similar to a previous case. e. Justices are notable for insisting that their work be original.

a

The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is called A) regulation. B) patronage. C) administrative discretion. D) policy implementation. E) public administration.

a

Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as A) street-level bureaucrats. B) routinizers. C) General Schedule foot soldiers. D) the Senior Executive Service. E) civil servants.

a

Until 1887, the federal government A) had almost no regulatory policies. B) was involved only in social regulation. C) owned and operated most of the major industries in the country. D) forbade the states from passing regulatory policies. E) was involved only in economic regulation.

a

Until the late-nineteenth century, most government employees got their jobs through A) the patronage system. B) the merit principle. C) hereditary preferences. D) civil service testing. E) a lottery system.

a

When Congress passes regulatory legislation for which it has established goals, it then A) grants power to regulatory agencies to develop guidelines and enforce compliance. B) assigns responsibility for administration to regulatory agencies and responsibility for enforcement to the courts. C) establishes the guidelines that regulatory agencies must implement. D) grants interest groups the power to develop the rules governing the new policy. E) authorizes the president to use his administrative discretion to implement the legislation.

a

Which of the following is NOT an accusation made against the regulatory system? A) Excessive regulation contributed to the savings and loan industry disaster of the 1980s. B) If the producer is faced with expensive regulations, costs will inevitably be passed along to the consumer in the form of higher prices. C) Regulations do not always work well, and they simply create massive regulatory bureaucracies. D) Other nations have laxer regulations on pollution, worker safety, and other business practices, thus American exports often cost more. E) All of these have been criticisms of regulation.

a

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service? A) Firing incompetents is extremely difficult. B) Workers are not protected against political firings. C) It does not operate on the merit principle. D) Too many federal civil servants are actively involved in partisan politics. E) all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies and the scope of government is FALSE? A) When the president and Congress chose to deregulate certain areas of the economy or cut taxes, the bureaucracy prevented them from doing so. B) The federal bureaucracy has actually shrunk in size relative to the population it serves. C) The bureaucracy is now expected to play an active role in dealing with social and economic problems. D) The federal bureaucracy has not grown over the past two generations. E) none of the above

a

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Bureaucrats are often fired for using too much administrative discretion. B) Pay raises in the bureaucracy tend to be small and across-the-board. C) Removing appointed officials may be politically embarrassing to the president. D) A government agency cannot expand just because it is performing a service effectively and efficiently. E) none of the above

a

________ is a hiring and promotion system based on knowing the right people, working in an election campaign, making large political donations, and/or having the right connections to win jobs with the government. A) The patronage system B) The federal Civil Service C) The bureaucracy D) The golden gate E) Administrative discretion

a

Domestic Policy

a set of plans for dealing with national problems

"Campaigning" has largely become synonymous with a. fundraising. b. mobilization. c. triangulation. d. clarification. e. polarizing.

a.

Blacks and Jews have been the most loyal supporters of a. the Democrats. b. independent candidates. c. minor parties. d. nonideological candidates. e. the Republicans.

a.

Former House Speaker Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill famously said "All politics is ______." a. local b. contentious c. stressful d. economic e. flexible

a.

If presidential campaigns were decided simply by party identification, a. the Democrats would always win. b. the Republicans would always win. c. the Democrats would win most of the time. d. the Republicans would win most of the time. e. there would be no intelligent way to know what the impact would be.

a.

In 2004, President Bush generally received the votes of all of the following except a. union members. b. military veterans. c. whites. d. married couples. e. conservatives.

a.

Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies? A) They often do not know their own agency subordinates very well, much less people in other agencies. B) They must be recommended by the Office of Personnel Managementʹs ʺrule of three.ʺ C) As political appointees, they are often unaccustomed to the administrative routines, budget cycles, and legal complexities of their agencies or departments. D) They tend to spend fewer years in their positions than those in the civil service. E) none of the above

b

Which of the following is NOT true about standard operating procedures? A) They provide routine rules to help bureaucrats make numerous everyday decisions. B) Each federal department and agency has a plum book which lists its standard operating procedures. C) They can sometimes be so routinized that they are difficult to change even in the face of changing circumstances. D) They are referred to as ʺred tapeʺ by those who find them burdensome. E) They are used by street-level bureaucrats.

b

Which of the following is TRUE about the federal bureaucracy? A) Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C. B) The state and local governments have far more employees than the federal bureaucracy. C) The size of the federal bureaucracy has grown dramatically over the past twenty years. D) Most Americans are dissatisfied with their encounters with bureaucrats. E) all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about the size of bureaucracies is FALSE? A) State and local public employees far outnumber civilian federal government employees. B) As a percentage of Americaʹs total work force, federal government employment has been growing. C) Almost all the growth in the number of public employees has occurred in state and local governments. D) Federal government employment amounts to about three percent of all civilian jobs. E) None of the above; all of the above statements are TRUE.

b

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the Weberian model of bureaucracy? A) task specialization B) decentralized authority structure C) extensive rules D) impersonality E) A and D only

b

Which of the following would not be considered a street-level bureaucrat? A) a municipal court judge B) an assistant secretary in the Department of Transportation C) a welfare worker D) a mail carrier who delivers mail exclusively in a high-rise building E) a police officer

b

Which of these is the newest government agency? A) Drug Enforcement Agency B) Social Security Administration C) Department of Health and Human Services D) Drug Interdiction Agency E) Cyberspace Commission

b

________ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. A) Standard operating procedure B) Administrative discretion C) Administratorsʹ disposition D) Executive power E) Deregulation

b

ʺIron trianglesʺ are composed of A) primarily iron, but also metallic, alloys. B) bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. C) urban bureaucracies, state bureaucracies, and federal bureaucracies. D) congressional committees, state governments, and bureaucratic agencies. E) senators, governors, and department heads.

b

If one were to argue debates can have considerable impact on the opinions of potential voters, they would most likely point to the case of a. Walter Mondale in 1984. b. Ross Perot in 1992. c. Bill Clinton in 1992. d. Bill Clinton in 1996. e. George Bush in 2004.

b.

In a(n) ________ primary, voters must declare themselves registered members of a party in advance. a. open b. closed c. blanket d. runoff e. free love

b.

In recent presidential elections the independent vote has usually favored a. a third party. b. the Republicans. c. the Democrats. d. no one party. e. male candidates.

b.

In the 2000 election, George W. Bush chose as a theme a. trust. b. compassionate conservatism. c. competence. d. stay the course. e. we need change.

b.

Research suggests political ads which ________ wield the greatest influence over voters with the greatest interest in politics. a. focus on the issues b. appeal to emotion c. emphasize the positive characteristics of candidates d. employ humor e. compare and contrast candidates

b.

To a political candidate, the drawback of television visuals and debates is a. their expense. b. the risk of slipups. c. the low audience response. d. their lack of credibility. e. the complications surrounding choice of back-drops.

b.

Which of the following statements concerning research on political advertising and television news programs is correct? a. News programs tend to convey more information. b. Paid commercials often contain information seen, remembered and evaluated by the public. c. News programs tend to make greater impressions on viewers. d. More lengthy presentations (such as televised interviews and debates) provide more information and make greater impressions on voters. e. News programs avoid stark visual images and campaign slogans.

b.

Which statement about the so-called "sophomore surge" is correct? a. It has been around since the 1940s. b. It usually means an 8 to 10 percent increase in votes. c. It benefits members of the Senate more than members of the House. d. It does not benefit members of the Senate at all. e. It is the result of an increase in trust of the federal government.

b.

An ʺiron triangleʺ is also referred to as A) a government corporation. B) a reverse diagonal. C) a subgovernment. D) the alphabet soup of American government. E) an issue network.

c

As a whole, the permanent bureaucracy is A) nearly all white, male, and well-paid. B) overwhelmingly African American, female, and not so well-paid. C) more broadly representative of the American people than legislators, judges, or presidential appointees. D) better paid than are similar jobs in the private sector. E) a reflection of participatory politics, since most government workers are hired through the patronage system.

c

As a whole, the permanent federal bureaucracy is A) less diverse in terms of the type of jobs than the private sector. B) dominated by white males. C) more broadly representative of the American people than the rest of the federal government. D) composed of an American elite. E) now employing 15 percent of the American work force.

c

As the oversight powers of Congress in regard to the bureaucracy have become more vigorous, A) Congress is increasingly the policy-implementation branch of government. B) it has become easier to rein in the bureaucracy. C) they have also become more fragmented. D) ʺiron trianglesʺ have weakened considerably. E) the amount of government corruption has decreased dramatically.

c

Bureaus in the federal bureaucracy are also known as all of the following EXCEPT A) an administration. B) an office. C) a department. D) a service. E) none of the above

c

Cert is issued and a case is scheduled for a hearing if ______ justices agree to hear it. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 8 e. all nine of the

c

Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called A) bureaucratization. B) regulation. C) implementation. D) actualization. E) policymaking.

c

From 1937 to 1974, the Supreme Court did not declare a single federal law dealing with _______ unconstitutional. a. freedom of speech b. communists c. regulation of business d. citizenship e. government benefits

c

In a typical term, the federal government is party to _________ the cases that the Supreme Court hears. a. very few of b. thirty percent of c. about half of d. almost all of e. a limit of two of

c

Most of the government is composed of A) regulators. B) lawyers. C) bureaucrats. D) elected legislators. E) politicians.

c

Once hired into the federal bureaucracy, a person is assigned a ________ rating, which determines oneʹs salary range. A) Federal Register B) Weber C) General Schedule D) step ladder E) plum book

c

Stare decisis is generally translated as meaning a. "friend of the court." b. "amicable but curious." c. "let the decision stand." d. "to reveal." e. none of the above.

c

Studies have found that most Americans A) dislike bureaucrats. B) are indifferent about bureaucracies and bureaucrats. C) are satisfied with the help received from bureaucrats. D) actually like bureaucracies. E) want the government bureaucracy dismantled.

c

Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the A) Twenty-fifth Amendment. B) Pendleton Act. C) Supreme Court ruling in Democratic National Committee v. Hayes. D) Hatch Act. E) merit system.

d

Which of the following statements about government regulation in America is accurate? A) The Constitution set up only six regulatory agencies; the others have been created within the past 100 years or so. B) The Federal Communications Commission was the first independent regulatory agency. C) Until 1887, the federal government made almost no regulatory policies and had no regulatory agencies. D) Regulatory agencies tended to be more popular in the early years of the nationʹs history, then grew more controversial during the late-nineteenth century. E) both A and C

c

Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE? A) Most presidents seek appointees with sympathy for similar policy positions. B) Ambassadorship appointments often go to large campaign contributors. C) Plum book appointees are often instrumental in changing and reforming their agencies. D) Presidents often consider sex, region, and race in making plum book appointments. E) none of the above

c

With respect to a recent controversy regarding judicial appointments, the "nuclear option" focused on the possibility of a. requiring all judicial nominees to have federal experience. b. forcing all Supreme Court nominees to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee. c. revising Senate rules to block filibusters. d. allowing "voice votes" on judicial nominations. e. requiring 60 votes of support to confirm judicial nominations.

c

In 1911, Congress fixed the size of the House of Representatives at ______ members. a. 50 b. 100 c. 435 d. 535 e. 537

c.

The states did little about malapportionment and gerrymandering until ordered to do so by a. the president. b. Congress. c. the Supreme Court. d. political party leaders. e. the Justice Department.

c.

The text suggests ________ are "a volatile group" and "thus quick to change parties." a. businessmen b. teachers c. lawyers d. doctors e. farmers

c.

Unlike funding for presidential campaigns, the money for congressional campaigns comes from a. both private and public sources. b. public sources only. c. private sources only. d. federal matching grants only. e. state income taxes.

c.

Voters at the Iowa Democratic caucuses, compared with other Democrats from Iowa, tend to be a. void of anything that looks like an ideological disposition. b. more conservative. c. more liberal. d. younger. e. less educated.

c.

A group of participants in bureaucratic policymaking with technical policy expertise and intellectual and emotional commitment to the issue is called A) a government corporation. B) an ʺiron triangleʺ. C) a subgovernment. D) an issue network. E) a vested cohort.

d

A political question is a matter a. involving voters. b. that the Constitution has left to another branch of government. c. that an elected state judge has dealt with. d. that causes conflict among average voters. e. that must first be acted on by Congress.

d

According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of A) talented experts with proven party loyalty. B) people with access to the Internet, but not necessarily the most qualified people. C) senior civil servants to sensitive posts. D) administrators who do not stay long enough in their appointed position to be effective. E) large numbers of women and minorities, just as it was intended to do.

d

According to the text, the most powerful indicator of judicial power is probably a. the use of judicial review. b. the extent to which precedent is followed. c. the types of political questions courts are willing to handle. d. the kinds of remedies that courts will impose. e. the use of per curiam opinions

d

An obstacle to the successful implementation of public policy is A) the failure of Congress to pass authorizing legislation. B) the over-specialization of civil service employees. C) competition between the private and public sectors. D) unclear policy goals and poorly designed policies. E) all of the above

d

As a percentage of the total work force, federal government employment is A) rapidly becoming greater than employment in the private sector. B) greater than state and local government employment. C) rising. D) declining. E) stabilizing.

d

Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT A) rewriting legislation. B) influencing the appointment of agency heads. C) holding hearings. D) issuing congressional orders. E) both A and B

d

Which statement best reflects the relationship between popular presidential candidates and congressional candidates of the same party? a. There is considerable evidence of a coattail effect benefiting congressional candidates. b. There is considerable evidence of a coattail effect benefiting presidential candidates. c. Congressional candidates increasingly benefit from popular presidential candidates. d. There has been a sharp decline in the benefit of presidential coattails for congressional candidates. e. Congressional candidates have never benefited from the coattails of popular presidential candidates.

d.