Unit 4 AOS 2 Niger: growing population

Niger - population movement contribution to structural change in population

- niger is not a popular place to migrate to. - in 2009-2010 there was more emigration than immigration negative net migration = 0.6 per 100 - UNICEF report this is minimal and ill have no significant effect on population change.

Emigration from niger

-its estimated that 3% of the total population of nigeriens do emmigrate outside their country. -most people migrate for work hoping to improve their living conditions -they often send remittances which are then used to fund household expenditure.

Niger irregular migrants

-more recently niger has become a country of transit for migrants from sub Saharan Africa seeking a better life like in a third country. -as the transit population is predominantly young men, this affects the population structure. -niger currently hosts over 300,000 refugees and displaced person who have fled conflict in neighboring countries

Niger factor that affect population change - culture/traditional gender roles

-polygamy: is legal and practiced by 1/3 of all men in unions. -conservative religious teachings that encourage followers to have as many children as possible to grow community strength and power. -early marriage and low rates of contraception result in early child birth and increase the opportunity to have many children during child bearing age.

Migration to niger

-very small -most international immigrants come from west african countries

Niger use of spatial technologies to monitor peoples movements

Drone technology is used to monitor the distribution of displaced people in the diffa region. The images are combined with other GIS-referenced information to produce accurate maps of settlements, mapping people, water systems and sanitation facilities to better respond to people's needs.

Niger's population issues

High youth dependency ratio, 1 worker to support 1.07 dependent youths. Low education levels, it is estimated that only 19.1 per cent of the adult population (aged 15 years and above), are able to read and write. Gender inequality, particularly marriage at an early age and the lack of education opportunities for women and girls.

Niger population distribution

Niger is a landlocked country located in central north africa. 70% of nigers population is aged 25 and under. The distribution of population density along the south and south west border of niger is approx 11-50 person per square km. 80% of niger is covered by the sahara desert and 90% of the population love on just 1/3 of the land area. the population is currently 22 million, with a growth rate of 3.2%.

Effectiveness of FP2020

Nigers target measure in FP2020 was to increase use of contraceptive used from 12% in 2012 to 50% in 2020. Has only increased to 16% in 2019. A range of implementation challenges exist in providing family planning education as recruitment of qualified health workers and supplying products has been difficult to deliver.

Government family planning policy FP2020

The government of Niger committed to the FP2020 from 2012 and updated their pledge in 2017, by increasing their financial commitment. 6 commitments - 1. increase health spending to fund free maternal and child health care and family planning 2. train 2500 workers to teach reproductive health issues 3. create 2120 new contraception distribution cites 4. equip 2700 health centers to support reproductive health education 5. make legal age of marriage 18 6. improve health literacy

UNFPA-UNICEF Global Program To Accelerate Action To End Child Marriage

To end child marriage is a target under the United Nations SDG's. It will reduce early child bearing = low population growth Keeping girls in school is also a key strategy to respond to high population growth. --- higher levels of female education ensures more awareness of birth control. ---girls can have a wider range of roles in society the president of niger pledged free compulsory education for everyone up to the age of 16 to reduce underage marriages and pregnancies.

Niger land use

agriculture - 35.1% arable land - 12.3% permanent crops - 0.1% 2011 est. permanent pasture - 22.7% forest - 1%

Niger youthful population

almost 70% under the age of 25 (2017) 49% were under 14

Niger growing population indicators

birth rate - 43.6 births per 1000 live births (2018) death rate - 11.5 deaths per 1000 people(2018) maternal mortality - 553 deaths per 1000 live births infant mortality - 79.4 deaths per 1000 live births life expectancy - 56.3 years total fertility rate - 6.49 under 5 mortality rate - 84.5 deaths per 1000 live births

Niger factor that affect population change - education

education - adult literacy rate - males: 27.79% females: 11.04% youth literacy rate - males: 36.43% females 17.5% only half of all girls complete primary school and fewer than 1 in 10 girls attend secondary school. this is lower in rural areas. being able to read and write enables individuals to contribute to the economic development of a country.

Impacts of immigration on niger

immigration brings positive and negative impacts. Immigration can drive positive economic growth and job creation. Floods of refugees has had a negative impact as it is considered a drain on the economy in regards to providing basic needs. Existing environmental problems are intensified by refugees that may exceed the carrying capacity. eg. diffa trees cut down to create shelter

Niger child brides

legal marriage age - 15 1/4 of girls are married before 15 76% before the age of 18 years

Niger dependency ratios

median age - 15.3 years (2017) total dependency ratio - 112 dependents for every 100 people of working age youth dependency ratio - 106.6 elderly dependency ratio - 5.4 ***** A high dependency ratio means that employed people have to support more non working people***

Niger as a transit country

niger is a country of transit in the central Mediterranean route for west africans seeking asylum in europe. between 2011 and 2016 about 600,000 people used the central Mediterranean route to reach italy. the transient population is mostly young men therefore his affects the population structure. niger received 252,305 displace people who fled the violent conflict with non state armed groups (chad basin crisis) niger currently hosts 300,000 refugees and displaced people

Niger population characteristics

population - 3.2 million 60 years ago in 2018 - 22 million people growth rate - 3.2% (one of highest in the world) country - 57th most populous country UN - predicts population to reach 68 million by 2050 Median age at first birth - 18.1 Populations - 80% are muslim contraception - 15% of couples use it (2017)

Niger trends in infant and child mortality rates

under 5 mortality - 84.5 deaths per 1000 live births (high) infant mortality - 79.4 deaths per 1000 live births pneumonia and diarrhoea are the main causes of child mortality this can b reduced through better access to sanitation and clean water.