Unit 4 Review APWH

Bengal subah

a subdivision of the Mughal Empire encompassing much of the Bengal region,

hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

subah

a province or division of the Mogul Empire or its government.

eunuchs

castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Ferninand Magellan

discovered Guam and Philippines by sailing around South America

Explain the effect of the Little Ice Age on demographics

due to the unsuccessful growing season millions of people were killed due to lack of food

Jesuit Missionaries

group of people that converted people to catholocism during the reformation and is responsible for the catholicism of south america

Afro-Eurasian Domesticated Animals

horses, cattle, pigs

Commercialization

introducing a new product into the market

Identify trade goods provided to African societies in exchange for slaves

iron, guns, gunpowder, mirrors, knives, cloth, and beads brought by boat from Europe

Akbar the Great

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

Qianlong

ruler that helped to secure Qing borders but ended up causing the downfall of the Qing Dynasty

Mehmet

the Ottoman leader who led the successful capture of the Byzantine city of Constantinople

Imperial Harem

the Ottoman sultan's harem composed of the wives, servants, female relatives, and the sultan's concubines, occupying a secluded portion of the Ottoman imperial household

Astrolabe

the astrolabe could determine the latitude and longitude of one's location, determine where and when the sun would rise, be able to tell the time and date, in addition to many other uses. With the rise of the Islamic Empire the astrolabe made its way to Asia, India, and eventually Europe. The astrolabe, and its instructions, spread through Europe thanks to Gerbert of Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II), who made contact with Muslim traders in Spain in the late 10th century.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

inner court

A court bounded on all sides or around its periphery by building lines.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

scholar-official

An educated person who worked in China's government.

Jannisaries

Christian boys forced in the service of the Sultan and made into one of the finest military at the times

Outer Court

Fired by Hongwu, the government organizations

Chinese Rites Controversy

Conflict between traditional Chinese rites and rituals and foreign Christian taboos on idol worship during the 17th-18th centuries. Sects of Christianity disagreed upon whether ceremonies honoring Confucius were idolatrous or not. Eventually, the Vatican banned the rites. This position was upheld until it was overturned in the mid 20th century; Recalled Jesuits from China because of distrust which led to undermined missionary status -Jesuits appealed for the pope to make certain exceptions for Chinese rites and rituals (worshipping their ancestors, bowing down to emperor). -However, Dominicans insinuated that the Jesuits were allowing for heresy, selling out Christianity for their own interests

Explain the environmental impact of European colonization and agriculture on the Americas

European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.

Identify endemic diseases and/or disease vectors spread to the Americas by Europeans

European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases— including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitoes and rats.

Explain how Europeans improved on cartography and navigation from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds

European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools. (such as astrolabe or revised maps), innovations in ship designs. (such as caravels) and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns, all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

Indian Cotton Textiles

For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India.

Eight Banners

Form of military organization created by the Manchus under Nurhaci where military men and their families were grouped together in divisions identified by different colored banners. The banners consisted of Manchus, Mongols, and Han Chinese and were created over the course of Nurhaci's conquest. The Qing used it as a way to keep Manchu people apart from the Han majority and to maintain Manchu discipline and identity, though that didn't work very long once the Qing took power. The Eight Banners remained the core of the Qing army all the way through the end of the dynasty and were phased out in the early 20th century with the development of the Qing New Army.

Describe the religious policy of Akbar the Great

He adopted a policy of mutual understanding and reconciliation among followers of different faiths and equality of all religions.

.Describe the religious policy of Aurangzeb

He followed a policy of persecuting people of all faiths other than Sunnis.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Explain why Amerindian populations were devastated by endemic diseases

Native Americans exhibited little immunity because they had no previous exposure to those diseases. This caused greater mortality than would have occurred if these diseases been endemic to the Americas.

Zheng He

Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige.

Chinese Silk Production

Peasants on the Yangzi River of Southern China gave up on Agriculture and focused on silk production for the Silk Road Market Many peasant households had the laborious task of raising the fickle silk worms Women were mainly in charge of weaving silk and creating chinese clothing

Explain the benefit American food crops had on Afro-Eurasia

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel

Explain the significance of each instance of transoceanic maritime reconnaissance

Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period.

Siberian Fur Trade

Siberia (in Russia) = major source of furs for Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire Brought wealth to the Russian state and many private merchants, trappers, and hunters Consequences for native Siberians: Exposure to new Diseases, Became dependent on Russian goods, Settlers encroached on their native lands, Depletion of many species of fur-bearing animals

Christopher Columbus

Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

Explain the role of slavery in traditional African societies

The beginning of the Atlantic slave trade in the late 1400s disrupted African societal structure as Europeans infiltrated the West African coastline, drawing people from the center of the continent to be sold into slavery.

Carvel

The caravel transformed sea travel and trade in numerous ways. One way was the use of a triangular sail, called lateen-rigging. This allowed ships to sail into the wind, as well as with the wind. In addition to the sails, the caravels were highly maneuverable. This allowed sailors to get close to shore, and be able to stay away from dangerous shoals. Thirdly, the caravel had an ideal balance in terms of its weight. It was light enough to travel quickly, yet had enough tonnage to be able to carry large amounts of fresh water for longer voyages. The Nina and the Pinta, two of Columbus' three ships on his 1492 voyage were caravels. Vasco de Gama also used the caravel on his journeys to Africa and India.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Jacques Cartier

The first French explorer to explore mainland Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Describe the spread and reform of existing religions including new syncretic religions. 4.1.VI.

The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Explain how the discovery of silver in the Americas promoted global commercialization

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.

Explain the demographic consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Africa

There was a decline on population, and there was poliginy relationships.

zabt

This system was prevalent where the Mughal administration could survey the land and keep careful accounts

American Foods

potatoes, maize, manioc

Explain how Vodun is representative of syncretism

Vodun developed in Caribbean in the context of interactions between Christianity and African religions.

Explain the effect of the Little Ice Age on agriculture

Winters were bitterly cold and summers were often cool and wet. These conditions led to widespread crop failure, famine, and population decline

Explain the role of Southeast Asia women in conducting trade for Europeans

Women sold at the outdoor markets, provided money changing services, and engaged in long distance trade. The coming of Islam did not change women's commercial participation, and today it still is mostly women who trade in small scale goods, even in seclusion.

Fluyt

a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Queue Order

mandatory hairstyle; Qing Dynasty

Spanish Mit'a System

mandatory public service

Afro-Eurasian Foods

okra rice

Atlantic System

the network of trade established in the 1700s that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas; Europeans sold slaves from western Africa and bought commodities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in North and South America and the Caribbean

Why is the mughal empire considered a gunpowder empire

the successes of the western empiresdepended on advanced firearms and cannons. As a result, they are called the "Gunpowder Empires."

wind and ocean currents

the unequal distribution of heat across the globe creates