Unit 4 Test Questions
After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
deindividuation.
Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of
deindividuation.
Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to
deindividuation.
When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
deindividuation.
Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
discrimination.
Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their
dispositions or their situations.
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to
engage in aggression.
Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with
equal status.
Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of
equity
A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people
estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics.
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.
A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
external influences on behavior are minimal.
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of
face-to-face contact.
In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?
factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will
fail to notice the older woman's problem.
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of
father care.
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.
frontal lobes
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
frustration
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval.
Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.
genetic influences
Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
group polarization
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
group polarization.
If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
group polarization.
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
group polarization.
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called
group polarization.
The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of
groupthink
A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
groupthink.
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink.
The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of
groupthink.
Makato, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to
have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.
Alex thinks drinking sugar-laden sodas is bad for you but other players on his hockey team insist that it is not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that
hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility.
Attribution theory was designed to account for
how people explain others' behavior.
The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
identity.
Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of
implicit attitudes.
If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate
implicit prejudice.
In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated
implicit prejudice.
Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of
implicit racial associations.
The fundamental attribution error is likely to be restrained by observing someone
in a variety of situations.
Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)
increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
individuals share a similar opinion.
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
informational social influence.
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence.
Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.
informational social influence; normative social influence
A sense of social identity is most likely to promote
ingroup bias.
Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates
ingroup bias.
An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.
interracial contact
Employees who receive a windfall bonus are later happier if they have done something for other people with it. This suggests that altruism is
intrinsically rewarding.
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans.
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)
learned response.
After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be
less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape.
Groups of citizens who identified themselves as politically liberal and groups of citizens who identified themselves as conservative were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion, the liberal groups expressed increasingly ________ positions and the conservative groups expressed increasingly ________ positions.
liberal; conservative
One explanation for the fundamental attribution error involves observers'
limited visual perspective.
Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have
lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that
many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be
mature
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among
men in cultures that value individualism.
Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates
mirror-image perceptions.
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates
mirror-image perceptions.
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
modeling
Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid
modeling violence.
College students judged an averaged, composite face as
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical.
After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be
more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.
On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt ________ attraction toward that person than they did for someone they talked with face to face.
more; more
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to
normative social influence.
Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of
normative social influence.
Mr. Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the school principal. Mr. Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence.
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to
normative social influence. PreviousNext
The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are
norms
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of
norms
In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates
overt prejudice.
In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to
passionate love.
The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain
passionate love.
Cross-cultural research on gender relations indicates that
people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores.
Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates
peripheral route persuasion.
Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates
personal control.
A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.
personality traits; assigned roles
The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by
physical arousal.
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
physical attractiveness
Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.
political conservatives; political liberals
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer.
prime aggressive thoughts
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.
proximity
Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
reciprocity and social responsibility.
Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
reinforcement.
Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to
report that they are currently aiding the poor and infirm.
The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)
role
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.
role-playing
In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves
role-playing aggression.
Norms are best described as
rules for socially acceptable behavior.
Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of
scapegoat theory.
Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.
self-awareness; deindividuation
A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
self-disclosure.
People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their
self-esteem.
Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of ________ tasks.
simple
Researchers Brad Bushman and Craig Anderson have noted that the correlation between viewing violence and behaving aggressively nearly equals the correlation between
smoking and cancer.
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of
social exchange theory.
After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
social facilitation.
Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of
social facilitation.
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
social facilitation.
Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.
social identities
Compared with numerical majorities, numerical minorities, such as the Scots in Britain, are especially conscious of their
social identities.
Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
social inequalities.
High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.
social influence
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
social loafing.
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
social loafing.
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
social loafing.
Youths who are shunned and mocked by peers are especially likely to respond with aggression if they have earlier experienced
social rejection
People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading
social script.
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
social scripts.
After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of
social traps.
Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study
social traps.
On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be LEAST likely to lead to better and faster performance?
solving a crossword puzzle
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
stereotypes
Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes.
Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction.
stress
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when
the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
the amount of shock the victim actually received.
If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
the blame-the-victim dynamic.
Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as
the bystander effect.
Social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in elevators in order to study
the bystander effect.
When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect.
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates
the bystander effect.
If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect.
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
the chameleon effect.
Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?
the chameleon effect.
Personal space refers to
the distance we like to maintain between ourselves and other people.
Group polarization refers to
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when
the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with
the fight-or-flight reaction.
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualistic Western countries are more likely to demonstrate
the fundamental attribution error.
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
the fundamental attribution error.
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
the fundamental attribution error. PreviousNext
The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by
the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the terrible treatment they receive best illustrates
the just-world phenomenon.
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of
the just-world phenomenon.
Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief best illustrates a potential consequence of
the just-world phenomenon.
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
the mere exposure effect.
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
the mere exposure effect.
An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of
the mere exposure effect.
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of
the mere exposure effect.
Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if
the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates
the other-race effect.
A social trap is a situation in which
the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of
the scapegoat theory.
Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of
the social-responsibility norm.
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
think about, influence, and relate to
Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
unswervingly hold to their own position.
Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
visual perception.
Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of
vivid cases.
The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.
An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for
wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.
Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
win-win solutions.
The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that
women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex.
You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why
you failed a college test.
Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?
"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic. "
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble. "
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?
"We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue. "
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.
15
The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?
Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love
Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?
Birds of a feather flock together.
In which of the following countries do people generally prefer to maintain the largest personal space?
England
Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?
Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.
The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
Japan
Which of the following describes a stereotype?
Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful.
Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?
They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.
Felippe, a 17-year-old high school senior, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with
Toren, who is talkative and assertive.
Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic social scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach.
Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
a biopsychosocial approach.
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
a dispositional attribution.
Deindividuation refers to
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates
a situational attribution.
Having observed participants in his simulated prison study, Philip Zimbardo offered an explanation for the destructive behavior of U.S. military guards at Iraq's Abu Ghraib Prison. Zimbardo's explanation best exemplified
a situational attribution.
A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as
a social trap
Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of
a social trap.
Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of
a social trap.
In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of
actions on attitudes.
Conformity is best described as
adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of
aggression
A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates
aggression.
Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates
altruism
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT
an unlearned instinct.
The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people
are irresponsible and unmotivated.
Central route persuasion is most likely when people
are naturally analytical.
The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.
attitude; behavior
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
attribution theory.
Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among
audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority, he should
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint.
Altruism is best described as
behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
bystander effect.
According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
calculations of costs and benefits.
Research on the effects of playing violent video games most clearly provides evidence that disconfirms the
catharsis hypothesis.
Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates
central route persuasion.
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion.
We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.
cognitive
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a class debate. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.
cognitive dissonance
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
cognitive dissonance theory
Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
cognitive dissonance.
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance.
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
companionate love.
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as
companionate love.
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of
conciliation
GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through
conciliation.
If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates
conflict.
To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals indicates
conflict.
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by
cultural diversity.
The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate
cultural influence.
The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of
culture
By inventing customs and passing them on to their peers and offspring, chimpanzees exhibit the rudiments of
culture.