Unit 4 history
5 religions
1.Christianity 2.Hinduism (last polytheism) 3. Buddhism 4. Judaism 5.Islam 1,3-5; monotheism
King John signs the Magna Carta
1215
What is the Canterbury Tales about?
A group of pilgrims telling stories as they travel written by Geoffrey Chaucer
Neo-Confucianism was
Accepted by the state government from the Song Dynasty and throughout the dynastic system
Three European emperor who led the third crusade
King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and Frederick Barbarossa
King of France; organized the Seventh Crusade
Louis IX
recognized between Kings and vassals as well as the limited powers of the monarch
Manga Carta
Agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
manor
Crusades
military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
Khanate
one of several separate territories into which Genghis Khan's empire was split, each under the rule of one of his sons
Sacrament
a Christian rite
Porcelain
a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures
Interdict
a decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people
Neo-Confucianism
a revised form of Confucianism that evolved as a response to Buddhism and held sway in China from the late Tang dynasty to the end of the dynastic system in the twentieth century
chanson de geste
a type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests
Common law
a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place
Taille
an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy
Chivalry
Code of ethics guiding nobility
Cultural advances in China reached their height beginning with
The Tang Dynasty
Scholasticism
A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
Knights
Armed cavalry
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Bourgeoisie
a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
Carruca
Code of Chivalry
Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is an informal, varying code of conduct developed between 1170 and 1220, never decided on or summarized in a single document, associated with the medieval institution of knighthood; knights' and gentlewomen's behaviours were governed by chivalrous social codes
Three factors of
Economic, religion, politic
Vikings
Germanic people from Scandinavia
How were Italy and Germany unlike England and France during the Middle Ages?
Germany and Italy consisted of small independent states, but England and France were ruled by a monarch.
What did Pope Urban II promise to any Christians willing to take up weapons
Immediate remission of sims
What two problems did Western Europe faced after the death of Charlemagne
Invasions from northern people and internal division
What religion did the Seljuk Turks follow
Islam
Another word for infidel
Nonbeliever
Viking who founded of present-day Kyjv
Oleg
Saxon king gained a title not used since the time of Charlemagne
Otto I
What started the Crusades?
Pope Urban II made a speech issuing a call for Christians to gain control of the Holy Land
Hanseatic League was instrumental in
Protecting trade and promoting the economy in Northern Europe
Difference between Romanesque and Gothic art
Romanesque: barrel balls,long stone walls, columns Gothic: flying buttresses, rib valets, pointed arch's
Where did the Mongols increase their empire and trade
Silk Road
During which dynasty was printing invented?
Tang Dynasty
Which dynasty is viewed as the great age of Chinese poetry
Tang Dynasty
Why did Constantinople become instaniople
The Muslims took over it to prove a point
The Croats were considered outsiders among the southern Slavs because
They converted to Roman Catholicism
How did foreign trade affect the dynasty
They traded culture, religion,music,poetry,language,art,governments styles
an expectation of knights under the chivalric code
To treat prisoners with respect and dignity
What word is derived from the Latin word for "corporation"
University
Serves both lords and kings
Vassals
Relic
bones or other objects connected with saints; considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful
Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to be called
burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German word burg, meaning "a walled enclosure."
Anti-Semitism
hostility toward or discrimination against Jews
New Monarchies
in the 15th century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, i.e., France, England, and Spain
Parliament
in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
Patricans
powerful landowners who were wealthy
Feudalism
relationship between lords and vassals
lord-vassal relationship
required military service
Explain the mutual obligations of each feudal class
serf/peasants: Since most people in the Middle Ages were peasants, peasants formed the majority of the feudal system. Though they didn't have a relationship like vassals and lords, they were necessary in the entire feudal structure by helping work out the land. Their labor freed lords and knights to spend their time preparing of war or fighting. They also were not allowed to marry without the permission of their lords. There were two kinds of peasants: free and unfree. Free peasants rented land to farm and owed only their rent to the lord. Unfree peasants, also called serfs, farmed the lords' fields and weren't allowed to leave the lords' manor. However, in return for their labor, they received their own small land to farm and place to live. Knight/Vassals:Knights were usually vassals of more powerful lords. A vassal was the second-in-command to their feudal lord. They had to live their life following a stringent code of behavior called a chivalry. This idea of chivalry showed what actions the knights were expected to follow, especially to the benefits of the lord. Some of these promises included being loyal to the Church and lord, be just and right, and to protect the helpless. Chivalry also included showing helpful and kind acts to women. Lords/Vassals:Lords, also called the Lord of the Manor, were members of the nobility, known as the highest class in the medieval society. It was the lord's job to manage and defend his land and the people who worked it. The lord appointed officials to make sure villagers and peasants carried out their duties, such as farming his land and paying rent in the form of crops and other foods. Some lords held posts in the king's government and assisted the king in acting as the advisory. In return of the land the lords got from their king, they were given certain responsibilities and roles in order for the feudal system to work out: They had to serve the royal council. They had to provide the King with knights to defeat any kind of war. They had to provide food and other necessities to the king. They had to pay taxes and fees to the king if he needed them. King: Medieval monarchs filled out the role at the top of the feudal system. The king/queen had total power over all the assets and determined how much land he would provide his lords and vassals. The monarchs were expected to help support the vassals below and provide protection/order for them. To fulfill this expectation, monarchs provided money to his lords in exchange for loyalty and service.
Estate
social class
Heresy
the denial of basic church doctrines
Fief
the grant of land made to a vassal
lay investiture
the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office
Theology
the study of religion and God
Feudal contract
under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal
the language of everyday speech in a particular region
vernacular
