Unit 3 Part 2 AP Psych

Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following?

A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips.

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw

ART

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as

Association areas

The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the

Association areas

A 3-year-old patient is about to have his left hemisphere removed to prevent the spread of a brain disease. Which of the following is an accurate statement about how this child's language development might be affected?

Because of brain plasticity, over time other parts of the child's brain could learn to speak and understand language.

In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?

Brainstem

Mr. Murphy has suffered a stroke and is no longer able to communicate the ideas he has in his head. He knows what he wants to say but is unable to speak. What part of Mr. Murphy's brain has been damaged by the stroke?

Broca's area

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?

Broca's area

Which of the following brain areas are found only in the left hemisphere in most people?

Broca's area and Wernicke's area

Valeria is a dancer. She has been dancing for years, but one evening at a late-night rehearsal, her tired partner accidentally dropped her on her head. Now Valeria has problems dancing. She knows the correct steps, she must make, be she feels as if her legs and arms are moving as if directed by someone else. What area of her brain was damaged by her fall?

Cerebellum

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?

EEG

Which of the following brain scans is an amplified recording of brain waves?

EEG

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to

HE

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n)

MRI

What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?

MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels.

The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)

PET scan

Research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability?

The brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world.

Which of the following statements is the most correct summary of the functions of the left and right hemisphere?

The right and left hemispheres generally perform similar functions and communicate directly.

When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has most likely been damaged?

Wernicke's area

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

Wernicke's area

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's

amygdala

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?

amygdala

The region of your cerebral cortex that most likely enables you to recognize a person as your own mother is

an association area

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his

association areas

The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the

association areas

While mapping the motor cortex, researchers Foerster and Penfield found that

body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical space.

A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of

brain plasticity

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of

brain plasticity

The reticular formation is located in the

brainstem

We are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure?

brainstem

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.

breathing; walking

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?

cerebellum

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the

cerebellum

The association areas are located in the

cerebral cortex

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the

cerebral cortex

Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your

cerebral cortex

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates

cognitive neural prosthetics

What is the interdisciplinary study of how brain activity is linked with our mental processes called?

cognitive neuroscience

Which kind of psychological researcher would be most interested in the research question, "Do people who lose most of their cerebral cortex in an accident still exhibit signs of consciousness?"

cognitive neuroscientist

Someone skilled at word processing thinks several letters ahead while typing, whereas a beginner must focus on one letter at a time. A novice is most likely using _________ to complete the task.

conscious serial processing

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the

corpus callosum

Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut.

corpus callosum

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut.

corpus callosum

A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.

destruction

A person who suffers brain damage to the rear part of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere might experience which of the following difficulties?

difficulty in movements on the right side of the body

Animal research has revealed a general reward system that triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

dopamine

When looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing ("It's a bird!") but not of our subconscious processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement. This illustrates what psychologists call

dual processing

Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"?

dual processing

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce

epileptic seizures.

A patient with damage to Broca's area of the brain would probably have difficulty

expressing thoughts in spoken language

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n)

fMRI

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to

facially express emotions

Susie works in an ice cream shop and suffered brain damage from an accident. Now when something goes wrong in the store, she has no idea how to fix it. Her favorite type of ice cream has always been chocolate chip, yet now she can never decide what flavor she wants to eat on her break. Susie's coworkers have also noticed that she just doesn't seem like herself. Where did Susie suffer the brain damage?

frontal lobes

In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain?

functional MRI (fMRI)

Mrs. Johnson took her husband to see a doctor after being in the car with him for one day. He repeatedly ran red lights and drove right past the building where he was supposed to drop her off, even though he had been there several times. After many tests, the doctor told Mrs. Johnson that her husband had a brain tumor and it had already started to spread. Where did the tumor likely begin?

hippocampus

Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?

hippocampus

Liz is a high school tennis player. She started to lose weight rapidly during the season. She couldn't control her emotions and acted out on them, never holding back. It appears that Liz could have a classic case of anorexia. Which part of the brain are the new studies focusing on in understanding the role of the brain in this eating disorder.

hypothalamus

Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the

hypothalamus

The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the

hypothalamus

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to

lapse into a coma.

Sasha has tried every diet in the book. Cutting portions has not worked because she finds herself constantly hungry. Her weight gain has been depressing her, and her mom has gotten very worried. She also consumes large quantities of water. What part of the Brain might be damaged and responsible for Sasha's behavior?

lateral hypothalamus

The ability to recognize faces with the right hemisphere but not with the left hemisphere best illustrates

lateralization

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called

lateralization

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called "Tan." He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production?

left frontal lobe

Someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and blood flow to which brain structure?

left hemisphere

If primed with the flashed word foot, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word heel. If primed with foot, cry, and glass, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word cut.

left hemisphere; right hemisphere

Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n)

lesion

If Professor Freeborn lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become

less aggressive

The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the

limbic system

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the

medulla

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the

motor cortex

To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, José Delgado stimulated the individual's

motor cortex

Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in

movement of the mouth and lips

Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote

neurogenesis

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?

neurogenesis

Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the

nucleus accumbens.

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?

occipital lobes

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?

occipital lobes

Consciousness is

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

parietal

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates

plasticity

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

plasticity

When Melea was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Melea is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of

plasticity

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty

playing his guitar

Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?

pons

Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?

positron emission tomography (PET)

The primary purpose and effect of the split-brain operations performed by Gazzaniga and Sperry was to:

prevent neural messages from traveling between the left and right hemispheres.

Deaf people who use sign language typically

process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.

Lately, Maria has not been sleeping well. It seems like she hears everything at night. Even the faintest noises, such as the refrigerator humming and the toilet down the hall flushing, wake her up. If she does fall asleep, she has a very hard time getting up. Maria is desperate for some rest. What part of her brain is not functioning properly?

reticular formation

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?

reticular formation

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her

right hand to indicate she saw a mouse.

A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the

right hemisphere

Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and blood flow to which brain structure?

right hemisphere

Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question "What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?"

right hemisphere

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________.

seeing; hearing

The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.

sensing touch; seeing

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

sensory cortex

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

speak fluently

A patient who experienced a stroke that damaged Broca's area of the brain would have difficulty:

speaking

One of the clearest differences between the functions of the left and right hemispheres involves:

spoken language

When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation?

sympathetic

As a result of a surgical procedure, Hakim's career as a violinist is over. He finds that he can no longer compose music. When he tries to play, he gets confused because he can't retain what he hears. What part of the brain is likely implicated?

temporal lobes

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area?

temporal lobes

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?

thalamus

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

thalamus

Your ability to experience physical sensations is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your

thalamus

Researchers use dichotic listening tasks to investigate right-left differences in an intact brain. In this task, a different verbal stimulus is presented simultaneously to each ear. Findings suggest that participants more quickly recall information heard by the right ear. This suggests that

the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing.

A stroke patient can recognize the sound of his wife's voice but cannot recognize her face when she stands next to him. Which brain region has most likely been damaged?

the underside of the right temporal lobe

The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of

touch

After Paul's serious skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his temporal lobe in Wernicke's area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in:

understanding what others are saying.

A patient who experienced a stroke that damaged Wernicke's area of the brain would have difficulty:

understanding what someone else says.

A patient with damage to Wernicke's area of the brain would probably have difficulty:

understanding what someone else says.

If a picture of a comb is processed in the right hemisphere of a female split-brain patient, she should be able to:

use her left hand to draw a picture of the comb.

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to

verbally report that she saw a boy.

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Allen's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Allen is most likely to suffer some loss of:

vision

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of

visual perception