Unit 4

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _______________ technique.

Foot-in-the-door

_____________ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following individuals would benefit from aversive conditioning?

Jordan, who has a habit of overeating.

Which of the following people is discriminating?

Katia, who doesn't let men into her club.

Which of the following individuals is committing the fundamental attribution error?

Nadia says that Claude gets bad grades because he is not intelligent enough to be in college.

Which of the following individual's is demonstrating obedience?

Nathan, who washes the dishes and takes out the trash because his mother tells him to.

Lola often experiences abrupt, brief episodes of overwhelming fear. She does not know what triggers them, but she has these attacks in the grocery store, in busy restaurants, and even while driving. During these attacks, Lola's heart pounds and she has difficulty breathing. She fears that she may go crazy or have a heart attack. In the context of psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Lola may have ________________.

Panic disorder

Individuals with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters ______________.

Serotonin and norepinephrine

Which of the following individuals is making an external or situational attribution>

Ted's girlfriend is late meeting his friends and him for dinner, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with sound, logical argument.

In Milgram's classic study on obedience, when a participant showed resistance to the idea of harming someone, how did the experimenter make him continue?

The experimenter told him he was required to continue.

Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that heir son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is over-strict with Dennis and does not let him out her her sight. This facilitates Dennis; aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates:

The self-fulfilling prophecy

What percentage of participants completed Milgram's famous obedience experiment---following orders and believing they were delivering a deadly shock to another person?

65 percent

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking anti-depressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the _______________.

biological approach

People with ___________ disorder experience periods of excessive alternating with periods of extreme sadness and feelings of hopelessness.

bipolar

Those with __________________ personality disorder have out-of-control emotions, are very afraid of being abandoned by others, and vacillate between extremes of loving and hating the people closest to them.

borderline

According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?

bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness.

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but her really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the __________ he is experiencing.

cognitive dissonance

The feeling of discomfort caused by holding two contrary attitudes and acknowledging the validity of both arguments is called _____________________.

cognitive dissonance

In the context of social influences, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates __________.

conformity

Jackie buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school is wearing them. Jackie's behavior is an example of ____________.

conformity

Luz has chronic pervasive anxiety. She worries about everything, and cannot pinpoint the source or beginning of feeling this way. Luz likely has a common anxiety disorder known as ___________.

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Research suggests that schizophrenia is due mostly to:

genetics

Lauren is watching a live gold tournament on television and sees a golfer frown after he makes his shot. Lauren would make the fundamental attribution error if she assumed that the golfer:

has a volatile personality

Group therapy will be most helpful when clients

have similar symptoms or issues.

Joseph does exceptionally well in his math exam. Which of the following represents internal attribution as an explanation for Joseph's good performance?

his hard work

Landon is a chronic drug user who enjoys the feelings he experiences while using marijuana. From the perspective of abnormality defined by _________________, it would be difficult to categorize Landon's behavior as disordered.

personal discomfort

London is a chronic drug user who enjoys the feeling he experiences while using marijuana. From the perspective of abnormality defined by ___________________ it would be difficult to categorize Landon's behavior as disordered.

personal discomfort

Dr. Mitchell is a family therapist who believes that in order to understand psychological problems in an adequate manner, she must understand the role of the client's family. She feels this absolutely necessary because:

problems of the individual are often preceded by family problems

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to:

provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts

The ________ approach to therapy seeks to resolve past conflicts and unacceptable desires that have been suppressed into the unconscious.

psychodynamic

_____________ is a severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes. Individuals suffering from this disorder may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.

schizophrenia

Roscoe says he got an A on the psychology test because he is smart, but he got a D on the English test because he the professor is mean and gave an unfair exam. Roscoe is most likely committing ______________.

self- serving bias.

Johanna watches Bob slip on the stairs outside the apartment building and conclude that the steps are steep and dangerous. She has made a ______________ attribution.

situational

Mica is part of a large group picking up trash by the side of the road. Since there are so many of them working, they are taking it easy and working more slowly than they would if there were fewer people working. This best illustrates the phenomenon of:

social loafing

Chronic problems of alcohol abuse are more sever among Native Americans than among other ethnic groups. This facet is especially of interest from the viewpoint of the ___________ perspective.

sociocultural

Hiroko's fifth- grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate:

stereotyping

Megan has a fear of public speaking and therefore visits a behavioral therapist to help her overcome this fear. Which of the following techniques should be implemented by the therapist to resolve Megan's fear?

systematic desensitization

Which psychological approach would attribute a person's depression to escalating negative and self-defeating thoughts?

the cognitive approach

Solomon Asch's classic study on conformity pressure showed that _____________.

the majority of people went along with group answers that were clearly wrong.

Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that their son is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is over-strict with the boy and does not let him out of her sight. This facilitates the boy's aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates:

the self- fulfilling prophecy

Antipsychotic medications do not "cure" schizophrenia because

the symptoms reappear when medication is suspended

Systematic desensitization is the process of:

visualizing increasingly anxiety-provoking situations while relaxing.

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of __________________.

obedience

Paula believes she is marilyn monroe and frequently dresses the way Ms. Monroe dressed and signs autographs for people in public places. Paula is experiencing___________.

A delusion

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?

Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature.

All cognitive therapies focus on:

Elimination irrational and self-defeating thoughts

Jon must knock seven times on every doorway he enters or exits. He also must stir his coffee seven times before he drinks it. Jon is exhibiting __________________.

a compulsion

Prejudice is ____________________.

an unfair attitude about someone based solely on his or her group membership.

Those with ____________ personality disorder are extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous.

antisocial

____________ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by guiltlessness, low-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

antisocial personality disorder

An individual will be more persuasive if he is

attractive

A ______________ therapist believes that people who act in abnormal ways do so because they either learned inappropriate skills or never learned appropriate skills.

behavorial

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) target which type of disorder?

depressive

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, psychologists speculate that no one came to her aid because of _______________.

diffusion of responsibility

_____________ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.

dissociative amnesia

Janet has at least three distinct "personalities," each of whom has her own behaviors, emotions, and memories. Janet often has blocks of time she just cannot remember-- often days long-- and it is at these times that the other personalities seem to emerge, one at a time. Janet is likely experiencing _______________.

dissociative identity disorder

Ivan is suffering from a severe episode of major depressive disorder. According to the biological methods, which of the following treatment approaches will be useful in reducing his symptoms in the short-run and provide rapid relief to the person's mood?

electroconvulsive shock therapy.

Carlos is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is imminent. He id not responding to the drugs normally employed with depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Carlos depression and suicidal behavior?

electroconvulsive therapy

Mary has been working with a therapist because she was confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be nondirective and facilitates her to explore her own identity and intentions related to her present. According to this scenario, it can be inferred that Mary's therapist adopts the ____________ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

Which kind of psychologist would be most likely to believe that people can control their own behavior and make their own choices about how they wish to live their lives?

humanistic psychologist

The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was designed to measure____________.

implicit biases

An individual's anxiety becomes a disorder when ________________.

it is disproportionate to the situation and interferes with functioning.

After a period of several weeks during which Ted experienced heightened excitability, acceleration of though and speech, and feelings of grandiosity, he became deeply depressed. The drug that would probably be most effective in treating Ted's mood disorder is

lithium

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition (DSM-V) is a __________________.

major tool psychologists uses to diagnose psychological disorders.

Rachel's new roommate has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that her roommate is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that the girl is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily ____________ to explain the girl's behavior.

making a fundamental attribution error.