Unit 4: Persia & Greece study guide

What are four foreign ideas or customs that Alexander adopted?

1) He adopted the Persian style of government 2) He borrowed Persian customs 3) demanded his visitors to greet him in the Persian style 4)He encouraged marriage between the Persians and the Macedonians

What are three strengths of Athens?

1) democratic values for citizens meaning they believed in participation in government as a civic responsibility 2)big population-popular city-state 3)prioritized education and had many academic accomplishments

What are two ways Alexander spread Greek Ideas in order to unite the different peoples of his empire?

1) he built Greek styled cities in different parts of the empire to spread Greek ideas 2) Buy settling down in different places and bringing with them Greek laws, art, and literature

What are two ways Alexander used religion to convince people in his empire to accept him as their leader?:

1) he honored the Egyptian and Persian Gods 2) he encouraged people that he himself was a God

what are three weaknesses of Sparta?

1)extremely intense training 2)babies were left to die if they were not healthy or strong enough 3) very harsh punishments

what are three strengths of Sparta?

1)women get higher education and are treated as equal to men 2) Strong military and leadership 3) everyone was respected/was respectful

What are three weaknesses of Athens?

1)women were not treated as equal to men 2)a lot of slaves 3)women didn't have the ability to vote

What were the 2 major events of the war? Who won? How?

1.A plague struck Athens 2. Athens and Sparta created a peace treaty that they broke. Sparta won because they destroyed an Athenian fleet army and weakened Athens. After 9 years Athens surrendered.

Polis

A Greek city-state. Made up of a city and its surround countryside, which included numerous villages.

How were the Persians eventually able to defeat the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae?

A Greek traitor told the Persians about a path where the Persians could attain from they front and the back

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Aristocracy

A government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families

Satrap

A governor who ruled locally

Royal road

A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.

Tradgedy

A serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, betrayal.

Monarchy

A single person, a king ruled the government

Acropolis

A steep outcrop of rock, a stronghold. Surrounded by homes

What is meant by the term "heroic Ideal" What was its importance?

A strong brave hero. Would do anything to achieve greatness. It was important because everyone wanted to be a hero.

Where did Alexander eventually turn around? Why?

Alexander turned around in India because his soldiers morale was low and they all wanted to go home because they had been fighting for over 11 years.

why might astronomy, math, and physics have been promoted in Alexandria?

Alexandria was a center of commerce. people came there to trade and Alexandria also had an observatory.

What was the Delian League?

An alliance between the Greek city's-states

What happened to the Greek states as a result of the Peloponnesian war?

As a result of the Peloponnesian war, City-states chose sides. Sparta then won but a while after that Sparta was defeated by Thebes

After the Peloponnesian war, why would philosophers start questioning traditional beliefs? why would philosophy have flourished during this particular time in Athenian history?

Athenians lost trust in the government and began to question their values after Athens had lost the war against Sparta.Philosophers would have flourished because they love thinking about values and morals etc.

What happened at the Battle of Salamis?

Athenians set up a fleet of ships nearer the island of Salamis. Xerxes sent warships there and watched in horror as the Greeks crushed the Persians.

Sparta faced threats without and within the city-state. Who posed these threats?

Athens and the helots

Would you rather live in Sparta or Athens?

Athens because they were overall more kind to there people and they were in a great location to trade. Athens was less harsh and had many accomplishments

How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian Wars?

Athens gained stronger power. The victory over the Persians and the wealth of the Athenians set the stage for creativity in Athens sparking the golden age.

How did life in Athens compare to life in Sparta?

Athens had a democracy while Sparta was a military state. Sparta had a really strong military and had a very harsh rule. Spartan Girls were very hardy and did a lot of sports the men competed in. In Athens it was the opposite. Girls were expected to just stay at home and take care of the children.Spartan women had a lot amount of freedom.

What was the military strategy of each side in the Peloponnesian war?

Athens wanted to destroy Sparta allies and Sparta wanted to do the same.

How was it that the Athenians and Spartans who has recently worked together in the Persian wars started fighting in the Peloponnesian war?

Athens was gaining power and Sparta saw it as a threat and then Sparta declared war on Athens. War between them was inevitable.

Why would philosophers start questioning traditional beliefs at this particular time in Athenian history?

Because Athenians lost confidence in the government after they lost the war. They questioned the way it was run

Why were the Persian wars important?

Because Greece preserved their independence and kept Persia from conquering all of Europe.

Why do you think Alexander adopted Persian customs and included Persians in his army?

Because he was influenced by all the Persians he fought and captured and he married a Persian woman.

Why does John Green say that it's difficult to judge someone's greatness based on his or her accomplishments?

Because there are many accomplishments that we cannot account for. Women did not get credit for being "great"

Why is it important to analyze sources when studying history?

Because we want to see if there is false informati9on or bias.

Who was Cambyses? How was his rule different from Cyrus?

Cambyses was Cyrus's son. Cambyses neglected to follow his fathers wise rule. He scorned the Egyptian religion.

What are the major characteristics of classical art?

Classical art showed harmony, balance, and proportion standards

Which of these three do you think was the most successful ruler? Why?

Cyrus because he ruled with kindness and compassion

Who was Cyrus? What were his major accomplishments?

Cyrus was a military genius leading his army from, victory to victory between 550 B.C and 539 B.C. Cyrus controlled the empire. One of his major accomplishments was his method of governing. He showed kindness to people he conquered and that showed he was wise and tolerant

Who was Xerxes?

Darius the Great's son and successor

Who was Darius I? What methods and tools did he use to hold together his empire?

Darius was Cambyses successor. He begun his career as a member of the king as body guard which was an elite group of soldiers. He then seized the throne. He created a few revolts but then brought peace and stability to the empire. He then went on a conquest int the mountains. The tools he used was a satrap and the royal road.

How did developments in technology influence both the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire? How did the Persians compare to the Assyrians?

Developments in technology influenced the rise of the Assyrian empire because they made their military tactics smarter and better by introducing better weapons. Developments in technology influenced the fall because some of them were destructive and led to the empires destruction

Polis

Greek city-state

Peloponnese

Greek peninsula

Who was Philip II of Macedonia? How was he able to conquer Greece?

He became the king of Macedonia at 23 years old. He was a brilliant General and ruthless politician. He was able to conquer Greece because he transformed his peasants into a powerful army that broke through enemy lines and crushed disorganized opponents.

What is the first reason for Alexander's "greatness"?

He defeated the Persian Empire

What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?

He increased the number of public officials who ere paid salaries

What changes did Cleisthenes make to the political structure in Athens?

He instituted democracy. democracy transformed Athens

What are Aristotles main contributions to science and philosophy?

He invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic. His work provides the basic of the scientific method used today.

What is meant by the quote attributed to socrates-"the unexamened life is not worth living?" How does it connect to the Socratic Method?

He meant you should have good morals and your life should be morally right like everyone else's. It connects to the Socrative method because the socrative method argues about which one is morally better

Why was Alexander well trained to be a leader?

He studied under Aristotle

Who was Cleisthenes?

He was an Athenian nobleman who was born around 570 B.C. He allowed the Greeks to become a powerful kingdom

What was Cleisthene's family background?

He was brought up to be a ruler. He was born into the richest family. He grew up with great privilege

Who was Alexander the Great?

He was the son of King Philip of Macedonia.He was a really good General who conquered a lot of territory.

Who was Alexander the Great?

He was the son of King Philip. He became the king at 20 and he was a well prepared leader.

What wasn't Alexander very good at and what became of his empire?

He wasn't very good at rebuilding an empire. After he died, his empire broke into three different kingdoms.

Who were Herodotus and Thucydides? Why were they important?

Herodotus was a Greek who lived in Athens and pioneered the accurate reporting of events. Thucydides was the greatest historian. He believed that certain types of events and political situations would reoccur over time.Studying these situations, he felt would aid the present. They are important because they were reporting what was happening so future people would know what went on during Anciet Greece

What was Alexander's third greatness?

His legend, he had a lot of accomplishments.

What were the main ideas of Plato in the republic?

His main idea was that people would naturally fall into three groups farmers, artisans, and warriors.

Who was Homer? What time period in Greek history is here from? What are two of his well known works?

Homer was a blind poet from the Dorian time period. Two of his well known works are "The Odyssey" and "The Iliad"

Socrates is quoted as saying, "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance." Do you agree with this statement?

I disagree because there are many goods and evils in this world

what do you think was the greatest scientific or mathematical advancement of the Hellenistic period?

I think astronomy was the best because they figured out that the earth rotates around the sun

the republic of Plato states, "dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy and the most aggravated form of tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme liberty" what does this mean?

I think this means that people want power

Who were the Dorians?

Illiterate people who came after the Mycenaean civilization was defeated. Homer was from around this time

What present day countries does Mesopotamia include?

Iran, Syria, and Turkey, Iraq

Why did Isigarus banish Cleisthenes?

Isigarus wanted power. He brought the Spartans in to help overthrow Cleisthenes. Isigarus force Cleisthenes to leave Athens.

"it is the mark of an educated mine to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it" said Aristotle. how might this demonstrate his key beliefs that provided the basis of the scientific method today?

It demonstrates Aristotles key beliefs and provides the basics for science today because we need to be able to have hypothesis and accept that sometimes we are wrong and that we can learn from what we know.

What was Zoroastrianism? In what ways was it similar to Christianity?

It is a religion where earth is a battleground for good vs. evil. It is similar to Christianity because Zoroastrianism was a monotheistic religion with ideas similar to Satan and angels.

Why is it problematic to refer to a certain rulers as "the Great"?

It is problematic because they mostly just called male rulers great. One man's great is another mans terror.

Why was the Battle of Marathon important to the Greek city-states?

It was one of the first battles between the Greeks and then Persians. It showed that the Greeks could revolt against Persia and that Persia could be defeated.

What significant generalization can you make about the population make-up of Sparta?

It went down a lot because people kept dying in wars

Why is the study's of greatness troubling?

It wrongly implies that history was made only by men

At the Battle of Thermopylae, why did the Spartans refuse to escape although they knew they would be killed?

It's what they were taught to do. It's apart of their culture. They also did it so the others could escape

Where is Macedonia?

Located just North of Greece. The Macedonians had a rough terrain and cold climate

What was the daily life in early Athens like?

Men worked in fields and women stayed inside cooking and weaving

How are olives directly related to the growth of Athenian wealth and power?

Olives were used for everything. People kept buying the Athenian olives and they became wealthy, Athens was a great trading location. They used olives to cook and as a skin softener

How many city-states were there in Ancient Greece?

Over a thousand

What was life in Sparta like?

People were brought up to be good fighters. Food tasted horrible. Life structured around discipline

Who was Pericles? What were his 3 main goals?

Pericles was a wise and able statesman who led Athens during the Golden Age. He was very honest and fair. His three main goals were 1.to strengthen Athenian democracy 2.to hold and strengthen the empire 3.to glorify Athens

Where is Persia located? What were its resources?

Persia is where Iran is. People first migrated to the mountains and the plateaus of the Fertile Crescent. Some resources were minerals, these included copper, lead, gold, silver, and lapis lazuli.

Who won the Ionian Revolt?

Persians

What happened at the Battle of Marathon?

Persians came to Athens and the Greeks were there and ready to fight at a plain called Marathon.The Greeks who had less, but stronger soldiers defeated the Persians.

What happened at Marathon?

Persians sent their army to the plain at Marathon Greece. Athenians sent a runner to the Spartans, who ran for 26 miles(2 days and 2 nights) but they couldn't come. The Athenians and their allies fought the Persians alone.

tyrant

Powerful individuals who usually seized power by appealing to the common people for support. Harsh rulers

Democracy

Rule by the people

Why did Alexander decide to attack Persia?

So he could unite the Greeks by giving them a common enemy

Why might the ideas of Socrates have been threatening to some Athenians?

Socrates proposed that people were neglecting the city's gods which made people wary

What were some of the main scientific and mathematical achievements of the Hellenistic period?

Some of the advancements are Aristarchus estimated the sun was larger than the earth and all of the planets revolved around the sun. Also Archimedes estimated the value of pi

who fought against whom in the Peloponnesian Wars?

Sparta vs. Athens

What were the weaknesses of the spartan education?

Spartans only learned a little reading and writing because their primary focus was military. education was only meant for people to become better soldiers.

What was Alexander's second greatness, according to John Green?

Spread of Hellenistic culture

which philosophy, stoicism or Epicureanism seems more reasonable to you?

Stoicism because it is kind of like christianity meaning that God established the universes and makes our lives more virtuous.

What led to the revolution in Athens in 508 BCE?

The Athenians were tired of the Isigarus rule. The Athenians were peeved and decided to revolt.

Hellenistic

The Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences

Who won the Battle of Marathon?

The Greeks

Who won the Battle of Platea?

The Greeks

Who won the Battle of Salamis?

The Greeks

How were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet, even though they were outnumbered at the Battle of Salamis?

The Greeks tricked the Persians and Themistocles, the general, told the Persians he wanted to join the Persian side and he lured the Persians into narrow Channels and the Persians couldn't move around an d attack the Greeks.

Who were the Minoans?

The Minoans were seafarers. Lived in Crete. First groups to settle in Island Greece.

Who was Darius III?

The Persian King

Who won the Battle of Thermopylae?

The Persians

How did Alexander defeat Persia?

The Persians and Greeks met at a river and instead of waiting for the Persians to make the first move the Greeks attacked and smashed the Persian defenses.

Why did the Ionians revolt against Persian rule?

The Persians made them pay tributes and the Persians took over their farmlands.

What happened at the Battle of Plataea?

The Persians were defeated again.

How did diversity impact the city of Alexandria?

The diversity impacted Alexandria because Alexandria became a trading center and this allowed them to grow and prosper. They became a very rich mixture of customs and traditions

Which Athenian leader's reforms most resemble aspects of the U.S democracy? How is Athenian democracy different than modern democracy?

The leader Cleisthenes. Athenian democracy is different then modern democracy because in Athens people participated directly in decision making. We do not directly participate, but we participate still.

What was the main concern of the stoic and Epicurean schools of philosophy?

The main concern of the Stoic Philosophy to the Greeks was that there was only one God. The main concern of the Epicurean school of Philosophy to the Greeks was that people would be to devoted to themselves and not to a God

Philosopher King

The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen as the philosopher king.

How did geography shape Ancient Greece culture?

The sea shaped Ancient Greek culture because of the proximity to the sea, lack of resources encouraged sea travel and trade.

What happened at the battle of Platea?

TheAthenians declared that the common brotherhood was with the Greeks because people were scared that the Athenians were going to join the Persians.The Greeks destroyed the Persian army

What happened to the Ionians?

They are defeated by the Persians

Where and why did the Persian wars begin?

They began in Ionia. The Persian wars happened in Ionia because Ionian Greeks had been settled there and then the Persians conquered the Area. The Ionian Greeks revolted and the Greeks from Athens came to help. The Persians defeated the Greeks in Ionia and then vowed to destroy Athens.

How do Napoleon and Pompey help Alexander's greatness?

They both worshipped Alexander. They wanted to be just like him. They Chose to emulate him.

What was the spartan expansionism?

They city-state expanded by like 4,000 miles and captured a lot of people

Who were the Mycenaeans?

They existed around 2000 B.C. Mycenaeans were ruled by militaristic kings. They lived a very extravagant life. Lived in huge palaces. First people to settle in mainland Greece

What aspects were unique to the Assyrians?

They had advanced military organization, advanced military technology and they had a catalogued library

At the Battle of Salamis, why did the Athenians sail to the nearby islands in panic?

They heard about the Persians slaughtering the Spartans at the battle of Thermopylae

How did the Assyrians model their government?

They modeled there government based on best military

At the Battle of Thermopylae, how were the Spartans able to hold off such a large Persian army?

They took there stand at Thermopylae where the Persians would have to go through a narrow pass between the mountains and the Sea. The Spartans also worked with the Persians

How did they control the Helots?

They were super strict. The Spartans declared war on the Helots once a year. The Spartans murdered them on occasion

What happened to Alexander's empire after his death? Was this inevitable?

Three Macedonians fought over who would take over. It was inevitable

How did the growth of Alexander's empire spread Greek culture?

Through trade, art, philosophy, and people settling down in different areas.

What was the reason for small rations of food?

To be able to work through hunger and to encourage stealth techniques

What are some examples of Cyrus's tolerant method of governing?

When Cyrus's army marched into a city he prevent his soldiers from looting all of the citizens. Another example is that Cyrus allowed the Jews to come back to Persia after the Babylonians drove them out of Persia.

Tyranny

When the government is controlled by a tyrant. Harsh ruling.

What happened at the Battle of Thermopylae? Why were the Spartans willing to sacrifice themselves at Thermopylae?

Xerxes came to Greece to destroy Athens but was stopped at Thermopylae by Greek forces. The Greeks stopped the Persians for 3 days and then a traitor gave the Persians a secret path.The Greeks then retreated. The Spar6tans were willing to sacrifice themselves so the other Greek forces could retreat back.

Spartiate

a pure spartan

What is philosophy?

a set of beliefs about the world and how to live, love of wisdom

phalanx

a tight group of soldiers

Comedy

contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor

How many years did a spartan boy spend in the agoge?

from when he was 8 to when he was 21

What clothing did spartan boys wear?

no shoes and one garment for the whole year

Do you agree with Socrates that there are absolute standards for truth and justice?

no, we should always have high standards but we need to realize that each case is different than the next.

What spartan values are valued?

obeying the rules and a lot of militaristic values

where is Sparta located?

on a peninsula in Southern Greece

What was the reason for whipping boys who were caught stealing?

so you could learn to be punished for your actions

What were the strengths of Spartan education?

spartans learned how to be more resourceful and obedient. People became warrior and law officers.

What military technique helped Sparta become so strong?

the Phalanx

What was the Krypteia?

the most sensible of the young spartiates

helot

the people that the Spartans conquered. weren't quite slaves, but weren't quite free either

What is the thesis of the Michael Shammas article?

the thesis is that you should teach philosophy in high school. three examples are... 1)our society and government is dysfunctional 2)we need to cultivate the minds of children 3)we need people to be able to think about problems

What was the reason for encouraging Spartan boys to steal?

to alleviate their hunger

What was the purpose of training Spartan girls to wrestle, run, and throw?

to prepare them for childbirth

What was the Spartans justification for killing the Helots?

to show the had power

Is there any evidence in this document that suggests that Spartan boys developed stronger attachments to their agoge groups the their families?

yes because they grew up in the agoge