unit 4 cahims

Darius Benefield is a resident at a large teaching hospital. He is viewing a patient summary that contains patient demographics; the patient's allergy list and problem list; a list of the patient's most recent medical imaging orders; and a list of laboratory orders with various statuses, including ordered, processing, and completed. Before seeing his patient, Dr. Benefield reviews the summary but misses the fact that a recent and critical blood test has been completed. He is most likely contending with which of the following? An overloaded diagnostic laboratory report High error rates Summary data rather than detail data A cluttered interface

A cluttered interface

Which of the following best describes a process? A series of activities that produce work The careful study of the components, along with their interrelations, of an aggregate Documented steps, along with how the steps are to be completed, to fulfill a customer's requirements A strategy directed toward major rethinking and restructuring of work

A series of activities that produce work

Which of the following best describes a process? A strategy directed toward major rethinking and restructuring of work The careful study of the components, along with their interrelations, of an aggregate Documented steps, along with how the steps are to be completed, to fulfill a customer's requirements A series of activities that produce work

A series of activities that produce work

How do human resources and funding constraints typically affect an organization's decision to undertake projects? Legal requirements will be the main factor in determining which projects are undertaken and when in most organizations. An organization will make strategic decisions concerning which projects they elect to undertake. An organization will acquire more people and money to complete all projects. Instead of implementing changes to existing processes, an organization will leverage resources in a way that maintains them.

An organization will make strategic decisions concerning which projects they elect to undertake.

What government agency oversees the sale and use of medical devices? Center for Devices and Radiological Health Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology US Food and Drug Administration

Center for Devices and Radiological Health

Human factors is a field of study that is directed by concepts and principles from engineering and what other field? Operations research Human decision making Cognitive psychology Industrial psychology

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following is an abstraction that outlines what people can do with a product and the concepts necessary to understand how to interact with it? Prototype Pilot Conceptual model Needs analysis

Conceptual model

According to the PMBOK Guide, the project manager is identified and assigned during which process? During the Develop Project Charter process At the conclusion of the Develop Project Charter process Before the Planning processes Before the Define Scope process

During the Develop Project Charter process

The HITECH Act promotes the meaningful use of health information via specialized software that allows physicians to electronically transmit a prescription to a pharmacy instead of handwriting it on paper. What is this new health technology that is creating a need for HIT projects known as? M-prescribing Virtual prescribing E-prescribing Teleprescribing

E-prescribing

Some of the information gained from workflow analysis, such as process variations, flow control between variations, and process exceptions handling, translates directly into __________. context diagrams EHR functionality process improvement

EHR functionality

Jamal Harwood is a resident in internal medicine at a teaching hospital that is affiliated with a large midwestern university. Jamal has some background in computer programming and therefore serves as an informal computer support person for some of the other residents and senior physicians at the hospital. The hospital has recently implemented a new EMR system that replaces an older system from another vendor that had been in place for a number of years. Included in the system is a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system that allows users, including physicians and residents, to electronically enter orders. Jamal is a leading critic of the system. Weaknesses that he sees include the following: The search screen overlays the ordering screen so that it must be closed or moved so that the underlying screen can be accessed. The search feature does not contain many of the common synonyms for common orders, especially for medication and diet orders. The facility for recording commonly ordered items as favorites is cumbersome. Order detail fields for certain fields do not populate with common defaults, instead forcing the clinician to scroll a long alphabetic list for what would normally be a common choice. Considering the previous description, the CPOE system has a weakness with which of the following usability aspects? Consistency Efficient interactions Forgiveness Minimizing cognitive load

Efficient interactions

The human factors field is similar to which of the following? Optimal design Ergonomics Workplace design Bioengineering

Ergonomics

When designing systems in the workplace using human factors design, why are work-rest cycles important? A work-rest cycle decreases the amount of effort required to complete a task. A work-rest cycle reduces multitasking. Fatigue can affect performance. A work-rest cycle allows an individual to quickly switch between activities.

Fatigue can affect performance.

When designing systems in the workplace using human factors design, why are work-rest cycles important? Fatigue can affect performance. A work-rest cycle decreases the amount of effort required to complete a task. A work-rest cycle reduces multitasking. A work-rest cycle allows an individual to quickly switch between activities.

Fatigue can affect performance.

An appropriately sized context diagram ideally has how many boxes? Fewer than 5 but no more than 10 Fewer than 10 but no more than 20 Fewer than 20 but no more than 30 Fewer than 30 but no more than 40

Fewer than 20 but no more than 30

A --Gantt chart/work breakdown structure (WBS)/milestone list-- is a type of bar chart that maps the activities of a project to their due dates.

Gantt chart

Which option includes concerns of business requirements? Policies, procedures, and operational requirements Software and database requirements Goals, regulatory concerns, and organizational requirements

Goals, regulatory concerns, and organizational requirements

Joanna Rheems is a cardiologist who has privileges at four different hospitals. Two of the hospitals use the same EMR system, although different versions of it, and the remaining two use systems from different vendors. When Joanna orders medications or opens a patient's chart, she often views a wide of array of alerts and error messages. The messages may follow a uniform style and sequence within a particular system, but when considered as a group across hospital systems, Joanna finds them time consuming, difficult to read, redundant, and in some instances unnecessary. What area of EMR design could be improved to make these messages and alerts easier to understand and respond to? Less cluttered interface Lower display density Implementing an industry standard Reduced complexity

Implementing an industry standard

Which of the following statements best characterizes the process of estimating work as part of project management? Work estimates are calculated using formulas and inform the project schedule, which is the approved work for the project against which the actual work completed during implementation is gauged. Information from project resource documents is combined with various approaches to estimating work to develop the project schedule and schedule baseline. Work estimates are calculated using formulas and are used to sequence the project's activities and to create project schedule network diagrams. Information from project resource documents is combined with various approaches to estimating work to develop the work breakdown structure (WBS).

Information from project resource documents is combined with various approaches to estimating work to develop the project schedule and schedule baseline.

Which of the following accurately describes meaningful use? It is a federal law that requires healthcare providers to adopt EHRs in order to maintain licensure. It is a group of optional recommendations for implementing health IT in order to improve the quality of healthcare. It is the use of certified EHR technology to improve health and healthcare; the federal government is encouraging healthcare providers to achieve meaningful use through financial incentives. It is a provision of federal law that mandates the privacy and security of patient health information by "covered entities" and outlines penalties for violations.

It is the use of certified EHR technology to improve health and healthcare; the federal government is encouraging healthcare providers to achieve meaningful use through financial incentives.

A physician selects the wrong order set in treating a patient. What kind of mistake is this? Knowledge-based Rule-based

Knowledge-based

A radiologist logs on to the hospital imaging system to view a medical image. The associated report for the image is in a separate part of the system. What is the design problem described here? Lack of integration Lack of usability Lack of efficiency Lack of utility

Lack of integration

In the context of HIT implementation, which of the following is the most important element of a workflow analysis summary report? Process inventory Variations and exceptions in the clinic's processes Context diagram List of EHR functionality needed for the practice

List of EHR functionality needed for the practice

Which of the following options represents the role of requirements as a blueprint for a systems project? Select Yes or No for each option. Creating satisfied business and users --YesNo Informing effective systems design, development, and testing --YesNo

No Yes Part 1 Incorrect. Good requirements not only ensure the final systems product satisfies both the business and the users but also lay the groundwork for users' ready participation in the design, development, and testing of the system. Generally, when users participate in developing requirements, they more readily adopt the system. Part 2 Correct. Good requirements provide the documentation that leads to cost-effective, timely, and functional design, development, and testing and ultimately to a final systems product that satisfies business and user needs.

In which area does an HIT project manager function as a subject matter expert? Ensuring that all projects improve the quality of care provided to patients Determining which projects an organization should undertake and in what order Overseeing a project's operations and achieving its objectives Setting limits on how much money an organization can spend on a particular project

Overseeing a project's operations and achieving its objectives

Which of the following includes concerns of user requirements? Software and database requirements Policies, procedures, and operational requirements Goals, regulatory concerns, and organizational requirements

Policies, procedures, and operational requirements

Which of the following best describes probability as it pertains to risk management? Probability is the measure of the consequence of an identified risk. Probability refers to the chance of a risk event occurrence. Probability refers to the causes of a risk materializing into an actual negative event on a project. Probability is measured as 0 to 100 percent.

Probability refers to the chance of a risk event occurrence.

Which one of the following is correctly ranked from least to greatest level of detail? Tasks, activities, processes Processes, tasks, activities Activities, processes, tasks Processes, activities, tasks

Processes, activities, tasks

Which of the following statements best describes project management? Project management is a group of related projects that are managed in a coordinated way to obtain the benefits and control not available for managing them individually. Project management techniques can be successfully applied to a wide array of projects, from simple to complex and short term to long term. It takes time for project management to yield data that helps organizations make business decisions because the focus of projects is the completion of specific tasks according to a timeline. Project management is an approach primarily for managing people on projects to achieve specific goals.

Project management techniques can be successfully applied to a wide array of projects, from simple to complex and short term to long term.

Which of the following describes the Executing Process Group? Project plans are developed. Project requirements are fleshed out. Project plans are put into action. Project performance measurements are taken and analyzed

Project plans are put into action.

___ refers to standards that are applied to project activities so that they will be performed successfully and according to the project's goals.

QA

A large regional hospital system is redesigning its Internet site. On the project team, the instructional designers thought that the graphic artists would create all charts, tables, and graphs, but the graphic artists thought these items would be created by the instructional designers. According to the resource management plan, both roles are tasked with creating images. As a result, nobody created any of the dozens of charts, tables, and graphs that the new website required, resulting in a crisis late in the project. Rene Eckard, the project manager, should have created which of the following to delegate specific activities to specific resources? RAM WBS SOW

RAM

Which of the following is not usually considered a component of usability? Reliability Utility Learnability Memorability

Reliability

What do the slices in the Swiss cheese model represent? Misapplication of rules The strengths of integration Pathways for preventing failure Sets of changing conditions that can make a system more vulnerable to failure

Sets of changing conditions that can make a system more vulnerable to failure

Which of the following is not part of the flow of patient information that is typically represented in a process map of a clinical office environment? Social information Billing information Credit information Clinical information

Social information

A physician views a patient summary screen of integrated patient data and fails to notice that an important laboratory test has been completed. Which of the following would be the mostly likely cause? The interface is cluttered and hard to read. The system is not integrated. The physician is not used to reading patient summaries. The laboratory system has not sent the notification.

The interface is cluttered and hard to read.

If an unconscious patient is admitted in an emergency department after an automobile accident, which workflow dimension might be most critical to the patient's treatment? Time criticality Event sequence Available technology Communication patterns

Time criticality

Costs can be estimated in different ways, but it is important that all estimates are based on the --work breakdown structure/work performance measurements/statement of work-- and on accurate and realistic information from past projects and that the estimates are made by subject matter experts (SMEs—people who perform the work).

WBS

The category of drivers of HIT projects referred to as --business requirements/market demands/customer requests-- includes legal and regulatory requirements along with clinical advances.

business requirements

An effective way to mitigate scope creep is through --fast-tracking/change requests/crashing--.

change requests

Which of the following is an abstraction that outlines what people can do with a product and the concepts necessary to understand how to interact with it? Needs analysis Pilot Prototype Conceptual model

conceptual model

Information flow is also called --process flow/data flow/workflow.

data flow

___ is the movement of data within a particular context, including sequence and operations. An example is how electronic health data is transmitted from a doctor's EHR system to a state public health department's EHR system.

data flow and information flow

Insufficient data, data errors, care fragmentation, and contraindications are all exceptions for which of the following processes? Referrals Received documentation Disease management Billing

disease mgmt

A patient must finish compression therapy on his arm before the nurse can wrap it for the day. Which workflow dimension does this best represent? Time criticality Event sequence Available technology Communication patterns

event sequence This scenario describes a series of events that depend on each other. The compression comes first, and the wrapping comes after it. This process is more simplistic than most medical treatments, but it is an event sequence.

True or false? The workflow redesign specialist can choose the process flowchart or the affinity diagram as a tool to capture all requirements.

false A process flowchart by itself or an affinity diagram by itself may not capture all the requirements needed. Requirements can be subtle, so most specialists choose to use both tools to ensure all requirements have been identified.

True or false? A process inventory should not include variations.

false A process inventory should include any variations and exceptions to the process.

True or false? Sometimes a referred provider does not accept the referral, which is a variation in the referrals process. True False

false A referred provider refusing a referral describes an exception, not a variation, in the referrals process.

True or false? One of the drawbacks of cognitive task analysis (CTA) is that redesigned processes are usually slower.

false A result of CTA is an easier-to-use, more efficient interface.

True or false? Active errors are more likely than latent errors to go undetecte

false Active errors are easier to detect than latent errors.

True or false? Errors in judgment are classified as slips.

false An error in execution would more likely be labeled as a slip.

True or false? The best time to create to-be workflows is before training employees on the new EHR system that will be deployed.

false The best time to create to-be workflows is after training employees on the new system but prior to deployment. In this way, employees (the real process subject matter experts) trained on the new EHR system can use their knowledge of it to make processes more efficient before the new EHR is deployed.

True or false? The Initiating Process Group activities lead directly into the Planning Process Group activities by providing the source of the project's requirements—the project charter and the scope statement.

false The project charter and the stakeholder register are the two documents that bridge the Initiating and Planning process groups. The scope statement is created during the planning state.

Identify the following statements regarding notation and symbols as either true or false. Shapes are symbols that represent more complex ideas. --TrueFalse Notations include symbols. --TrueFalse Once you select a specific notation to create a flowchart, you must adhere to it, or others will not be able to understand your flowchart. --TrueFalse

false true false

The amount of time an activity can be delayed without pushing back the early start of a successive activity is known as --milestone/float/duration-- in project management terminology.

float

Achieving meaningful use significantly impacts the current and future workflow of --clinical procedures/malpractice suits/health information--, thus creating a need for HIT projects.

health information

Achieving meaningful use significantly impacts the current and future workflow of --malpractice suits/health information/clinical procedures--, thus creating a need for HIT projects.

health information

A workflow redesign specialist must do a workflow __________ to identify the processes performed at a clinic. analysis improvement inventory

inventory

Bias is a contributing factor to ___-based mistakes.

knowledge

A practice is strongly encouraged to designate an implementation --consulting firm/leadership team/management position-- to keep its identified goals at the forefront during the transition phase.

leadership team

Which of following is true concerning health information systems with high memorability? Select Yes or No for each option. To save screen space, navigation features are implemented by keyboard shortcuts. --YesNo To save on excessive navigation, as much data as possible is placed on a screen. --YesNo Layouts are consistent from screen to screen. --YesNo Text and graphics are easy to read. --YesNo

no no yes yes

Cluttered interfaces can frustrate users. They can also lead to critical data being overlooked. However, if a cluttered interface is redesigned to be sparser and more economic, what could be a potential negative effect on users? Select Yes or No for each option. Is more time consuming because information is often more difficult to read --YesNo Can lead to laboratory values being missed --YesNo Users may have to navigate multiple screens to see all of the data --YesNo

no yes yes

Which of the following are characteristics of data flow? Select Yes or No for each option. Tasks --YesNo Information storage sites --YesNo Operations --YesNo

no yes yes

The risk __________ is a working document used for tracking project risks through completion of the project. management strategy management plan register

register

Here is a brief summary of some of the observations made during a workflow analysis at Midtown Clinic. In addition to other duties, the medical assistant handles physicians' requests for medications for their patients and records them in the patients' paper files. Some of the clinic's patients are prescribed a new medication during their visit with a physician. Patients can have the clinic electronically order a medication from the patient's pharmacy, or they can receive a written prescription that they physically deliver to their pharmacy. If a patient needs a prescription refilled, the clinic calls the pharmacy and requests the refill on the patient's behalf. A note documenting the refill is made in the patient's file. Free samples are sometimes provided to patients who have no insurance or when the efficacy of the medication is uncertain, and a note is made in the patient's file. In some circumstances, such as for patients who travel routinely between two locations, the clinic will send a medication order to multiple pharmacies. In such cases, the clinic requests partial fills, and a note is made in the patient's file. Some pharmacies are unable to process orders for compound medications. In these cases, the clinic cancels the order, and the physician considers alternative treatments that may require a different medication altogether. Based on the scenario, the clinic's new EHR system must be able to keep better track of __________ in order to reduce the risk of dangerous drug-drug interactions. compound medications refill requests samples provided

samples provided

In the --star/UEL/waterfall-- life cycle model, the design phases could occur and reoccur in any order.

star

Which of the following methods uses the formula t = (o + m + p)/3 to calculate the expected activity duration estimate by adding an optimistic (o) estimate, a pessimistic (p) estimate, and a most likely or average (m) estimate and dividing by 3? Analogous PERT Parametric Three-point

three-point

True or false? A clinic's goals should be considered as part of assessing its readiness for EHR implementation.

true

True or false? A common workaround that clinicians use when they find a new system ineffective or unusable is to revert to a previously used paper-based system.

true

True or false? A general characteristic of process graphical representations is that there are often multiple, valid representations to choose from for a process.

true

True or false? A number of factors, including size, complexity, and process maturity, can influence how much time it will take to elicit the information needed to complete requirements.

true

True or false? A workflow analysis potentially has many different levels. True False

true

True or false? The project management plan guides the project's implementation, though it can be updated at any time to reflect changes made to the project.

true

Each __________ of a work breakdown structure (WBS) is broken down into smaller components that must be achieved in order to complete the deliverable. work package activity list stakeholder register

work package Each work package is broken down into a list of all of the activities that must be performed in order to complete the deliverable.

Which of the following methods for eliciting requirements provides a lot of context for user activities but is often very time consuming? Focus groups Interviews Documentation analysis Questionnaires Workflow observation

workflow observation

Fixing a problem in the development phase may cost __________ times more than fixing it in the design phase. 3 5 10

10

The user-centered design approach involves studying and understanding the target processes. What is this step called in the iterative design approach? Prototyping Conducting a needs analysis Developing alternatives Evaluation

conducting a needs analysis

--Continuous quality improvement/Quality assurance/Quality control-- is characterized as work performed on a project that is assessed on the basis of defined standards, resulting in adjustments to the project's plan when the standards are not met.

continuous quality improvement

George is a certified project manager that Valley View Family Physicians hired to oversee its EHR implementation project. Which of the following should George use to compare actual costs to budget forecasts in order to identify discrepancies related to project costs? Basis of estimate Work performance measurements Cost baseline Activity cost estimate

cost baseline

True or false? Admitting a patient, submitting a claim, and prescribing a medication are all examples of clinical workflows, but these are not examples of clinical processes.

false A clinical workflow and a clinical process both refer to the way specific work is completed in a healthcare setting. Admitting a patient, submitting a claim, and prescribing a medication are all examples of both clinical workflows and clinical processes.

True or false? It is important to think of a conceptual model as something separated from the users.

false Although not specifically focused on the users, a conceptual model is intended to help users learn how to use the product.

True or false? Graphical information can generally be presented more densely than text.

false As a general rule, neither graphics nor text should be displayed in a dense format.

True or false? Bias can be a contributing factor to rule-based mistakes.

false Bias is a contributing factor to knowledge-based mistakes.

True or false? When comparing cognitive ease and cognitive strain, Daniel Kahneman describes system 2 as being associated with cognitive ease. It operates automatically and with little sense of voluntary control.

false Correct. System 1 is associated with cognitive ease. It operates automatically and with little sense of voluntary control.

True or false? Whether workflow documentation and analysis is done before or after the deployment of a new EHR system has little effect on a clinic's productivity after deployment.

false Documenting workflows early in the process provides the opportunity to change inefficiencies even before EHR implementation. Doing so helps a site regain productivity faster than if it is not done until after deployment.

True or false? Future-state workflows may reveal skills gaps among current staff, typically forcing an employer to replace them with new staff trained in the new processes.

false Future-state workflows may reveal skills gaps among current staff, which could require rewriting job descriptions and re-training current staff to reflect changes in processes and roles due to EHR deployment.

True or false? Incomplete knowledge would be an example of a rule-based mistake.

false Incomplete knowledge would be an example of a knowledge-based mistake.

True or false? Medical devices are any healthcare product used by humans in a clinical setting, with the exception of drugs, for the prevention, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, or improvement of an illness.

false Medical devices are not always used in clinical settings.

True or false? Office and medical equipment should be arranged in a single, central location within the clinic so that each asset is located conveniently for all staff.

false Office and medical equipment should be arranged so that each asset is located conveniently for the staff that uses it the most. An efficient arrangement may require placing various assets at different locations throughout the clinic.

Mobile devices are used extensively by healthcare workers. Which of the following features are considered by cognitive task analysis to contribute to ease of use of a mobile device? Select Yes or No for each option. Nonlinear interface --YesNo Extensive multilevel hierarchies --YesNo Transparent structure --YesNo Comprehensive lists --YesNo

no no yes no Part 1 Correct. A linear interface on a mobile device is usually much easier to understand and use. Part 2 Correct. A complex hierarchical navigation structure on a mobile device (or any device, for that matter) usually makes the device more difficult to use. Part 3 Correct. A transparent interface structure, one that is easily accessible and understandable, is preferred on a mobile device. Part 4 Correct. Long lists, which may crowd the display or require extensive scrolling, should be avoided on mobile devices.

What must workflow and information management redesign specialists be able to do with their knowledge of an organization to create a successful redesign for its workflow? Select Yes or No for each option. Codify it --YesNo Combine it --YesNo Analyze it --YesNo Protect it --YesNo Synthesize it

no yes yes no yes

A provider's billing system calculates and records all of the billable care that a patient receives. It must be able to accurately handle payments from patients and a myriad of health insurance plans in a timely manner, or else the provider will not be able to provide care. Which of the following describes this specific reason for initiating an HIT project? Select Yes or No for each option. Social needs --YesNo Clinical advances --YesNo Legal requirements --YesNo

no yes yes

Choose the internal healthcare stakeholder from this list of otherwise external stakeholders in a physician practice interested in installing an EMR system. Patients Nonclinical staff Payers such as private insurers or Medicare/Medicaid Software vendors

nonclinical staff

In process mapping, --flowchart/symbol/notation has the same meaning and function as standard.

notation

Dr. Chen's practice is considering an EMR system upgrade to ensure the practice achieves the level II meaningful use standards. However, his staff is already overwhelmed with his current patient load, and his cash flow is strained. Dr. Chen's EMR project is likely to encounter conflicts based on --organizational constraints/organizational goals--.

organizational constraints

The primary role of a workflow and information management redesign specialist is to achieve __________ of health information technology in the healthcare industry. privacy and security interoperability meaningful use

meaningful use The primary role of a workflow and information management redesign specialist is to achieve meaningful use of health information technology in the healthcare industry. Interoperability, along with privacy and security, are subsets of meaningful use.

In response to __________, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) outlined six targets for the redesign of the American health system. legislation medical errors high costs

medical errors

Which type of task currently cannot be performed by machines? Computational Mental Informational Physical

mental

You have a preconceived idea about how a device should work. What is the term for this? Performance difference Mental Model Cognitive image Expert judgment

mental model

Dr. Chen currently has three other physicians, a head nurse, and two other nurses working full time in his practice. The physicians are very anxious to update the EMR system to meet level II meaningful use. The nurses and staff have just begun to feel comfortable with the current EMR workflow and express concern that an upgrade will cause another upheaval in their workflow. Dr. Chen's EMR project is likely to encounter conflicts based on --organizational constraints/organizational goals--.

organizational goals

Any process redesign of a clinical setting should incorporate the best --equipment room/physical layout/geographic location-- along with the best workflow design.

physical layout

Which of the following user-centered design processes is associated with testing the prototype in an actual hospital or clinic? Deliver Product test Pilot Evaluate

pilot

Identifying potential risks occurs primarily during the --Initiating/Planning/Monitoring and Controlling-- Process Group of project management.

planning

Measuring the amount of time pressure during the performance of a task would be classified under which subscale of the NASA Task Load Index? Temporal demands Own performance Cognitive demands Mental demands

temporal demands

The ___ symbol is used to represent both the beginning and the end of a process.

terminator

True or false? A physician complains that the EMR system's CPOE function is frustrating because it generates alerts that stop her from completing many of her orders on a timely basis. This situation translates into a functional requirement.

true

True or false? Active errors (also called active failure) often occur when healthcare providers are responding to immediate patient needs.

true

True or false? An area of particular concern with medical device interfaces is that some devices must be accessed by patients.

true

True or false? Design refers to both a process of producing artifacts and a discipline devoted to the study of that process.

true

True or false? For a workflow redesign specialist to understand the context of requirements in the workplace, he or she must unearth the social and cultural forces at play in an organization.

true

True or false? Humans scan the environment where information is expected and classify it according to how important it is or how costly it is to miss.

true

True or false? One of the challenges in process analysis is a lack of common language between the analyst and users.

true

True or false? One of the most severe manifestations of user frustration is nonadoption.

true

True or false? One possible feature of a process is that some or all of its steps are performed repeatedly.

true

True or false? One reason process analysis and redesign in clinical settings is unique when compared to other industries is that a mistake in healthcare could result in a person's death.

true

True or false? Scheduling a patient appointment is a clinical process that could be broken down into subprocesses for analysis based on whether the patient is new or existing.

true

True or false? Step-by-step progression is a defining aspect of a flowchart.

true

True or false? Stress diminishes the physical and mental resources to perform effectively.

true

True or false? The business need, product scope description, and strategic plan together describe elements of the SOW.

true

True or false? The human perceptual system inundates the individual with more stimuli than the cognitive system can possibly process.

true

True or false? The project kickoff meeting is a good opportunity for the project manager to go over the project management plan at a high level with the stakeholders and address any of their questions

true

True or false? The project manager and team should take an active role in promoting the project results through demonstrations, training, milestone celebrations, marketing materials, and so on.

true

True or false? The successful healthcare workflow redesign specialist has at least a basic understanding of data systems and clinical workflow.

true

True or false? The waterfall life cycle model is linear, and sequence is a defining characteristic of this model.

true

True or false? The workflow redesign specialist who understands organizations, people, and change management can be expected to succeed in conflict resolution.t

true

True or false? A general characteristic of process graphical representations is that a model can never encompass reality.

true A model can represent only a partial reality.

True or false? A general characteristic of process graphical representations is that process map is a model.

true A process map is a model; both are representations of reality.

True or false? Selective attention may be constrained because some channels of information require more effort than others.

true An example of selective attention could be a cluttered computer interface that is difficult to read.

True or false? Process mapping is a good way to identify opportunities, which are often the same as bottlenecks.

true Bottlenecks often represent an opportunity to improve part or all of a process.

True or false? In the usability engineering life cycle (UEL) design model, navigational pathways and major displays are identified and expressed as prototypes.

true Correct. Once the requirements are identified, they must be translated into conceptual models. Then the navigational pathways and major displays are identified and expressed as prototypes.

True or false? Documenting workflows well before the deployment of a new EHR system can provide enough time to address inefficiencies before deployment.

true Documenting workflows early in the process provides the opportunity to change inefficiencies even before EHR implementation. It is far more time consuming and costly to do this work after implementation than before it.

True or false? By enhancing the contribution of factors that are most salient in a specific task to the summary score, its sensitivity should be enhanced.

true Some factors are more specific, sometimes much more specific, to a particular task, such as, "This is a very frustrating task!"

True or false? A workflow is a process.

true The terms workflow and process are used interchangeably because both outline activities that produce work.

Which of the following is true of graphical representation when documenting a process? Select True or False for each option. It is easy to quickly share information with many audiences. --TrueFalse Language is less of a barrier to communication. --TrueFalse Multiple dimensions of a complex process must be shown on several pages. --TrueFalse More information is communicated than when words are used. --TrueFalse

true false false true

Because HIT implementation is a major focus of workflow analysis in healthcare, what must the analysis yield to ensure successful implementation of an EHR system? A list of functions that the new system cannot perform A list of alternative technologies that could be implemented in lieu of an EHR system A list of vendors who install EHR systems A list of functions required of the clinic's new system based on the clinic's processes

A list of functions required of the clinic's new system based on the clinic's processes

Which of these steps in conflict resolution best describes the skills and knowledge a workflow redesign specialist applies to bring together differing factions and to inspire them to seek a solution? Review project goals Delineate conflict Engage users in resolution process Focus discussion on specific conflict Facilitate discussions Call for consensus Act to implement solution

Delineate conflict

Which of the following is a primary reason that EHR vendors do not collaborate on usability? Usability is so closely tied to functionality that it makes collaboration difficult. Usability is addressed by the use of user-centered design processes. EHR vendors see excellent usability as a competitive advantage for their products. They use many different kinds of servers and computer operating systems, so usability standards also differ—sometimes widely.

EHR vendors see excellent usability as a competitive advantage for their products.

What are the five project management process groups outlined by the Project Management Institute? Initiating, Planning and Executing, Monitoring, Controlling, Closing Initiating, Planning, Executing and Monitoring, Controlling, Closing Initiating and Planning, Executing, Monitoring, Controlling, Closing Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, Closing

Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, Closing

Which of the following methods for eliciting requirements provides a lot of personal contact between the workflow redesign specialist and the users but is often time consuming? Focus groups Interviews Documentation analysis Questionnaires Workflow observation

Interviews

Which of the following is considered a part of cognitive task analysis (CTA) and is necessary to determine the state of a software system? Select Yes or No for each option. Breaks tasks into sets of inferences --YesNo Breaks tasks into subtasks --YesNo Breaks tasks into sets of system responses --YesNo

yes yes yes

Which of the following professionals plays the pivotal role in identifying and formulating requirements? Select Yes or No for each option. Workflow redesign specialist --YesNo HIT analyst --YesNo Systems analyst --YesNo

yes yes yes

A clinic is planning to implement an EHR system. Which of the following characterizes how process mapping can be used to achieve this goal? Process maps can be used to explain the records process before and after implementation of the new EHR system. Process maps can be used to explain the new EHR system but not the current system. Process maps can be used to explain the current records system but not the new EHR system. Process maps can be used to provide a detailed explanation of how the new EHR system differs from the current records system.

Process maps can be used to explain the records process before and after implementation of the new EHR system.

Major EHR vendors are consistently developing internal documentation to assist in an organized endeavor to create their own documentation that supports best practices for their specific products. How are these practices most commonly implemented? User groups and forums User conferences Industrywide communication Product updates and releases

Product updates and releases

___ refers to activities performed during implementation to verify that the project's standards are being applied according to defined metrics.

Quality control (QC)

A process map is a/an --model/abstraction/template-- when it is used to visualize the sequence of tasks and to identify tasks that are inefficient.

abstraction

The hospital has a set of manuals that describe the regulations imposed from outside entities relative to the process of drawing and handling blood samples. The manuals are not written as a series of instructions but rather as general topics, rules, and restrictions. The best workflow documentation tool to choose for unearthing requirements from these regulations would be (input 2: a process flowchart, an affinity diagram).

affinity diagram

The best way to use future-state workflows as training materials is --before/during/after-- EHR deployment.

after

A hospital has adopted a new EHR system. The clinical decision support system (CDSS), which is coupled with computerized provider order entry (CPOE), has an extensive, multilayered system of warnings that display during the ordering process. Warnings include drug allergy warnings, alternative therapy suggestions, and drug-drug interactions. Clinicians are very used to seeing them, and some clinicians regard them as not particularly useful. They often just dismiss many of the warnings without fully reading them. What is this condition called? Workarounds Error capture Error avoidance Alert fatigue

alert fatigue

Which of these steps in conflict resolution helps ensure all participants will cooperate going forward? Review project goals Delineate conflict Engage users in resolution process Focus discussion on specific conflict Facilitate discussions Call for consensus Act to implement solution

Call for consensus

You have to create a process map for a complicated process with many interrelated aspects involving tasks, information, and roles. Which of the following would be the best approach for such a process analysis? Create different process maps to represent the different stages of the process by "chunking" it into manageable parts. Create different process maps to represent the different aspects of the process. Use different symbols to represent the different types of tasks performed as physical, mental, or informational. Use different colors to represent the different aspects of the process on a single process map.

Create different process maps to represent the different aspects of the process.

Meaningful use requirements are outlined in --the Affordable Care Act/the HITECH Act/HIPAA use.

HITECH

Which of the following is true of the ONC's mobile adoption support positions? They are permanent positions requiring a college degree. They are permanent positions requiring up to 6 months of training. They are temporary positions requiring a college degree. They are temporary positions requiring up to 6 months of training.

They are temporary positions requiring up to 6 months of training.

You're analyzing a complex EHR system to determine how its implementation will impact a clinic's current processes. You can probably get a/an --Yourdon/ISO 5807/UML-- diagram from the EHR software vendor to analyze the vast amount of individual pieces of data/information.

UML

Originally created for software design and development, the ___ has been adapted for other purposes. It is particularly useful for representing the complex business processes behind physical process steps, including vast amounts of specific data/information.

UML notation

Which one of the following ONC-defined HIT workforce roles is primarily responsible for reorganizing clinical workflows, such as writing prescriptions, based on HIT and meaningful use guidelines? Implementation support specialist Technical/software support staff Clinician/practitioner consultant Workflow and information management redesign specialist

Workflow and information management redesign specialist

A hernia repair surgery is an example of which of the following types of clinical workflow activities? Clinical procedure Administrative Grouped Clinical care

clinical care

Process mapping may identify flaws in the existing workflow. This knowledge brings immediate benefits to the --current/new/proposed workflow.--

current

True or false? A general characteristic of process graphical representations is that most models are correct.

false

True or false? Although healthcare roles and responsibilities vary among clinical settings, they are typically clearly defined and distinguished from one another within the same type of setting, such as a doctor's office.

false

True or false? Future-state workflows may reveal skills gaps among current staff, typically forcing an employer to replace them with new staff trained in the new processes.

false

True or false? Data flow and workflow are completely unrelated aspects of any particular process.

false Data flow (which includes how electronic information is manipulated) and workflow (which includes tasks) typically overlap and affect each other in any particular process.

True or false? Data storage sites are a defining aspect of a flowchart. True False

false Data storage sites could be an aspect of flowcharts, but they are not a defining aspect of flowcharts.

True or false? It is critical to identify the process aspect that you want to represent in a process map because only one notation will work for any given process aspect.

false With a few exceptions, there is generally more than one notation that can be used to represent a process aspect.

Health wellness events, as clinical processes, can be broken down into subprocesses for diagramming. Which of the following is a possible subprocess of health wellness events? Prescription refill Lifestyle screening Case management Routine office visit

lifestyle screening

A ___ flow is the way specific work is completed.

process

True or false? A doctor's office implements an interoperable EHR computer system that automatically checks every prescription written at the practice for any potentially dangerous drug interactions with other drugs that a patient is taking. This system replaces the paper-based system in which practice staff had to rely on handwritten files and phone calls to perform this same task. This is a good example of how clinical workflow redesign can better meet meaningful use objectives.

true

True or false? Decision points are a defining aspect of a flowchart.

true

True or false? Documenting workflows well before the deployment of a new EHR system can provide enough time to address inefficiencies before deployment.

true

True or false? Standard symbols are a defining aspect of a flowchart.

true

Which of the following skills and knowledge are necessary to address the challenges of process analysis? Select Yes or No for each option. Ability to identify problem areas --YesNo Knowledge of clinical procedures --YesNo Knowledge of data and data system concepts --YesNo Knowledge of clinical workflow concepts --YesNo Knowledge of process reengineering concepts --YesNo Ability to communicate process reengineering concepts --YesNo

yes no yes yes no no

Which of the following can be used to refer to how electronic health data is transmitted from a doctor's EHR system to a state public health department's EHR system? Select Yes or No for each option. Data flow --YesNo Information flow --YesNo Process flow --YesNo Workflow --YesNo

yes yes no no

Which of the following are included in the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) six targets for the redesign of the American health system? Select Yes or No for each option. Safe --YesNo Efficient --YesNo Physician-centered --YesNo Equitable --YesNo Interoperable --YesNo Effective --YesNo Patient-centered --YesNo Timely --YesNo

yes yes no yes no yes yes yes

A process map is a/an --abstraction/model/template-- when it is used as a guide to complete or replicate a defined process in order to achieve a defined result.

template

What should a workflow redesign specialist do if the practice being analyzed involves more than 20 processes? Ignore any variations and exceptions in order to consolidate the processes Adjust the level of detail for analysis Create a multipage context diagram Eliminate some of the processes from the analysis

Adjust the level of detail for analysis

Which of the following represents indirect costs to a project? Computers and office supplies Administrative staff, rent, electricity, and software licensing fees Equipment, salaries, travel, materials, and labor Purchased software that is incompatible with purchased hardware

Administrative staff, rent, electricity, and software licensing fees

Andy is a hospital administrator and is managing an HIT project for his organization. The project charter has been approved, and Andy begins working on a project schedule, estimating costs, developing a budget, assigning or procuring human resources, and assessing risks. After a great deal of effort, Andy realizes that he is in over his head and is struggling to complete these tasks. What should Andy have done before trying to take on these tasks? Andy should have pulled all of the deliverables from the project charter. Andy should have created a work breakdown structure (WBS), which would have allowed him to view the project work at a high level. Andy should have outlined the business needs along with the product and project requirements. Andy should have used the work packages derived from the project charter to create a scope statement.

Andy should have created a work breakdown structure (WBS), which would have allowed him to view the project work at a high level. Because it is comprehensive and detailed, the WBS is important in creating the project schedule, estimating costs, developing a budget, assigning or procuring human resources, and assessing risks. It is the foundation from which most planning stems, and it organizes and defines the entire scope of the project. Andy could have used the WBS to easily derive activity lists of specific tasks that needed to be completed.

In the user-centered design (UCD) approach, what step must be taken if a design is implemented and then evaluated and found to be, at least in part, unsatisfactory? The system requirements should be changed—they are probably in error. Users must be removed from the feedback process, and the system must be reevaluated to develop a clearer and more unified evaluation. A workaround must be established. Another iteration of the UCD cycle must be made.

Another iteration of the UCD cycle must be made.

Which of the following is not one of the steps in performing a workflow analysis? List any variations and opportunities for improvement List the primary processes and create diagrams for them Report the findings of the analysis when completed Assign specific tasks to specific roles

Assign specific tasks to specific roles

Currently, when an appointment is set, the head nurse emails the referral information to the administrative assistant and the intern. To streamline the future workflow, the head nurse will record the referral information in the patient's EMR. The EMR system will automatically alert the administrative assistant and the intern to proceed with next steps. Which workflow dimension does this best represent? Time criticality Event sequence Available technology Communication patterns

Available technology

Which of the following is a process that cognitive task analysis (CTA) uses to gauge the complexity of a system? Using real-time analysis Breaking a task into subtasks Eliciting the opinions of experts Classifying only the cognitive processes that result in observable physical actions

Breaking a task into subtasks

The nonfunctional requirements category includes everything that does not qualify as a functional requirement. Which of the following might be discussed in a nonfunctional requirements document? Computer hardware and software requirements Characteristics of the users and organization, including levels of support Temperature, lighting, and sound requirements Data definitions, types, and amounts

Characteristics of the users and organization, including levels of support

Which one of the following ONC-defined HIT workforce roles requires more than 6 months of training (i.e., an advanced degree)? Implementation support specialist Clinician/practitioner consultant Clinician/public health leader Implementation manager

Clinician/public health leader

An ergonomics specialist is evaluating nursing tasks in critical care units at multiple hospitals. She finds that some of the workflows require nurses to recognize and evaluate information from three or four origins simultaneously. Which division of ergonomics should be used here? Organizational ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics Quantitative ergonomics Physical ergonomics

Cognitive ergonomics

When users feel uneasy, uncertain, and/or sense a problem, they engage system 2, which indicates which of the following states? Cognitive strain Disengagement Cognitive dissonance Cognitive ease

Cognitive strain

Steve Ramos is a pediatric surgeon whose specialties include surgery to repair birth defects. Dr. Ramos has a very busy schedule and has always dictated his operative reports. A hospital where he has operating privileges has adopted a new EMR system. Dr. Ramos has been encouraged to use the structured templates in the EMR system to save time and expense. He has entered orders and recorded diagnoses using the new system and feels fairly comfortable with those processes. However, when he retrieves a predesigned template, the look and feel of the software is completely different from what he has encountered in the order entry and diagnosis modules. He finds it difficult to use and quickly decides to resume dictating his reports. What does this system lack? Forgiveness Minimizing cognitive load Consistency Efficient interactions

Consistency

--Quality control/Continuous quality improvement/Quality assurance-- is characterized as work performed on a project that is assessed on the basis of defined standards, resulting in adjustments to the project's plan when the standards are not met.

Continuous quality improvement

Even though there is little cooperation between EHR vendors in creating mandatory standards for usability, what positive step have they expressed an interest in? Routing helpdesk tickets to a common database so that the database can be queried for usability problems that are common to all vendors. Making usability engineering and formal usability testing a required part of the development, testing, and implementation process. Making screenshots and accompanying documentation readily available on the Internet. Creating an independent industry organization that will assist in guiding the development of voluntary usability standards.

Creating an independent industry organization that will assist in guiding the development of voluntary usability standards.

Which one of the following accurately describes the approach a workflow redesign specialist should take when conducting a clinical workflow analysis? Because the object of the analysis is the overall process, the workflow redesign specialist should focus on the big picture rather than on the perspective of any specific role. For an analysis, more detail is better; the workflow redesign specialist must reduce tasks to the smallest level of detail possible even if the tasks are already very simple. Any process can be broken down into activities and tasks, so the analyst must identify and document each activity and task. Each situation is unique, so the workflow redesign specialist must be able to distinguish among the levels of detail each process represents and determine which details are necessary to document.

Each situation is unique, so the workflow redesign specialist must be able to distinguish among the levels of detail each process represents and determine which details are necessary to document.

Read this scenario and answer the question that follows. Here is a brief summary of some of the observations made during a workflow analysis at Midtown Clinic. In addition to other duties, the medical assistant handles physicians' requests for medications for their patients and records them in the patients' paper files. Some of the clinic's patients are prescribed a new medication during their visit with a physician. Patients can have the clinic electronically order a medication from the patient's pharmacy, or they can receive a written prescription that they physically deliver to their pharmacy. If a patient needs a prescription refilled, the clinic calls the pharmacy and requests the refill on the patient's behalf. A note documenting the refill is made in the patient's file. Free samples are sometimes provided to patients who have no insurance or when the efficacy of the medication is uncertain, and a note is made in the patient's file. In some circumstances, such as for patients who travel routinely between two locations, the clinic will send a medication order to multiple pharmacies. In such cases, the clinic requests partial fills, and a note is made in the patient's file. Some pharmacies are unable to process orders for compound medications. In these cases, the clinic cancels the order, and the physician considers alternative treatments that may require a different medication altogether. Which of the following represents an exception in the process? Refill called in Paper order from office visit Free samples provided Electronic order transmitted from office

Free samples provided

The data, technical, and environmental requirements are more precise requirements categories that provide systems and database designers, testers, and implementers with details they need but that are not covered in the functional or nonfunctional requirements documents.

Functional and nonfunctional requirements address overall systems requirements but are sometimes not sufficient to "speak the language" of specific systems developers. The data, technical, and environmental requirements provide that specificity. true

The stakeholders on a particular HIT project have asked the project manager, Sherie, for the earliest possible completion date of the project. Which one of the following will Sherie find the most useful for obtaining this information? Project charter Scope statement Work breakdown structure (WBS) Gantt chart project schedule

Gantt chart project schedule

Which of the following is arguably the greatest contributing factor in why process analysis and redesign in clinical settings is unique when compared to other industries? High ethical standards apply to the protection of confidential health information and healthcare professionals face severe consequences for failure to meet these standards. This environment is inherently hectic with almost constant opportunities for delays and mistakes. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers often overlap and vary across organizations. Healthcare directly impacts the physical and mental well-being of patients and their loved ones alike.

Healthcare directly impacts the physical and mental well-being of patients and their loved ones alike.

Which of the following is an important design consideration for a vendor designing a health information system as compared to a system for another industry? Healthcare systems interface with monitoring systems, whereas systems in other industries rarely do. Healthcare organizations, as a general rule, have less money to spend on new applications than do other industries. Healthcare systems must consider a variety of roles: for example, a nurse's view of a system is different from a physician's view, which is different from a respiratory therapist's view, and so on. Healthcare workers, especially clinicians, are often interrupted while they are working.

Healthcare workers, especially clinicians, are often interrupted while they are working.

Along with the financial resources to support it and the new system, which one of the following is vital for a clinic's successful EHR implementation? Dial-up Internet connectivity High-speed Internet connectivity Mobile Internet connectivity Wireless Internet connectivity

High-speed Internet connectivity

Along with the financial resources to support it and the new system, which one of the following is vital for a clinic's successful EHR implementation? Dial-up Internet connectivity Mobile Internet connectivity High-speed Internet connectivity Wireless Internet connectivity

High-speed Internet connectivity

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between organizational structures and project management? The role of the project manager is basically the same across organizations. How an organization is structured has little impact on project management. How projects are implemented varies depending on the organization's structure. The role of department and executive managers is basically the same across organizations.

How projects are implemented varies depending on the organization's structure.

Which one of the following notations would be best for representing a process from the perspective of the patient or healthcare professional? ISO 5807 Yourdon Gane-Sarson E-R diagram

ISO 5807

___ is well suited for representing the physical or mental tasks or activities required to complete a process, usually from the perspective of the patient or healthcare professional.

ISO 5807

Which of the following notations would you use to create a standard flowchart to represent the timing and sequence of a step-by-step process? ISO 5807 Yourdon E-R diagram UML

ISO 5807 ISO 5807 is the notation for creating a standard flowchart. It can be used to represent many process aspects, including process steps and data flow steps.

In addition to knowledge of the components of a process and knowledge of the relationships between the process components, process analysis includes which of the following? Anticipation of a good outcome A strategy directed toward major rethinking and restructuring of the process Change in the process Identification of opportunities for improvement

Identification of opportunities for improvement

Which of the following is the first step for diagramming processes? Identify the process aspect(s) for the diagram. Identify the tool for drawing the diagram. Identify the purpose of the diagram. Identify the notation(s) for the diagram.

Identify the purpose of the diagram.

Which of the following is the first step for diagramming processes? Identify the purpose of the diagram. Identify the notation(s) for the diagram. Identify the tool for drawing the diagram. Identify the process aspect(s) for the diagram.

Identify the purpose of the diagram.

Which of the following is the best reason to create a multidisciplinary project team for HIT projects? It allows individuals to focus on their area of expertise while working together to achieve common goals. It eliminates the need for a professional project manager because the project's activities will be divided up among the project team. It allows individuals to focus on their area of expertise without having to be concerned with other areas of the project. It eliminates the need for a single stakeholder to be designated as the final decision maker because each member of the project team will play a role in collectively making all decisions.

It allows individuals to focus on their area of expertise while working together to achieve common goals.

In addition to setting the project boundaries, which one of the following is true of a work breakdown structure (WBS)? It breaks the scope statement down into small components through a process called decomposition. It is created immediately before the scope statement. It is used mostly on large or complex projects. It is the basis for creating the project charter.

It breaks the scope statement down into small components through a process called decomposition.

Which one of the following is a true statement? It is sometimes necessary for clinical staff to be cross-trained on at least some aspects of each other's roles in order to maintain a viable workflow. Small sites with a small staff tend to specialize, and specific tasks are performed only by designated individuals. Large sites with a large staff typically assign the same tasks to different individuals. Because it is not feasible to cross-train clinical staff on each other's roles, clinical sites must have an appropriate number of diverse roles in order to maintain a viable workflow.

It is sometimes necessary for clinical staff to be cross-trained on at least some aspects of each other's roles in order to maintain a viable workflow.

Which of the following accurately describes meaningful use? It is a provision of federal law that mandates the privacy and security of patient health information by "covered entities" and outlines penalties for violations. It is a federal law that requires healthcare providers to adopt EHRs in order to maintain licensure. It is a group of optional recommendations for implementing health IT in order to improve the quality of healthcare. It is the use of certified EHR technology to improve health and healthcare; the federal government is encouraging healthcare providers to achieve meaningful use through financial incentives.

It is the use of certified EHR technology to improve health and healthcare; the federal government is encouraging healthcare providers to achieve meaningful use through financial incentives.

Why is the adoption of an EHR system a major change event for virtually any provider? It is typically necessary to reconfigure the physical layout of the clinical setting. It usually entails a major redesign of one or more clinical workflows. Providers could lose their license to practice if they do not adopt an EHR system. HIT professionals are typically involved, and providers and their staff are not used to working with them.

It usually entails a major redesign of one or more clinical workflows.

Users of healthcare systems often have to follow inconvenient steps to complete what should be standard processes. What is one of the most common contributors to this problem? A cluttered interface Clinical alerts Lack of systems integration Lack of training

Lack of systems integration

To enhance usability of a software interface, it is important to make the interface as simple and straightforward as possible because short-term memory has a limited capacity. When displaying a list of options that a user chooses from, which of the following guidelines would enhance usability? Group items in pairs of two when possible. The smaller the group, the better. Let the content dictate the grouping. Make groups of four or fewer items. Research has shown that humans find groups of four or fewer are easier to consider. Display all options without grouping, which makes a list easier to read.

Make groups of four or fewer items. Research has shown that humans find groups of four or fewer are easier to consider.

The oxygen saturation devices, blood pressure monitors, and respiration monitors in a critical care unit all have similar warning beeps. Which design standard derived from human factors research is being ignored here? Make sources of information as distinct as possible Provide feedback Use redundant cues Reduce the number of competing channels

Make sources of information as distinct as possible

Which of the following is a key procurement output of the project management Planning Process Group? Selected sellers Make-or-buy decisions Procurement contract award Resource calendars

Make-or-buy decisions

A consistent, standard design for screens in a software application is most closely associated with which of the following usability factors? Memorability Satisfaction Utility Efficiency

Memorability

Jen has used various versions of the Apple MacIntosh since elementary school. She currently works as a radiologic technologist ("radiology tech"). The clinical software she uses to view her schedule and update patients' medical records has several common elements that Jen is used to on the Mac, including simple, uncluttered screens and easy-to-use controls. Because Jen is very comfortable with this software, what aspect of EHR usability best describes this interface? Forgiveness Naturalness Preservation of context Feedback

Naturalness

Here is a brief summary of some of the observations made during a workflow analysis at Midtown Clinic. In addition to other duties, the medical assistant handles physicians' requests for medications for their patients and records them in the patients' paper file. Some of the clinic's patients are prescribed a new medication during their visit with a physician. Patients can have the clinic electronically order a medication from the patient's pharmacy, or they can receive a written prescription that they physically deliver to their pharmacy. If a patient needs a prescription refilled, the clinic calls the pharmacy and requests the refill on the patient's behalf. A note documenting the refill is made in the patient's file. Free samples are sometimes provided to patients who have no insurance or when the efficacy of the medication is uncertain, and a note is made in the patient's file. In some circumstances, such as for patients who travel routinely between two locations, the clinic will send a medication order to multiple pharmacies. In such cases, the clinic requests partial fills, and a note is made in the patient's file. Some pharmacies are unable to process orders for compound medications. In these cases, the clinic cancels the order, and the physician considers alternative treatments that may require a different medication altogether. Which of the following items from the scenario is the most inefficient and thus presents the greatest opportunity for improvement? Calling in refills Ordering partial fills of the same medication for same patient Writing paper orders for some patients Sending electronic orders for some patients

Ordering partial fills of the same medication for same patient

General Hospital has determined that it needs to upgrade its EHR system. It has identified a group of eight key stakeholders and hired a project manager, Roderick Pierce, for this project. What should Roderick do next in order to move this project forward? Roderick should create a project schedule or timeline, budget, resource allocation, and risk assessment. Roderick should work with the stakeholders to create a project plan, which will serve as the guide for the project's implementation. Roderick should work with the stakeholders to outline the business need as well as the product and project requirements at a high level by creating a project charter. Roderick should track, review, and control the progress and performance of the project and provide status reports to the stakeholders.

Roderick should work with the stakeholders to outline the business need as well as the product and project requirements at a high level by creating a project charter.

It is important to have the input of the actual users of a system in the user-centered design process. Why do EHR vendors hire staff doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals rather than rely on surveying hospital and clinic personnel? Staff hired by the vendor are more highly trained than the actual users of a system. Staff hired by the vendor can dedicate more time to developing the system than can the users in a hospital, who must focus on their current job duties. Staff hired by the vendor are more objective than the actual users of a system. Staff hired by the vendor have a broader range of specialties than the actual users of a system.

Staff hired by the vendor can dedicate more time to developing the system than can the users in a hospital, who must focus on their current job duties.

Which of the following roles is the best to conduct a workflow analysis of the current state of a process? The expertise of the process analysis and workflow redesign specialist The EHR vendor's specifications The collective experience of all clinic staff The knowledge of a clinic's office manager

The collective experience of all clinic staff

Which one of the following accurately represents the roles of healthcare professionals among various clinical settings? The tasks performed by a nurse at one clinic may be different from those performed by the same type of nurse at another clinic. The tasks performed by a nurse at one clinic are the same as those performed by the same type of nurse at another clinic. Within a particular clinical setting, taking a patient's vital signs is a task that is typically performed only by designated personnel, such as by a medical assistant. Small sites with a small staff tend to specialize, and specific tasks are performed only by designated individuals.

The tasks performed by a nurse at one clinic may be different from those performed by the same type of nurse at another clinic.

Which of the following is the biggest impediment in involving a hospital's healthcare professionals in the user-centered design process? Their skill sets are generally better suited to testing than to developing the system. They are not familiar with healthcare systems design. They have limited amounts of time to dedicate to the development process. They are not familiar with the UCD process.

They have limited amounts of time to dedicate to the development process.

Joanna Antonelli is a registered nurse with a heavy patient load. She rates the nursing tasks that she performs as time pressured, frustrating, and mentally and physically challenging. She does not feel that she always gives the patients the care they need. She hands off her patients at shift change to Rita Sanchez who seems to breeze through her tasks with minimal problems. To what can we attribute these differences? What Joanna perceives as difficult Rita perceives as relatively routine and easy. Rita is a more confident individual. Rita works nights when it is quieter and the work is easier. Rita may be more physically fit and able to better handle the stresses of the various tasks.

What Joanna perceives as difficult Rita perceives as relatively routine and easy.

Which of the following statements characterizes the use of process maps as either an abstraction or a template? Abstractions visually model the requirements of a process, whereas templates document the required steps of a process. Neither abstractions nor templates are models. Abstractions are all wrong, but some templates are correct. Whether as an abstraction or as a template, process maps document and model the requirements and serve as a "holder of the knowledge" regarding a particular process.

Whether as an abstraction or as a template, process maps document and model the requirements and serve as a "holder of the knowledge" regarding a particular process.

Two months after the go-live for an EHR implementation at a hospital, representatives of the EHR vendor return and are surprised to find that several key processes in the system are being circumvented by improvised processes. In some instances, users are reverting to original paper charting and abandoning parts of the system altogether. Which of the following terms most accurately describes the processes to which the users have reverted? Workarounds Cognitive strain Collaborative atrophy Error avoidance

Workarounds

Which of the following notations would not be a good choice for diagramming the logical flow of a process? Gane-Sarson Yourdon ISO 5807 UML

Yourdon

Which of the following types of diagram is known as a data flow diagram (DFD) and works well for representing inputs and outputs as well as data storage? ISO 5807 UML Gane-Sarson Yourdon

Yourdon

Which of the following types of diagram is known as a data flow diagram (DFD) and works well for representing inputs and outputs as well as data storage? ISO 5807 UML Yourdon Gane-Sarson

Yourdon

_____ is well suited for representing context, data/information flow, data/information content, and data/information transformation without the order or logic behind it.

Yourdon

The executive management needs to establish and monitor the project budget. The --development estimates/test case scenarios/prototype-- requirements document will provide them with the information they need. Sometimes, users are a little unsure about certain aspects of the final system product. In such cases, a small-scale system model can be developed with minimal function to address the users' concerns. The --development estimates/test case scenarios/prototype-- requirements document addresses building that model. Systems projects require a lot of quality assurance. Programmers perform unit testing, but systems and end users perform quality assurance by mimicking the actual workflow steps before releasing the system to production. The --development estimates/test case scenarios/prototype-- requirements document ensures robust quality assurance.

development estimates prototype test case scenarios

In 2011, Dr. Chen's practice installed an EMR system that met level I meaningful use criteria. That project was costly, complex, and very stressful for his staff. Dr. Chen wanted to upgrade the system in 2013 because he heard that Medicare would cut reimbursements by 1 to 3 percent for practices that did not meet level II criteria by 2014. Dr. Chen's upgrade project was likely to encounter conflicts based on --management style/personality/environmental-- factors.

environmental In 2011, Dr. Chen's practice installed an EMR system that met level I meaningful use criteria. That project was costly, complex, and very stressful for his staff. Dr. Chen wanted to upgrade the system in 2013 because he heard that Medicare would cut reimbursements by 1 to 3 percent for practices that did not meet level II criteria by 2014. Dr. Chen's upgrade project was likely to encounter conflicts based on --management stylepersonalityenvironmental factors.

Context diagrams can also show areas where data --analysis/exchange/storage-- is needed if it does not make the diagram too large or complicated.

exchange

True or false? A project is an ongoing activity, whereas an operation is a temporary activity.

false

True or false? An application that allows smooth navigation and an easy-to-read and consistent screen design would rate high in utility.

false

True or false? Because they have therapeutic qualities, drugs can be considered medical devices.

false

True or false? Cognitive task analysis (CTA) does not provide a means to convert analysis data into design recommendations.

false

True or false? Humans filter out some stimuli and pay attention to certain other stimuli. Events that capture a person's attention as important or noteworthy are described by the term relevance cognition.

false

True or false? If workflow documentation and analysis is not done before the deployment of a new EHR system, then it will not be done at all because there is no time for it after deployment.

false

True or false? It is necessary for a project charter to be created and approved by the project's sponsor during the project management Executing Process Group.

false

True or false? It is not the job of a workflow redesign specialist to communicate information pertaining to a clinic's data systems and workflows to the impacted audiences.

false

True or false? Medical devices are any device used for direct patient care.

false

True or false? Medical devices are mechanical or electromechanical. Simple devices, such as a tongue depressor, are not considered medical devices. True False

false

True or false? Technological advances have generally lessened the mental demands for workers.

false

True or false? When considering a software application, usability and user satisfaction are essentially the same thing.

false

Which of the following are responsibilities of the project manager? Select Yes or No for each option. Monitor and measure project progress --YesNo Work with team in developing project management plans --YesNo Communicate project performance and progress --YesNo

yes yes yes

Read this scenario and answer the question that follows. Here is a brief summary of some of the observations made during a workflow analysis at Midtown Clinic. In addition to other duties, the medical assistant handles physicians' requests for medications for their patients and records them in the patients' paper files. Some of the clinic's patients are prescribed a new medication during their visit with a physician. Patients can have the clinic electronically order a medication from the patient's pharmacy, or they can receive a written prescription that they physically deliver to their pharmacy. If a patient needs a prescription refilled, the clinic calls the pharmacy and requests the refill on the patient's behalf. A note documenting the refill is made in the patient's file. Free samples are sometimes provided to patients who have no insurance or when the efficacy of the medication is uncertain, and a note is made in the patient's file. In some circumstances, such as for patients who travel routinely between two locations, the clinic will send a medication order to multiple pharmacies. In such cases, the clinic requests partial fills, and a note is made in the patient's file. Some pharmacies are unable to process orders for compound medications. In these cases, the clinic cancels the order, and the physician considers alternative treatments that may require a different medication altogether. True or false? The clinic orders partial fills from multiple pharmacies for the same medication for the same patient represents a variation in the process.

false Ordering partial fills from multiple pharmacies for the same medication for the same patient is an oddity, and oddities are exceptions.

True or false? Procurement managed by the project manager is known as centralized procurement, in contrast to decentralized procurement, which is managed by a procurement professional or organization.

false Procurement managed by the project manager is known as decentralized procurement, in contrast to centralized procurement, which is managed by a procurement professional or organization.

True or false? Roles and responsibilities in managing risks are not identified in a risk management plan; assigning roles and responsibilities is done only if a risk actually materializes into a threat to the project schedule.

false Roles and responsibilities in managing risks should be identified in the risk management plan so that resources are in place to prevent identified risks from materializing into actual harm to the project.

True or false? When comparing cognitive ease and cognitive strain, Daniel Kahneman describes system 2 as being associated with cognitive ease. It operates automatically and with little sense of voluntary control.

false System 2 is effortful and deliberate and is associated with cognitive strain.

True or false? The empirical measurement of users requires that designers observe how users perform core tasks during the initial use of the product

false The empirical measurement of users requires that designers observe how users perform core tasks both before using the target product for the first time and during use of the product.

True or false? Cognitive task analysis (CTA) focuses on observable behaviors associated with task performance.

false The focal point of CTA is on underlying cognitive processes.

True or false? The matrix is the most common type of organizational structure that impacts project management.

false The functional form is the most common type of organizational structure that impacts project management.

True or false? The specific focus of a workflow and information management redesign specialist in the implementation of health information technology is the creation of a national health information database.

false The specific focus of this specialist in the implementation of health IT is to improve the quality of healthcare and, ultimately, the overall health of the nation.

True or false? The identification and formulation of requirements generally takes as much or more time than the observation itself but calls for substantially less skill on the part of the analyst.

false The systems analyst must gather all input from all stakeholders and ascertain the requirements from all the conversations and piles of documentation he or she accumulated in the requirements effort. The ability to analyze, interpret, identify, and formulate requirements calls for substantial skill and sometimes takes more time than the observation itself.

True or false? Dependencies represent a static flow of work through a project in which activities must be performed in a certain sequence.

false This is true of mandatory dependencies but not of discretionary dependencies. Discretionary dependencies are flexible and call on the project manager to exercise good judgment, as sequence is not a firm factor. Mandatory dependencies are fixed and part of the natural flow of work.

True or false? If a nurse forgets to double-check medications that are to be administered, this would indicate a systemic/organizational impact of a heavy nursing load.

false This question more accurately describes an error in decision making.

True or false? We make machines perform mental tasks by reducing human thought to a set of conditions that a machine can recognize and a set of instructions that a machine can carry out under the conditions.

false This statement is true of informational tasks, not mental tasks (which can be performed only by the human mind).

True or false? The systems analyst must have strength in either healthcare or computer science to succeed in the systems requirements process.

false To succeed in the requirements process, the systems analyst should be versed in both healthcare and computer science. Familiarity with both disciplines makes the ideal analyst and provides the best chance for project success.

True or false? The work breakdown structure (WBS) is based on the scope statement and is created primarily for large and complex projects to keep the project on track, within scope, and at minimal risk.

false True or false? The work breakdown structure (WBS) is based on the scope statement and is created primarily for large and complex projects to keep the project on track, within scope, and at minimal risk.

Which of the following is sometimes used to refer to how different paths in a process are chosen on a particular process map? Data flow Flow control Flow path Information flow

flow control Flow control refers to how different paths in the process are chosen. It is represented on a standard flowchart by the diamond symbol and flow path arrows.

Gracie Ambrose is a critical care nurse in a suburban acute care hospital. She was recently hired and has gone through an extensive orientation process, including instruction on the hospital's EMR system. However, Gracie feels she is in "information overload" mode because she has so many new things to remember. She has just changed the rate on an infusion pump (IV) for one of her patients. When she documents the rate change, she accidentally enters a much higher rate than what she actually set the pump to. She realizes this after she clicks the check mark on the screen that finalizes the change. She tries to modify the rate by right-clicking and double-clicking. Nothing she tries gives her an option for modifying the rate change. The software Gracie is using seems to lack which of the following usability aspects? Sustainability Forgiveness Efficient interactions Naturalness

forgiveness

One reason process analysis and redesign in clinical settings is unique when compared to other industries is that this environment is inherently --predictable/static/hectic-- with almost constant opportunities for delays and mistakes.

hectic

Which of the following is perhaps the most important goal of process analysis and redesign in the healthcare industry? Transition to a physician-centered health system Reduce the costs of healthcare Improve the quality of healthcare Reform health insurance

improve the quality of healthcare

Can clinical staff access the information they need when they need it? This question is representative of the --choices and decisions/roles/information needs-- component of a clinical workflow.

information needs

Manipulating values and calculating sums are examples of --informational/physical/mental tasks.

informational

A patient monitoring system has multiple complex interactions and high levels of specialization and interconnectivity among its various components. What kind of errors is a system of this type more likely to have? latent active

latent Highly complex systems with complex interactions may work, sometimes for an extended period, without error but then produce active errors when an unusual set of conditions transpires.

One of the roles of the project --scope statement/charter/management plan-- is to serve as a guide for all project team members for the project's implementation.

management plan

The chief information officer (CIO) at AC Hospital wants to eliminate the desktop PCs that physicians currently use to access to the EMR at point of care and replace them with mobile devices. Most of the physicians at the hospital dislike this idea. However, the CIO has a reputation for a "my way or the highway" approach to technology decisions. AC Hospital's project is likely to encounter conflicts based on --management style/personality/environmental-- factors.

management style

Read this scenario and answer the question that follows. Here is a brief summary of some of the observations made during a workflow analysis at Midtown Clinic. In addition to other duties, the medical assistant handles physicians' requests for medications for their patients and records them in the patients' paper files. Some of the clinic's patients are prescribed a new medication during their visit with a physician. Patients can have the clinic electronically order a medication from the patient's pharmacy, or they can receive a written prescription that they physically deliver to their pharmacy. If a patient needs a prescription refilled, the clinic calls the pharmacy and requests the refill on the patient's behalf. A note documenting the refill is made in the patient's file. Free samples are sometimes provided to patients who have no insurance or when the efficacy of the medication is uncertain, and a note is made in the patient's file. In some circumstances, such as for patients who travel routinely between two locations, the clinic will send a medication order to multiple pharmacies. In such cases, the clinic requests partial fills, and a note is made in the patient's file. Some pharmacies are unable to process orders for compound medications. In these cases, the clinic cancels the order, and the physician considers alternative treatments that may require a different medication altogether. This scenario describes which one of the following key clinical processes? Prescriptions Patient visit Documentation received Disease management

prescriptions

A ___ describes the documented steps, along with how the steps are to be completed, to fulfill a customer's requirements.

procedure

The workflow redesign specialist is given a copy of an old procedure manual that describes the steps for drawing blood. The specialist asks to observe the actual procedure and takes notes on the variations between the steps in the manual and the actual procedure. Some variations occur consistently and others only in certain situations. The best workflow documentation tool to choose for unearthing requirements from these notes would be (input 1: a process flowchart, an affinity diagram).

process flowchart

What is a graphical representation of a workflow or a data flow called? Shape Symbol Flowchart Process map

process map

The process of acquiring services and materials for a project from an outside source is known as --decomposition/procurement/implementation--.

procurement

The ___is the document that formally authorizes the existence and start of the project, describes the business need or justification of the project, and provides product and project requirements.

project charter

The project requirements inform the --work breakdown structure/project scope/stakeholder register--, which outlines what the project will and will not entail and is the key driver of any project.

project scope

In --pure project/functional/matrix --organizations, departments are project teams, and functional managers are project managers who lead the project teams and report to an executive manager or chief executive.

pure project

According to the usability engineering life cycle (UEL) design model, which of the following lays the groundwork for effective design? Prototypes Requirements Feedback Users' background

requirements

A ___-based error would occur if the physician chose the correct order set but applied it improperly.

rule

One possible subprocess for filling prescription drug orders is to monitor --over-the-counter/schedule 2/generic drugs,-- such as narcotics, which have the potential for abuse.

schedule 2

Metropolitan Community Hospitals is a large hospital system in a major metropolitan area. Rehema Buntu is the project manager overseeing the hospital's EHR implementation project. The hospital has selected a vendor and is implementing its system. The hospital's IT staff on the project team has decided to add customizable templates for physicians according to their specialty. They tell Rehema about the extra work they are doing, and she allows it after deciding that it will not significantly impact the project. However, the extra work does take longer than expected, leaving little time for the IT staff to complete their assigned activities. In the end, the extra work (which was never approved) caused the project to go $80,000 over budget and took 4 months longer to complete. Based on this information, which of the following is the cause of this project's failure? Float Crashing Scope creep Fast-tracking

scope creep This scenario is an example of scope creep, which occurs when project work expands beyond the schedule.

A nurse misses an order on the patient's medication profile dictating a change in the IV rate. This is an example of which of the following? slip mistake

slip

The correct drug is ordered and administered to the wrong patient. This is an example of which of the following? Slip Mistake

slip A routine behavior that is misapplied is a slip.

When tasks must be completed in a certain order, they are usually regarded as --activities/processes/steps-- in a procedure.

steps

Which of the following are used in graphical representations because they convey some information more efficiently than words? Letters Colors Symbols Numbers

symbols

Nurses administer pharmaceuticals at AC Hospital. They have requested that the hospital's new EMR system include an electronic medication administration record (eMAR) component. eMAR allows the nurses to scan the barcode on the medication at point of care. The scan verifies it is the right medication for the right patient, thus improving patient safety. This is an example of a --business/user/system-- requirement. Dr. Topanga is upgrading his practice's computer system to a new EMR system. Although he is very interested in achieving meaningful use if possible, Dr. Topanga is more concerned with the overall cost of the system because his practice is small. This is an example of a --business/user/system-- requirement. Dr. Topanga's EMR vendor provides an Internet-based cloud solution. Not only will patient history need to be uploaded to the cloud but Internet security will need to be greatly enhanced in the doctor's office. This is an example of a --business/user/system-- requirement.

user business system

An iterative approach is similar to a trial-and-error approach in that it is a repetitive process driven by continuous improvement. What is such a continuous improvement largely based on? User input Design concept User background Design process

user input

A conceptual model provides a structure outlining the concepts and relations that form the product—not the --core objects/user interface/various operations--.

user interface

____ are different ways of performing a process

variations

The human resources plan often includes a responsibility assignment matrix (RAM), which aligns the organizational structure to the --project schedule/scope statement/work breakdown structure--.

work breakdown structure

A ___ is the way specific work is completed. Admitting a patient, submitting a claim, or prescribing a medication are examples.

workflow

A clinical --procedure/workflow/analysis is the way specific work is completed in a healthcare setting but does not detail the steps or how those steps are to be completed.

workflow

Which of the following options represents a basic purpose of requirements for a systems project? Select Yes or No for each option. Create explicit, unambiguous, and specific system needs --YesNo Allow mismatches between user needs and developers' understanding --YesNo Reduce time and costs involved in developing a system --YesNo Ignore criteria to evaluate functions during testing --YesNo

yes no yes no

Which of the following can a workflow redesign specialist do to ensure users will adopt a system once it is implemented? Select Yes or No for each option. Users must be allowed to influence the project outcome. --YesNo The specialist should make sure there is enough money and time allocated to the project. --YesNo Users must see a meaningful purpose in the effort. --YesNo The specialist should say what is meant and mean what is said. --YesNo

yes no yes yes

Which of the following must a workflow and information management redesign specialist understand about an organization in order to improve how the organization operates and achieves its goals? Select Yes or No for each option. Objectives --YesNo Culture --YesNo Structure --YesNo Procedures --YesNo History --YesNo

yes no yes yes no

Which of the following are components of a clinical workflow? Select Yes or No for each option. Location --YesNo Sources of funding --YesNo Choices and decisions --YesNo Activities --YesNo HCO History --YesNo HCO Culture --YesNo Roles --YesNo

yes no yes yes no no yes

A hospital is developing requirements for a new process for patient check-in for surgery. Which of the following individuals or groups would be considered stakeholders in a systems requirements effort? Select Yes or No for each option. The hospital director who must approve the budget for the project --YesNo The nurse who will assist with the surgery --YesNo The front-desk staff who check in patients for surgery --YesNo The physicians who perform surgery at the hospital --YesNo The hospital's chief medical officer --YesNo The patients who are checked in for surgery --YesNo

yes no yes yes yes yes

Which of the following is a reason for using cognitive task analysis (CTA) to evaluate a software system interface? Select Yes or No for each option. Discover subtask structures that are overly complex --YesNo Evaluate the clarity and simplicity of the order sequence --YesNo Evaluate how easy the software system is to upgrade --YesNo

yes yes no

Which of the following often adversely affects the usability and adoption of health information systems? Select Yes or No for each option. Healthcare workers are often interrupted in the course of their job duties. --YesNo Healthcare workers often consider HIT systems intrusive. --YesNo Healthcare workers are often not adept at using information systems. --YesNo Healthcare workers generally consider portable computing devices a poor solution in a clinical environment. --YesNo Healthcare workers often work in crowded or cramped environments. --YesNo Healthcare workers often are time pressured and regard HIT systems as unnecessarily time consuming. --YesNo Because of large amounts of patient data, interfaces are often cluttered and difficult to read. --YesNo Working with nonintegrated systems with multiple logon IDs and passwords is inefficient. --YesNo

yes yes no no yes yes yes yes

Users of a healthcare system may find many usability challenges. Which of the following are common usability challenges concerning a newly implemented system? Select Yes or No for each option. Poor interface design --YesNo Difficult to learn --YesNo Lack of training --YesNo Recovery from error messages --YesNo

yes yes no yes

Why is it important that a workflow redesign specialist document the occurrence of multiple variations in a clinic's processes during the implementation of a new EHR system? Select Yes or No for each option. The EHR system must support multiple options. --YesNo Criteria exist for deciding which variation is used in a redesigned process. --YesNo The EHR system will likely need to display different screens or otherwise facilitate the choice of process variant based on the criterion. --YesNo

yes yes yes Part 1 Yes: Correct. Because an EHR system must support multiple options, a workflow redesign specialist should document the occurrence of multiple variations in a clinic's processes during the implementation of a new EHR system. Part 2 Yes: Correct. Because criteria must be followed in deciding which variation of a process will be used, a workflow redesign specialist should document the occurrence of multiple variations in a clinic's processes during the implementation of a new EHR system. Part 3 Yes: Correct. An EHR system must facilitate choices about process variants, for example by displaying different screens or user prompts. Therefore, a workflow redesign specialist should document the occurrence of multiple variations in a clinic's processes during the implementation of a new EHR system.

Which of the following is entailed in a workflow inventory? Select Yes or No for each option. Making a list of processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Identifying variations in processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Identifying exceptions in processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Determining which EHR system is best suited to handle the processes performed at a clinic --YesNo

yes yes yes no

Stakeholder analysis involves several steps. Which of the following is a step in a stakeholder analysis? Select Yes or No for each option. Make a list of the project decision makers. --YesNo Make a list of all individuals and groups who will be affected by the outcome. --YesNo Make a list of any individuals or groups who have power to positively influence the decision. --YesNo Define success for each individual or group who will participate. --YesNo

yes yes yes no no

Which of the following is entailed in a workflow inventory? Select Yes or No for each option. Making a list of processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Identifying variations in processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Identifying exceptions in processes performed at a clinic --YesNo Determining which EHR system is best suited to handle the processes performed at a clinic --YesNo

yes yes yes no - Determining which EHR system is best suited to handle the processes performed at a clinic is facilitated by a workflow analysis but is not part of a workflow inventory.

Which of the following entries represents a principle of the contextual inquiry method of eliciting requirements? Select Yes or No for each option. Focus on goals --YesNo Partnership with user --YesNo Interpret observations --YesNo Elicit user feedback --YesNo

yes yes yes no -This is not one of the principles of contextual inquiry. Eliciting feedback on and approval of the documented workflows and requirements is the last step in the specialist's systems requirements efforts before the requirements can be finalized. However, it is not directly related to contextual inquiry.

Which of the following project participants is likely to have a conflict with other participants because of differing perspectives or opinions? Select Yes or No for each option. Head nurse --YesNo Office manager --YesNo Systems analyst --YesNo Admissions clerk --YesNo

yes yes yes yes