Unit 4 Review fall 2016

grouping together stimuli that are near each other is called: a) proximity. b) perceptual set. c) interposition. d) closure. e) convergence.

A

messages from your central nervous system to your muscles. a) motor neurons b) the cerebellum c) the reticular formation d) interneurons e) the autonomic nervous system

A

something that will make a behavior less likely to occur again a) punishment. b) delayed reinforcer. c) conditioned stimulus. d) secondary reinforcer. e) negative reinforcer.

A

taking medicine for pain is a ________ reinforcer. a) negative b) delayed c) secondary d) positive e) partial

A

The detection of stimuli by the nervous system is called: a) sensation. b) accommodation. c) synaesthesia. d) signal detection. e) priming.

A

Where would you find a neurotransmitter? a) synaptic gap. b) myelin sheath. c) axon. d) cell body. e) threshold.

A

filling in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called: a) closure. b) interposition. c) continuity. d) constancy. e) convergence.

A

Although Bill was sitting right next to his sister, he smelled a dog poo minutes before she did. Apparently, Billl has a lower ________ for dog poo than his sister has. a) absolute threshold b) olfactory saturation level c) adaptation level d) tolerance level e) accommodation level

A

Kids who are allowed to watch violent TV program generally show more aggression. This is attributed to: a) observational learning b) classical conditioning c) prepared conditioning d) operant conditioning e) self-actualization

A

Receiving money is to escaping pain as ________ is to ________. a) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer b) reinforcement; punishment c) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer e) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer

A

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the: a) iris. b) optic nerve. c) retina. d) feature detectors. e) lens.

A

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred. a) latent learning b) extinction c) negative reinforcement d) discrimination e) generalization

B

After recovering from a serious car accident, Alex was afraid to ride a car but not a bus. Alex's pattern of fear best illustrates: a) negative reinforcement. b) discrimination. c) conditioned reinforcement. d) spontaneous recovery. e) shaping.

B

Bill wanted to know the eating habits of Dacula High School students so he did a survey of 1,000 students at the school. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n): a) representative sample. b) population. c) independent variable. d) dependent variable. e) control condition.

B

Bill was taught to be afraid of spiders, he now fears all bugs. This is an example of what? a) secondary reinforcement. b) generalization. c) shaping. d) intermittent reinforcement. e) spontaneous recovery.

B

Billy in a freshman and knows how to get to all of his classes. He attributes his success to a tour he took of the school over summer, during camp. a) insight learning b) NS c) latent learning d) classical conditioning e) UCS

B

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: a) conscious and unconscious mental activity. b) behavior and mental processes. c) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. d) observable responses to the environment. e) thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.

B

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. a) UR; CR b) CS; US c) US; CR d) CR; UR e) US; CS

B

Jon gets candy for every three times he takes out the trash. What schedule of reinforcement is this? a) fixed-interval b) fixed-ratio c) variable-interval d) variable-ratio e) continuous

B

Jon walks around the school slowly most days and sometimes gets lost. When their is a big board event for the class with fewest DOT's he moves significantly faster and without getting lost. This illustrates: a) modeling. b) latent learning. c) delayed reinforcement. d) shaping. e) spontaneous recovery.

B

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. Which of the following learning processes best explains Maria's fear of spiders? a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Discrimination d) Observational Learning e) Scaffolding

B

News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on moviegoers' consumption of popcorn and Coca-Cola involved false claims regarding: a) difference thresholds. b) subliminal stimulation. c) parallel processing. d) kinesthesis. e) synaesthesia.

B

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants. a) perceptual adaptation b) depth perception c) figure-ground perception d) size constancy e) selective attention

B

Thorndike came up with wich of the following theories? a) observational learning. b) the law of effect. c) shaping. d) behaviorism. e) latent learning.

B

Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying? a) A person has maladaptive thoughts about the safety of planes. b) A person observed someone else's fear of flying. c) A person had been negatively reinforced for flying on a plan d) The fear was passed on from parents genetically e) The fear is related to childhood trauma

B

_____ speeds up your heart rate and __________ slows it back down a) autonomic; somatic b) sympathetic; parasympathetic c) somatic; autonomic d) parasympathetic; sympathetic e) central; peripheral

B

a person will develop aphasia if they damage this part of the brain: a) auditory cortex b) wernicke's area c) basal ganglia d) occipital lobe e) parietal lobe

B

forcing a patient afraid of snakes to hold 10 snakes in one day is likely a therapist trying to force ______ of a fear. a) latent learning b) extinction c) generalization d) negative reinforcement e) shaping

B

jon feels amazing after he exercises because of this... a) increased teratogen b) increased endorphins c) reduced acetylcholine d) reduced glutamte e) reduced GABA

B

mental representations of mazes a) successive approximations. b) cognitive maps. c) discriminative stimuli. d) intrinsic motivations. e) primary reinforcers.

B

the closer something is to us, the more detail we can see. This is what monocular cue for depth perception? a) linear perspective b) texture gradient c) interposition d) continuity e) retinal disparity

B

the period of time where an organism learning to respond to a neutral stimulus: a) shaping. b) acquisition. c) spontaneous recovery. d) latent learning. e) generalization.

B

A Skinner box is a(n): a) "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. b) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. c) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. d) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning. e) soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise.

C

After learning to fear a dog, Bill responded with fear to the sight of a Cat. This best illustrates the process of: a) secondary reinforcement. b) spontaneous recovery. c) generalization. d) latent learning. e) shaping.

C

Bill wears his shoes untied because his older brother does. This shows the importance of: a) immediate reinforcement. b) spontaneous recovery. c) modeling. d) shaping. e) respondent behavior.

C

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as: a) accommodation. b) equilibrium. c) sensory adaptation. d) transduction. e) blindsight.

C

Our inability to consciously perceive all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of: a) retinal disparity. b) relative clarity. c) selective attention. d) the phi phenomenon. e) perceptual constancy.

C

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called: a) shaping. b) latent learning. c) spontaneous recovery. d) generalization. e) secondary reinforcement.

C

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance? a) texture gradient b) interposition c) convergence d) closure e) linear perspective

C

Who did the first study concerning classical conditioning and associative learning? a) Skinner. b) Bandura. c) Pavlov. d) Deci. e) Watson.

C

doing something because you like to do it: a) discrimination. b) generalization. c) intrinsic motivation. d) latent learning. e) spontaneous recovery.

C

pressing the button on a vending machine and getting a drink is an example of what? a) intrinsic motivation. b) spontaneous recovery. c) operant conditioning. d) respondent behavior. e) latent learning.

C

researchers paired sugar water with a drug that weakened rats immune systems. Over time the sweetened water on it's own caused the rat's immune systems to breakdown. What is the conditioned stimulus? a) the drug b) the immune system weakening to the drug c) sweetened water d) the immune system weakening to the water e) the immune system getting stronger

C

tokens is to toy as ________ is to ________. a) discrimination; generalization b) operant conditioning; classical conditioning c) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer d) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer e) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

C

what is used to reduce a confounding variable in an experiment? a) b) inferential stats c) random assignment d) algorithms e) meta-analysis

C

A person's salivation at the sight of an empty plate given to them prior to their appetizer arriving to the table: a) unconditioned response. b) conditioned stimulus. c) unconditioned stimulus. d) conditioned response. e) neutral stimulus.

D

Bill got candy for doing the dishes. He now does the dishes without being told to do so. This is what? a) spontaneous recovery. b) primary reinforcement. c) latent learning. d) operant conditioning. e) classical conditioning.

D

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates: a) operant conditioning. b) generalization. c) the law of effect. d) classical conditioning. e) observational learning.

D

Damage to the temporal lobe region of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of: a) accommodation. b) transduction. c) signal detection. d) perception. e) sensation.

D

Long after being his by a baseball after hearing it hit a bat, Jon eventually stopped being afraid of the noise. One day he heard a baseball bat fall on the round and was filled with fear and anxiety. This is: a) delayed reinforcement. b) discrimination. c) latent learning. d) spontaneous recovery. e) shaping.

D

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of: a) accommodation. b) transduction. c) sensory adaptation. d) top-down processing. e) difference thresholds.

D

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of kids in a school are using a research method known as: a) the survey. b) experimentation. c) random sampling. d) naturalistic observation. e) the case study.

D

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to: a) dismiss the value of replication. b) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. c) assume that correlation proves causation. d) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events. e) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

D

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of: a) absolute thresholds. b) parallel processing. c) sensory interaction. d) difference thresholds. e) sensory adaptation.

D

When a neuron fires it is called a(n): a) myelin sheath. b) interneuron. c) glial cell. d) action potential. e) synapse.

D

jed wants to study a new way of taking notes and how it impacts grades. Group A uses the new methods and group b uses a traditional method. what is the independent variable? a) the number of students per group b) grades c) group membership d) the subject matter e) method of note-taking

E

Because the skittles were different colors, Jon perceived them as two different flavors. This best illustrates the principle of: a) closure. b) color constancy. c) proximity. d) convergence. e) similarity

E

Bob smelled smoke in the restaurant prior to receiving his delicious meal. Now when he smells smoke he begins to salivate. This is: a) operant conditioning b) negative reinforcement c) latent learning d) observational learning e) classical conditioning

E

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates: a) habituation. b) spontaneous recovery. c) latent learning. d) continuous reinforcement. e) generalization.

E

Dogs repeat behaviors that result in people tossing them treats. This best illustrates: a) observational learning. b) spontaneous recovery. c) respondent behavior. d) latent learning. e) operant conditioning.

E

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of: a) observational learning. b) latent learning. c) classical conditioning. d) cognition. e) operant conditioning.

E

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________. a) threshold; transduction b) interpretation; organization c) organization; accommodation d) encoding; detection e) detection; interpretation

E

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of: a) secondary reinforcement. b) extinction. c) latent learning. d) shaping. e) discrimination.

E

The first time Bill did the dishes he got candy, then when he did the dishes and took out the trash he got more candy, and then when he did the dishes, took out the trash, and swept the floor he got more candy. This illustrates: a) spontaneous recovery b) implicit learning c) negative reinforcement d) latent learning e) shaping

E

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was: a) Pavlov. b) Watson. c) Garcia. d) Bandura. e) Skinner.

E

an exhausted new parent may notice the faintest scent of a dirty diaper, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. This would be of greatest relevance to: a) frequency theory b) opponent process theory c) young-helmholts theory d) place theory e) signal detection theory

E

students in the newspaper class ask only their friends to participate in a survey and neglect the rest of the student body. Their data is not generalizable because: a) participant bias b) social desirability bias c) a lack of debrifing d) placebo effects e) sampling bias

E