Unit 3- Renaissance

was characterized by a half-hearted interest in the ancients and by the pursuit of literary scholarship

Northern Renaissance

in their focus on the textual reexamination of the Bible and the writings of the early Church Fathers

Northern humanists differed from their Italian predecessors?:

Dante's Divine Comedy

One of the most famous books of the Italian Renaissance, in which the ancient Roman poet Virgil provided a tour of purgatory, hell, and heaven, was

God gave humans free will so that they could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures

Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that?:

French for "rebirth"; the word describes the reawakening of interest in the heritage of the classical past

Renaissance

emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity

Renaissance Humanism was a threat to the Church because it

people who served a prince in multiple political and administrative ways

Renaissance courtiers were?:

emphasis on developing the "complete individual"

Renaissance education was characterized by?:

sought great accomplishments and looked for heroes in history

Renaissance individualism

finding an old Greek manuscript

The early Renaissance humanists in Italy would have been MOST interested in?:

Cicero

The favorite classical author of Renaissance scholars was?:

strong anti-Christian sentiment

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance?:

You must pray every day

Which one of these was NOT one of the Three Catholic Principles?

contributed to the movement to establish nation-states in western Europe and assisted political leaders in their struggles with the church

Nationalism

Machiavelli

"...It is, then, much safer to be feared than to be loved...for touching human nature, we may say in general that men are untruthful, unconstant, dissemblers, they avoid dangers and are covetous of gain. While you do them good, they are wholly yours...but when (danger) approaches, they revolt."

Louis XIV

"For Machiavelli accepted the political challenge in its entirety; he swept aside every criterion of action not suggested by the concept of raison d'etat, m i.e., by the exact evaluation of the historical movement and the constructive forces which the Prince must employ in order to achieve his aim...hence, he paved the way for absolute governments, which theoretically were completely untrammeled, both in their home and in their foreign policies."

choice

... begin with the simple and obvious truth that for most of human history most people's lives have been deeply and cruelly shaped by the fact that they have had little or no _________ about the way in which they could provide themselves and their families with shelter and enough to eat. The possibility that things might be otherwise has only recently become a conceivable one to even a minority of the world's population and it became a reality for any substantial number of people only with changes in the economy of early modern Europe ... -b

hegemony

... modern" period. By this, though, they are really drawing our attention to a process in which the modern Atlantic world emerged from the tradition-dominated, agrarian, superstitious and confined western Christendom of the Middle Ages, and this took place at different times in different countries. So is its importance, for it laid the groundwork for a European world __________. -a

capitalism

...the world was growing more commercial, more used to the idea of employing money to make money, and was supplying itself with the apparatus of modern __________.

Giordano Bruno

A late Renaissance reformer who maintained that "the Hermetic philosophy, with its mystical approach to God and nature, held the key to true wisdom," was

Americas

African slaves are by no means the only ones important in modern history, nor were Europeans the only slavers. None the less, black slavery based on the buying of Africans from other Africans by Portuguese, Englishmen, Dutchmen and Frenchmen, and their sale to other Europeans in the __________, is a phenomenon whose repercussions have been much more profound than the enslavement of Europeans by Ottomans...

market

Agricultural progress increasingly took two main forms: orientation towards the __________, and technical innovation

science

Agriculture provided the first demonstration of what might be done by even rudimentary ___________- by experiment, observation, record, and experiment again - to increase Man's control of his environment more rapidly than could the selection imposed by custom.

Military threats from the Mongols in the East and Arab Muslims in the South

All of the following are causes of the scientific revolution EXCEPT

accomplished scholarship in ancient languages

All of the following are characteristics of Renaissance humanism EXCEPT

she planned the strategy for military campaigns for both her husbands

All of the following statements about Isabella d'Este, "first lady of the world" are true except?

the strength of the Italian monarchy

All of these advanced Italian commercial interests during the Renaissance EXCEPT

Russia

Although feudal lordship still existed in France in the 1780s it was by then less a social reality than an economic device. The 'seigneur' might never see his tenants, might not be of noble blood, and might draw nothing from his lordship except sums of money which represented his claims on his tenants' labor, tune and produce. Further east, the feudal relationship remained more of a reality. This in part reflected an alliance of rulers and nobles to take advantage of the new market for grain and timber in the growing population of western and southern Europe. They tied peasants to the land and exacted heavier and heavier labor services. In __________ serfdom became the very basis of society.

Thomas a Kempis's The Imitation of Christ

Anti-clericalism was a theme in all of the following works EXCEPT

the misdeeds of the clergy and the problems of the temporal church were popular themes in Renaissance literature

Anticlericalism

laws

As the nineteenth century began, it looked as if most Europeans still respected noble blood. All that had changed was that not quite so many people still automatically thought it was a distinction which ought to be reflected in __________.

secularizing

But the timing of the discovery of life insurance, at the start of what has sometimes been called the 'Age of Reason', suggests also that the dimensions of economic change are sometimes very far-reaching indeed. It was one tiny source and expression of a coming _________ of the universe.

Venice

By the thirteenth century, the wealthiest of the Italian city-states was

abilities need to acquire power in the Italian city-states

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier was a guide to the

suggested the proper social graces for a young Renaissance noble

Castiglione, in his work, The Courtier?

advocated active service to the city-state

Civic humanists?:

a cultural designation characterized by symmetry, harmony, and an aesthetic element identified with Greco-Roman tradition

Classicism

the Holy Roman Emperor

During the Italian Renaissance, a Ghibelline would most likely have opposed which one of the following?

gradually recovered from the troubles of the fourteenth century

During the Renaissance, the European economy

Italy

During the Renaissance, the nation which set the standards in art, politics, and business, was

productivity

Famine was another sporadic and local check on population growth; we hear even of cannibalism in the middle seventeenth century in Germany. Poor feeding and the lower resistance it led to I quickly produced disaster when coupled to the disruption of the economy which could follow a bad harvest. When accentuated by warfare, the result could be cataclysmic. The situation was always precarious until population growth began to be overtaken by __________

monopoly

Governments not only looked after their merchants by going to war to uphold their interests, but also intervened in other ways in the working of the commercial economy. One advantage they could offer was a grant of __________ privileges to a company under a charter; this made the raising of capital easier by offering some security for a return.

Petrarch

He is sometimes called the "Father of Humanism?:"

the reading and understanding of writings and ideals from the classical past

Humanism

rural

In 1500 Europe was still largely a _________continent of villages in which people lived at a pretty low level of subsistence. It would have seemed very empty to modern eyes. -c

parliament

In England, on the other hand, even the commercialized 'feudalism' which existed in France had gone long before 1800, and noble status conferred no legal privilege beyond the rights to be summoned to a __________...

Florence

In Renaissance Italy, the Medici family became the famous rulers of

England

In __________ , for example, high wool prices tempted landlords to enclose common land and thus remove it from common use in order to put sheep on it. The wretched peasant grazier starved and, thus, as one famous contemporary comment put it, 'sheep ate men'. -c

rise

In eastern Europe serfdom actually extended its range when it was dying out elsewhere. Yet by 1800, taking Europe as a whole and a few leading countries in particular, agriculture was one of the two economic sectors where progress was most marked (commerce was the other). Overall, it had proved capable of sustaining a continuing __________ of population at first very slowly, but at a quickening rate.

corporate

In the most advanced countries it brought new ideas about what constituted status and how it should be recognized. Though not complete, there was a shift from personal ties to market relationships as a way of denning people's rights and expectations, and a shift from a __________ vision of society to an individualist one.

Lisbon

In this economy an important and growing part was played by slaves. Most of them were black Africans, the first of whom to be brought to Europe were sold at _________ in 1444. In Europe itself, slavery had by then all but withered away (though Europeans were still being enslaved and sold into slavery by Arabs and Turks). Now it was to undergo a vast extension in other continents.

emphasized the "hero in history" and magnified the significance of individual acts or accomplishments

Individualism

commerce

It was already discernible in the sixteenth century when there began the long expansion of world __________ which was to last, virtually uninterrupted except briefly by war...

was characterized by a genuine interest in the ancients and the pursuit of art

Italian Renaissance

NeoClassicism in which the traditional characteristics of harmony and symmetry were valued

Italian Renaissance art can be most appropriately described as?:

Desiderius Erasmus

Known as the "Prince of the Humanists," in such works as In Praise of Folly, he criticized the clergy and abuses that he saw in the Christian Church. His given name was

the study of military theory

Liberal education in the Renaissance included all of the following EXCEPT?:

distorted human figures and unnatural lighting effects

Mannerist art was characterized by?:

a sculptor

Michalangelo was talented in many areas, but what he consider himself to be above all?

More

The English author of Utopia (1516) was

it placed a greater emphasis upon religious piety

The Northern Renaissance differed from the Renaissance in Italy in that

the prince's highest obligation was the preservation of his state

The Prince argued that?:

unlike Western Europe, feudalism was not in decline but rather it was about to take hold

The Renaissance did not occur in Russia for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Naples

The Renaissance was evident in all of the following Italian cities EXCEPT:

Italian Renaissance

The city-state was the primary political unit during the

republicanism to despotism

The dominant trend of government in Renaissance city-states in Italy was from?:

Cervantes

The literary masterpiece that satirized the ideals of knighthood and chivalry was written by

Shakespeare

The most profound accomplishment in the art of drama was achieved in Renaissance England by

England

The old banking supremacy of the medieval Italian cities passed first to Flanders and the German bankers of the sixteenth century and then, finally, to Holland and London. The Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of ___________ were already international economic forces in the seventeenth century. About them clustered other banks and merchant houses undertaking operations of credit and finance.

a 3-6 day event which occurred immediately prior to Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent

The sixteenth century carnival was

economically

The slave trade was commercially very important, too. Huge profits were occasionally made...value of the trade made it a great and contested prize, though the normal return on capital has been much exaggerated. For two centuries it provoked diplomatic wrangling and even war as nation after nation sought to break into it or monopolize it. This testified to the trade's importance in the eyes of statesmen, whether it was __________ justified or not.

immutability

The twentieth century needs no reminders that social change can quickly follow economic change. We have little belief in the ___________ of social forms and institutions. Three hundred years ago, many men and women believed them to be virtually God-given and the result was that although social changes took place in the aftermath of inflation (and, it must be said, for many other reasons) they were muffled and masked by the persistence of old forms. Superficially and nominally much of European society remained unchanged between 1500 and 1800 or thereabouts. Yet the economic realities underlying it changed a great deal. Appearances were deceptive.

revival of interest in the culture of classical antiquity

The word "Renaissance" refers to the

the spoken language of an area

The word vernacular is used to describe?:

communications among the diverse civilizations of the world became global

The year 1500 may be said to represent a turning point in European history because

demographic

This overall agricultural change in the end eliminated the recurrent deaths which so long retained their power to destroy __________ advance.

the cheque

This was the beginning of the increasing use of paper, instead of bullion. In the eighteenth century came the first European paper currencies and the invention of __________.

Utopia

Thomas More suggested how sixteenth-century people could implement Christian social principles in his

presented a revolutionary socail order based on communal living and property

Thomas More's Utopia?:

rebirth

What does "Renaissance" mean?

the printing press because it spread ideas rapidly and effectively

What extrmely important invention was created around that time?

Renaissance

What is harder is to see what it was in the European mind which pressed the European craftsman forward and also stimulated the interest of his social betters so that a craze for mechanical engineering is as important an aspect of the age of the __________ as is the work of its architects and goldsmiths. After all, this did not happen elsewhere.

secular

What is the term meaning, "separate from the Church"?

selling "salvation"

What was "indulgence"?

Edward, Mary, Elizabeth

What was the order of succession after King Henry VIII?

Lower class is strengthened

Which is NOT one of the main ripple effects the Renaissance brought?

the townhouse of an Italian merchant

Which of the following locations had the greatest influence on shaping the values of the Italian Renaissance?:

John Calvin

Who founded Calvinism?

all of these

Who of these characters were artists of some sort?

a monk who started his own religion after being banned from the Catholic Church

Who was Martin Luther?

Rabelais

Who was a monk, scholar, physician and author?

Petrarch

Who was a, Italian poet who rewrote Roman works, made many love poems, and was considered pioneer of the Renaissance?

Machiavelli

Who wrote "The Prince" due to his belief that men were decietful greedy, and power-hungry?

the Pope would not allow him to divorce

Why did King Henry VIII start his own religion?

She executed many Protestants since she was Catholic

Why did princess Mary get the nickname "Bloody Mary"?

Anticlericalism

__________The misdeeds of the clergy and the problems of the temporal church were popular themes in Renaissance literature.

balance of power

a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another.

Neoplatonism

a revival of Platonic philosophy. In the third century a.d., a revival associated with Plotinus; in the Italian Renaissance, a revival associated with Marsilio Ficino who attempted to synthesize Christianity and Platonism

Hermeticism

an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.

humanism

an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based upon the study of the Greek and Roman classics.

civic humanism

an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state.

patricians

economic elites who derived their incomes for capitalistic ventures and dominated urban communities during the Renaissance.

condottieri

leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder.

nepotism

showing favoritism to relatives; common practice among the Renaissance popes.

new monarchies

the governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, where the rulers were successful in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting upon the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories.