Unit 3

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sensory areas of cerebral cortex

-conscious awareness of sensation -occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

auditory association area

-posterior to primary auditory cortex -memories of sounds

somatosensory association cortex 3

-posterior to primary somatosensory cortex -integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object -determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

myelin sheath function

Protect and electrically insulate the axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

microglial cells function

Small cells that wander CNS and replicate in infection Phagocytic cells of immune system Engulf infectious agents and remove debris

overall function of the central nervous system

The central nervous system is the body's processing centre. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling.

primary visual cortex

extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe; receives visual information from retinas

process of spilling acid eyes

eyes goes into lateral geniculate goes into primary visial goes into association cortex goes into posterior association area goes into anterior association area goes into pre motor cortex goes into primary motor cortex goes into midbrain peduncles goes into pyramids goes into spinal cord goes into muscles

ventricles of the brain

filled with cerebrospinal fluid lined by ependymal cells connected to one another and to central caal of the spinal cord

primary somatosensory cortex 4

in postcentral gyri of pareital loves recieves general sensory informarion from skin and prophocerptors of skeletal muscle hoinys and tendos sptail discrimination somatosensory homonuculus

Define depolarization.

increase in membrane potential

electrical properties of neurons 2

ion channels electrochemical gradient

primary motor cortex made up of 2

large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri long axons -pyrmaidls tracts of sinal cords motor homoncols

functional brain systems

limbic and reticular formation

action potentials 7

long distance axon and muscle cells voltage gated all or none dependent on graded principle way neurons send signlas doesnt decay like graded

association cortex provides

meaning

hippocampis

memory

brain stem made up of 3

midbrain pons medulla

What effect on the RMP would increasing the number of K+ ion leak channels in an unstimulated cell's plasma membrane have?

more potassium leake channels means more potassium will leave, making the rmp more negative on the inside

olives of medulla oblongata control

muscle

oligodendrocytes function

myelinate axons in the CNS

primary visual cortex found

occipital lobe

examples of sensory areas of cerebral cortex 8

primary somatosensory cortex somatosensory association cortex visual areas auditory areasa vestibular cortes olfactory cortex gustatory cortex visceral sensory area

visual areas

primary visual cortex and visual association area

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

processing afferent somatosensory input and contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement.

transport proteins through

pumps channels

medulla oblangata

pyramids olives

multimodal association areas

receive input from multiple senses and send output to multiple areas, makes up most of the cerebral cortex

What is the function of multimodal association cortex?

receive inputs from multiple sensory modalities.

dendrites function

receive messages from other cells

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

receives tactile information from the body, including sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

axon terminals function

releases neurotransmitters

pons

respiratory center

reticular formation

reticular activating system (cortex)

The normal extracellular (outside the cell) K+ concentration of electrically excitable cells is about 5 mmol/L and the intracellular (inside the cell) K+ concentration is approximately 160 mmol/L. Predict the likely effect on RMP if extracellular K+ concentration climbed to 200 mmol/L.

rmp changes because potassium will be more concentrated on the outside of the ceel and the potassium ions will want to go to the inside

premotor cortex job

send instructions

axon function

send signal from the neuron to the next cell

process to get to the multimodal association area

sensory receptors primary sensory cortex senosry association center multimodal association cortex

graded potentials 5

short distance dendtrites/cell body ligand-gated vary by size triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels

process of spilling acid skin

skin (pain) goes into the VPL goes into primary somatic sensoey goes into association cortex goes into posterior association area goes into anterior association area goes into pre motor cortex goes into primary motor cortex goes into midbrain peduncles goes into pyramids goes into spinal cord goes into muscles

What are the two main divisions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

gray and white matter of the central nervous system

spinal cord central cavitry surrounded by gray matter external white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts brain similar pattern outer gray matter called cortex inner scatter gray matter necleiamid whute matter

ans process

sypathetic parasympathetic controls smooth cardiac glands

primary auditory cortex found

temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex

temporal lobe interprets ubformation from inner ear as pitch rouchness and location

what is the senosry receptor

thalamus

cerebral cortex 3

thin superficial later of gray matter 40 percent mass of brain sit of consious mind

plasma membrane of nuerons contain

transport proteins

visual association area

uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

Inside the thalamus 4

vetral posterior lateral vetral anterior/ventral later medial deniuclate lateral geniculate

superior colliculi

visual reflexes

When the resting membrane potential of a neuron reaches threshold what ions channels are opened

voltage-gated sodium channels

four general considerations of cerebal cortex

ymotor sensory and association each hemisphere concerned with contralater side of the body lateralization of cortical function in hempishperes conscious behavior incolbes either the cortex in some way

The puffer fish is considered a delicacy in Japan, but it harbors a deadly neurotoxin, known as tetrodotoxin, or TTX. Prepared by a trained chef this neurotoxin may provide a satisfying tingling sensation with the meal, but in larger doses, the toxin is deadly. TTX binds to and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels so that sodium ions cannot pass through the channels. Using the blank graph below, predict how the action potential of a neuron would be altered by the presence of TTX. Create a line for the action potential graph. A normal action potential is illustrated for reference.

you will still be able to have a graded potential but never an action potential because you wont reach threshold

Assuming TTX impacts all voltage-gated sodium channels in the central nervous system and on skeletal muscles, hypothesize why the toxin is deadly.

you wont be able to sigal anything to happen in your body

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands. Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.

What substance is found in the ventricles of the brain?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What happens as a result of the opening of voltage gated sodium channels?

In the open state, voltage-gated sodium channels form a pore in the cytoplasmic membrane that allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, depolarizing the cell and generating the upstroke of the action potential;

structure of cerebral cortex

Lying right under the meninges, the cerebral cortex divides into four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, each with a multitude of functions. It is characteristically known for its bulges of brain tissue known as gyri, alternating with deep fissures known as sulci

Astrocytes function

Support and brace neurons Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies Guide migration of young neurons Control the chemical environment

How is the function of the somatic nervous system different than the autonomic?

The somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways, whereas the autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways. The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands, while the somatic nervous system controls muscles and movement.

overall function of the peripheral nervous system

Your PNS feeds information into your brain from most of your senses. It carries signals that allow you to move your muscles. Your PNS also delivers signals that your brain uses to control vital, unconscious processes like your heartbeat and breathing.

The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system is also known as the __________ division.

afferent

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

limbic

amygdala hippocampus

premotor cortex

ataging area for skilled motor activities

inferior colliculi

auditory reflexes

cerebral peduncles

axons of motor neurons

Two divisions of the nervous system

central and peripheral

What are the 3 basic regions of the cerebrum?

cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei

three basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres

cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei

midbrain contains 3

cerebral deuncles superior colliculli inferior colliculi

adult brain regions 4

cerebral hemishperes diencephalon brain stem cerebellum

What are the 4 main regions in the adult brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem

Define hyperpolarization

change in the membrane potential to a more negative value

membrane potential changes used as communication signals

changes produce two types of signals-graded and action changes in membrane potentials used as signals to recieve integrate and send information

ependymal cells function

circulate cerebrospinal fluid

hypothalamus jobs 7

control autonomic nervois system emotions body temp food intake water balance and thirst regulate sleep controls endocrine system

frontal eye fluid

control voluntary eye movements

premotor cortex function

controls leabed repetitions or patterbed motor skills coordinates stimularRIOYS or sequential actions controls voluntary actions that depend on secnsory feedback

resting membrane potential definition 2

creator of everything how t stays positive and negative

What structures of a neuron are graded potentials generated in?

dendrites

process of apilling acid ears

ears goes into medial geneciate goes into primary auditory goes into association cortex goes into posterior association area goes into anterior association area goes into pre motor cortex goes into primary motor cortex goes into midbrain peduncles goes into pyramids goes into spinal cord goes into muscles

The motor division of the peripheral nervous system is also known as the __________ division.

efferent

Five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Name the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Neuron A and Neuron C both fire action potentials every millisecond. How will the firing rate compare to the situation described in Question A. where only Neuron A is firing?

go down because you are releasing more inhibatory neortramirrory not allowing an action potentiL FROM B AND NOT HITTING THRESHOLS

If Neuron C fires every millisecond and Neuron A does not fire any action potentials, what will happen to the firing rate of Neuron B?

goes down or wouldnt fire wouldnt touch threshould making the frequency of action potentials to go own

If Neuron A fires every millisecond and Neuron C does not fire any action potentials, what will happen to the firing rate of Neuron B?

goes up when a is added the esps will be larger going past threshold

cell body function

performs cellular metabolism and receives messages

What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?

planning and movement

where is the primary somatosensory corte found

post central girus

role of ion leak channels in creating the rmp

potassiu will leak out of the cell (a lot) sodiu leake in removing more positive ions from thw inside then brining in will cause a more negative inside

what makes the rmp 3

potassium and sodium leak channels sodium potassium pump negative charged proteins inside

Where in the cerebral cortex is the primary motor cortex found?

precentral gyrus

process to get to cerebellum

premotor primary motor cortec cerebellum

brocas area

presnt in one hemisphere left motor speech area

motor aeas if cereral cortex

primary (somatic) motor cortex in precentral gyrus premotor cortex borcas area frontal eye field

auditory areas

primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

Name the 4 motor areas of the cerebral cortex.

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field


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