Unit 4: Chapter 13 (Endocrine System)

What pituitary hormone controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex? Multiple choice question. TSH ACTH LH FSH

ACTH

corticotropes

ACTH

The two hormones that are made by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ____hormone and ______

Antidiuretic;Oxytocin

The gland located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone is the _____ gland. It is attached to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum.

Pituitary

True or false: Hormones are released into the extracellular space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream.

TRUE

True or false: The posterior lobe of the pituitary consists mainly of nervous tissue.

TRUE

What pituitary hormone triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland? Multiple choice question. TSH FSH ACTH STH LH

TSH

thyrotropes

TSH

What are target tissues of growth hormone (GH)? Multiple select question. adipose tissue bones thyroid gland muscles

adipose tissue bones muscles

Over thirty different types of steroid hormones, many vital to life, are produced and secreted by the ______. Multiple choice question. adrenal medulla pancreas parathyroid gland adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex

Because they are weakly bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones can circulate in the blood for long periods of time. Which of the following mechanisms contribute to this? Multiple select question. After binding with plasma proteins, steroid hormones undergo slight modifications that stabilize them. When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are protected from enzymatic degradation. When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are more easily transported inside of cells. When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are less likely to be excreted by the kidneys

When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are protected from enzymatic degradation. When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are less likely to be excreted by the kidneys

Does secretion of growth hormone vary during the day and if so, how? Multiple choice question. Yes. Secretion of growth hormone peaks during sleep. No. Growth hormone is typically secreted at a constant rate. Yes. Secretion of growth hormone peaks at noon.

Yes. Secretion of growth hormone peaks during sleep.

Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, binds with a cell membrane receptor causing activation of proteins inside the cell. What would you consider insulin to be in this example? Multiple choice question. an enzyme a second messenger a first messenger

a first messenger

Steroids such as aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones are produced by the ______ Multiple choice question. adrenal cortex anterior pituitary kidney adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone? Multiple choice question. parathyroid gland adrenal medulla thyroid gland adrenal cortex

adrenal cortex

Jessica recently had bloodwork which revealed an imbalance of mineral electrolytes. Jessica's doctor suspects she may have an imbalance of the adrenal hormone ____

aldosterone

What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions. Multiple choice question. aldosterone cortisol epinephrine insulin

aldosterone

What hormone helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure by conserving sodium ions and water in the kidney? Multiple choice question. epinephrine aldosterone antidiuretic hormone

aldosterone

Cells in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex secrete adrenal ____(male hormones) that can be converted into______ (female hormones) in other locations of the body.

androgens;esterogne

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others are secreted by which gland? Multiple choice question. hypothalamus thyroid anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

What endocrine gland secretes ACTH? Multiple choice question. anterior pituitary gland posterior pituitary gland adrenal cortex

anterior pituitary gland

Steroid hormones are synthesized from _____ , while nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from ______

cholesterol; amino acids

"Bark" or "rind" is the meaning of the prefix ______.

cort

What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? Multiple choice question. cortisol aldosterone insulin thyroxine

cortisol

glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is ____

cortisol

What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? Multiple select question. cortisol catecholamines sex hormones (androgens) aldosterone adrenaline

cortisol sex hormones (androgens) aldosterone

The hypothalamus can release the hormone somatostatin which ______. Multiple select question. inhibits secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland stimulates secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland has similar effects on cells as those produced by growth hormone

inhibits secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

The hypothalamus can release the hormone somatostatin which ______. Multiple select question. stimulates secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland has similar effects on cells as those produced by growth hormone inhibits secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

inhibits secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

The two hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland are known as T3T3 and T4T4 because they contain 3 and 4, respectively, atoms of ______

iodine

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge of tissue called the ____

isthmus

he adrenal glands are located atop each _____

kidney

Steroid hormones are _____ hormones. Multiple choice question. both water- and lipid-soluble both water- and lipid-insoluble lipid-soluble water-soluble

lipid-soluble

The thyroid gland is a vascular structure made of two lateral ____ connected by a broad isthmus.

lobes

Which two hormones are gonadotropins? Multiple select question. luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone oxytocin prolactin adrenocorticotropin

luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal ____

medulla

The blood levels of MOST hormones are regulated by ____ feedback systems.

negative

There are three general mechanisms that regulate hormone secretion and they all involve ______. Multiple choice question. receptor upregulation tropic hormones negative feedback positive feedback

negative feedback

Which of the following are cells found in the pineal gland? Multiple select question. delta cells neuroglia follicular cells pineal cells

neuroglia pineal cells

What hormones are secreted by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? Multiple select question. norepinephrine aldosterone epinephrine thyroxine

norepinephrine epinephrine

Mammary glands produce milk in response to stimulation by the hormone ____

prolactin

Compounds called ______ are potent paracrine substances that are made when needed and released in small amounts.

prostaglandins

What are effects of growth hormone? Multiple select question. causes smooth muscles to contract stimulates cells to enlarge causes the secretion of sex hormones from the gonads stimulates cell division increases protein synthesis

stimulates cells to enlarge stimulates cell division increases protein synthesis

In most individuals, there are four parathyroid glands, as each of the thyroid's bilateral lobes is associated with a(n) _____and a(n) _____ parathyroid gland.

superior;inferior

The adrenal glands are also known as the _____ glands because they are located atop each kidney.

suprarenal

The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor? Multiple choice question. the thickness of the cell membrane the presence and number of appropriate receptors the quantity of circulating hormone the chemical nature of the hormone the shape of the hormone molecule

the presence and number of appropriate receptors

Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a ______ that affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is produced in the ______ zone of the adrenal cortex. Multiple choice question. glucocorticoid; middle glucocorticoid; outer mineralocorticoid; middle mineralocorticoid; outer

glucocorticoid; middle

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. adrenotropin gonadotropins lactotropin thyrotropin

gonadotropins

Released by the anterior pituitary, the ____ hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation.

growth

Muscle and bone cells, in particular, are targeted by ______. Multiple choice question. oxytocin antidiuretic hormone prolactin growth hormone

growth hormone

In a second messenger system of activation, what is considered the first messenger? Multiple choice question. hormone receptor enzyme cyclic AMP

hormone

Indicate some mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects. Multiple select question. They produce specific responses to external stimuli. They may change the activity of an enzyme. They alter the metabolic activities of tissues. They may alter the rate of transport of chemicals across the cell membrane.

-may alter the rate of transport of chemicals across the cell membrane- alter the metabolic activities of tissues- may change the activity of an enzyme

Place in order the sequence of events that occur as steroid hormones interact with target cells. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. Hormones cross the cell membrane. toggle button Hormones cross the cell membrane. Choice 2 of 4. In the cytoplasm, mRNA molecules guide synthesis of proteins. toggle button In the cytoplasm, mRNA molecules guide synthesis of proteins. Choice 3 of 4. Hormones combine with receptors. toggle button Hormones combine with receptors. Choice 4 of 4. Hormone-receptor complexes activate transcription of mRNA. toggle button Hormone-receptor complexes activate transcription of mRNA.

1. hormones cross the cell membrane 2.hormones combine with receptors. 3.hormone-receptor complexes activate transcription of mRNA 4.In the cytoplasm, mRNA molecules guide synthesis of proteins

Consider a hormone with the half-life of twenty minutes. If secretion were to stop, its concentration would drop by_____ % in twenty minutes.

50

The half-life of a hormone is the time required for ______ of the hormone molecules to be removed from plasma. Multiple choice question. 75% 25% 50% 100%

50%

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland? Multiple choice question. GH and prolactin insulin and glucagon ACTH and FSH ADH and oxytocin

ADH and oxytocin

somatotropes

GH

The ______ hormone is produced by the C cells in the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin

gonadotropes

FSH and LH

True or false: The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.

FALSE

What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)? Multiple select question. It promotes protein synthesis in tissues, decreasing the blood concentration of amino acids. It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. It lowers blood glucose between meals.

It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration.

What is the role of prolactin (PRL)? Multiple choice question. It stimulates cell growth and replication. It sustains milk production after birth. It contracts muscles associated with milk-secreting glands.

It sustains milk production after birth.

mammatropes

PRL

The parathyroid gland secretes the hormone ______. Multiple choice question. PRL PTH ADH FSH

PTH

What is the relationship between steroid hormones and cell membranes? Multiple choice question. Steroid hormones bind to the outside of cell membrane because they can't diffuse through the membrane. Steroid hormones are transported in the cell by hormone channel proteins because they are too large to easily diffuse through the membrane. Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane.

Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane.

Choose all characteristics of prostaglandins. Multiple select question. They are rapidly inactivated after their release. They are not stored in cells and are synthesized just before they are released. They are paracrine substances. They travel in the bloodstream to their target cells. They are usually present in large amounts.

They are paracrine substances.-They are rapidly inactivated after their release.-They are not stored in cells and are synthesized just before they are released.

Where is the adrenal medulla? Multiple choice question. at the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney at the surface of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney at the core of the adrenal gland, inferior to the kidney at the surface of the adrenal gland, inferior to the kidney

at the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney

What is the meaning of the word root cort-? Multiple choice question. bark outside impulse birth

bark

Protein molecules that act as receptors for nonsteroid hormones typically have a _______site, which interacts with the hormone. As a result, the ______-site of the receptor interacts with other membrane proteins, triggering a cellular response.

binding;activity

How are steroid hormones transported to their target cells? Multiple choice question. bound to plasma proteins dissolved in the blood unbound, floating in the blood

bound to plasma proteins

What hormone is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland? Multiple choice question. calcitonin triiodothyronine cortisol thyroxine

calcitonin

Which of the following are functions of the thyroid hormone? Multiple select question. stimulate lipid synthesis lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels determines the basal metabolic rate increases the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates

determines the basal metabolic rate increases the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates

Together, the ______system and the ______ system coordinate and execute communication throughout the body

endocrine;nervous

Hormones are released into the _______ space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. Multiple choice question. glandular intracellular extracellular

extracellular

Often, nonsteroid hormones activate second messenger systems in target cells. In these cases, what is the nonsteroid hormone considered? Multiple choice question. first messenger second messenger third messenger

first messenger

Histologically, the thyroid is composed of sacs called thyroid ______. Multiple choice question. follicles lobes cysts

follicles

The cavities of follicles in the thyroid gland are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells called _____ cells. Multiple choice question. colloid neurons extrafollicular follicular

follicular

The cavities of follicles in the thyroid gland are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells called _____ cells. Multiple choice question. follicular extrafollicular colloid neurons

follicular

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by the pancreatic hormone

glucagon

Which endocrine organ also acts as an exocrine organ? Multiple choice question. adrenal gland pineal gland thyroid pancreas

pancreas

PTH, also known as parathormone is secreted by the _____ glands.

parathyroid

The glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are called the _____ glands.

parathyroid

Which endocrine gland is housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? Multiple choice question. pineal gland pituitary gland thalamus adrenal gland

pituitary gland

Thyroid hormones exhibit _______. Multiple choice question. very high water solubility medium water solubility poor water solubility

poor water solubility

What structure secretes hormones but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue? Multiple choice question. posterior lobe of the pituitary pancreas anterior lobe of the pituitary thyroid gland

posterior lobe of the pituitary

Where is the pancreas located? Multiple select question. posterior to the liver posterior to the stomach posterior to the parietal peritoneum within the thoracic cavityposterior to the stomach

posterior to the stomach posterior to the parietal peritoneum

A _______ messenger is a biochemical (i.e., cAMP) generated in response to the binding of a hormone to a cell-surface receptor. Its role is to induce changes by activating other enzymes.

second

When activated by a hormone, some target cells produce ______ which then induce the effects of the hormone stimulation within the cell. Multiple choice question. mRNAs first messengers other hormones second messengers

second messengers

What is produced in the inner zone (zona reticularis) of the adrenal cortex? Multiple choice question. cortisol aldosterone sex hormones

sex hormones

Aldosterone helps to regulate blood volume by stimulating _____ conservation in the kidneys. Multiple choice question. phosphate renin sodium calcium

sodium

Aldosterone affects the kidney, causing it to conserve ____ ions and to excrete ______ ions.

sodium, potassium

What kind of hormones enter target cells and combine with intracellular receptors to form hormone-receptor complexes? Multiple choice question. steroid hormones peptide hormones glycoprotein hormones

steroid hormones

Hormones are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition, ______ hormones and _______ hormones

steroid; nonsteroid

The cells of the adrenal cortex produce hormones that are ______. Multiple choice question. tyrosine derivatives proteins amines steroids

steroids

major glands of the endocrine system

thymus thyroid pancreas

An increase in the body's basal metabolic rate is the primary effect of ______ hormone.

thyroid

Which hormones derived from amino acids are poorly soluble in water, similar to steroid hormones? Multiple choice question. pancreatic hormones hormones made in the adrenal medulla thyroid hormones hormones made in the adrenal cortex

thyroid hormones

Which hormones derived from amino acids are poorly soluble in water, similar to steroid hormones? Multiple choice question. thyroid hormones hormones made in the adrenal medulla pancreatic hormones hormones made in the adrenal cortex

thyroid hormones

The thyroid gland is the target organ of which hormone? Multiple choice question. thymosin thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

The term thyroid hormone refers to two hormones produced by the thyroid gland,_______ (or T4T4) and _______ (also known as T3T3).

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3

What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids? Multiple choice question. zona reticularis zona fasciculata zona glomerulosa

zona glomerulosa