Unit 4 M/C Study Guide

The building in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, shown above, is an example of which of the following concepts?

Cultural diffusion

Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ?

Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.

Which of the following most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous period in world history?

Extension of sugar production to the Americas

Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century?

Increases in global interactions

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?

Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following?

Technological developments in cartography and navigation

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention?

The compass

Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes?

The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of

appointed administrators

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by

increased production of cash crops like sugar

The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the

opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that

regulated interactions with foreigners

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of

sugar

The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in

the Caribbean and Brazil

The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions?

Africa

The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of

ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order

Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were

free peasants

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?

Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.

Which of the following best illustrates the argument described in the passage above?

Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles.

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because

large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper

The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located

on the western coast of Africa

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century?

Both incorporated forced labor.

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market?

Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

A historian researching the effects of epidemic disease on the population levels of seventeenth century colonial Peru would probably find which of the following sources most useful?

Church records of baptisms and funerals

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century?

Diseases caused pandemics.

In the period 1550-1750, most of the world's ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions?

East Asia

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire?

The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT

African monetary systems

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750?

African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics?

Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later?

Brazil for sugar production

Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage?

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory?

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market?

Sugar and tobacco

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800?

Sugarcane

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices?

Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.

The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following?

The Atlantic trade system

Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas

The trade illustrated by the map contributed most directly to which of the following?

The Haitian Revolution

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following?

The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following?

The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest

Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 ?

The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver.

The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following?

The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century?

The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians

Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory?

The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s?

The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe

Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?

The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history?

The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?

The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period?

The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?

The sponsorship of art by new elites

Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table?

The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners

The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter.

The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas?

The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole

Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century?

There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire?

To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year

Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by

the shogun

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by

coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire?

A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was

the demand for weapons among African elites

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was

the introduction of new crops from the Americas

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the Columbian Exchange?

African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above?

African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map?

African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam.

Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage

Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete's depiction of the events in the passage?

An account by an Inca who was also present

The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following?

The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century

Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.?

Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods.

Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?

Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity

Ideas such as those expressed by Vieira in his sermon would have the most significant influence on which of the following?

Enslaved persons' resistance to authorities in the Americas

Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ?

Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?

European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported?

He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.

A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics?

How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians

For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?

Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán?

Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant.

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China?

Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s?

It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.

The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century?

Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals.

Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage?

Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

Which of the following is an illustration of this world economy theory?

Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

Mercantilism

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.?

Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following?

Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority

A historian would most likely use the image in Source 1 as support for which of the following assertions?

Mughal rulers were interested in portraying themselves as champions of religious harmony.

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief?

Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?

Oceania

In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following?

Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policiesBolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following?

Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.

The map above illustrates which of the following?

Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history?

Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres.

A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade?

Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade

What similar view of Doña Marina is portrayed in both images?

She is portrayed as an essential part of the negotiations.

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy?

Silver

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes?

Slave labor and sugar

The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750?

The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread

Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?

The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?

The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ?

The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China

The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies?

The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map?

The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?

The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.

For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart?

The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange?

The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

The sermon delivered by Vieira is best seen as evidence for which of the following?

The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas

Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ?

The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?

The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

Vieira's assertion that Solomon and the Queen of Sheba had a son diverges from the traditional Hebrew account. Which of the following best explains Vieira's choice to tell this version of the story?

Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population.

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions?

Western Africa

Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients

Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems?

Women are inferiors and must be protected by men.

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT

air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that

in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) primarily because they

needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean

All of the following factors contributed to significant growth in worldwide population from 1750 through 1900 EXCEPT

new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution