Unit 4: Test

germane scientist ______ _______ came across a paper listing identical _______ _______________ he began to question

Alfred weaner fossils on either side of the Atlantic Ocean

rock isn the asthenosphere is ________. The rock of the asthenosphere is _____ like _______.

abl to flow soft, putty

Lava comes from deep beneath the ground and gives us ____ about the _____ inside the Earth

clues conditions

result from ________ _____

compression force

_______ _______ is less dense and contains mostly silica-rick minerals, whereas _________ is denser and contains more iron-bearing minerals. ________ is also thicker than oceanic crust

continental crust oceanic crust continental crust

the continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces. this clue was the starting point of the development of a hypothesis about Earth's moving crust called the

continental drift hypothesis

the crust is made up of the _______, __________, ________, _________

continents, continental crust, ocean floor, oceanic crust

Flow of the rock is in the asthenosphere is due to _____.

convection

a ______ boundary formed when two plates move together

convergent

earthquakes also happen at divergent boundaries as plates move apart releasing pressure. These earthquake tend to be smaller than those that happen at ____ or _______ boundaries

convergent or transform

the centermost part of the Earth's interior is called the

core

at a transform boundary, ______ us better made or ______, instead the gates grind past one another horizontally

crust destroyed

as the ____ plate beings to subduct bent the _____ ______ plate, gravity starts to pull the subduction plate into the ______

denser less dense mantle

tectonic plate motion causes pressure to build. the sudden relate of this pressure causes an _____. This can happen in several ways

earthquake

magic eruptions are usually nonexplosive. felsic magma usually results in _______ ______

explosive eruptions

the pressure caused by tectonic plate movement can break the crust further into the plate forming a ____. the formation of a fault releases the pressure as does movement of rocks along a preexting fault. both events can cause an ______

fault earthquake

_____ magma is rich in silica and aluminum. it has a high viscotiy

felsic

Wegener noticed that deposits of _____ ______ have been found on opposite sides of an ocean

glacial sediment

as new crust is forming at the spreading center. it pushes the older crust part. because of this, the oceanic crust contains symmetrical patterns of crustal crock ages. these rocks _______ in age as their ______ from the _______-______ ____ increase

increase distance mid-ocean ridges

the centermost part of the core, the ________ is solid. The pressure on the inner core is so great, it does not _______.

inner core melt

scientists know that s waves cannot travel through _______.

liquid

therefore, they could infer the presence of an outer, ______________ called the core

liquid portion of the core

_____ magma is rich in iron and magnesium. it has low viscosity

mafic

the tectonic plates that make up earth's lithosphere "float" above the mantle? what is that called

mantle convection

beneath the asthenosphere, the pressure is too great for rock to flow. This deeper lawyer of the mantle where rock cannot flow is called the

mesosphere

the core is mostly _______, _______, ______ though it possibly contains small amounts of sulfur

metal, iron, nickel

at seafloor spreading centers, the _____-______ ______ constitutes an area of high elevation on the sea floor

mid-ocean ridge

new oceanic crust is formed at _____-______ _____ = oceanic rift zones where crust is pilled apart (_____) plates move apart and ________ ________ _________ occurs

mid-ocean ridges divergent sea floor spreading

the convergence of 2 continentals plates produces a _______

mountains

mantle convection drives the formation of oceanic crust, the ______ ______ _______ ________.

movement of the plates

transform boundaries can occur under the _____ or _______

ocean or land

________ ________ forms continually as lava rises from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges and cools into hard rock. _______ ______ is also continually recycled as it sinks back into the mantle in deep ocean trenches through the process of subduction

oceanic crust oceanic crust

new _____ _____ is continually being formed at seafloor spreading center. older crust is continually being destroyed at ______ _____

oceanic crust subduction zone

divergent boundary can occur between two _____ plates or two ______ plates

oceanic or contiental plates

divergence does not occur between an ______ plate and a _________ plate

oceanic or continental

this type of boundary can form between two _____ plate, two __________ plates, or an ______ and a _________ plate (convergent)

oceanic, continental

It makes up approximately ______ of Earth's mass

one-third

____ ____ are compressional body waves. They cause rock to expand and contract as they pass through. P Waves are the _____-___ seismic waves

p waves fastest moving

Wegener proposed that about 300 million years ago al the continental were joined together to forma a supercontinent which he named _____. The continents drifted slowly over time to their current positions

pangaea

volcanoes form along ______ boundaries at _____ _____

plate hot spots

this further drives tectonic plate movement in a process called

ridge push

a ____ _____ is a valley that forms between tectonic plates that are moving apart

rift valley

as scientists studied recording of earth waves, or seismograms, they noticed a shadow zone through which some waves called _______ do not pass

s waves

__ _____ are transverse or shear waves. They cause rock to move up-and-down or side-to-side, perpendicular to the directions hat the waves are traveling. S waves cannot travel through ______ or _____. They are the _____ ______ seismic waves

s waves liquids or gases second fastest

______ _______ is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms at mid-ocean ridges. as tectonic plates move away from each other, madam rises from Earth's interior. it then cools and solidifies in the center of the ridge. the rising madam pushes up between the plates and drives them _____ apart

sea floor spreading further

earthquakes produce body _____ waves that move through Earth's interior and surface seismic wave that move only along the ground.

seismic waves

what are three types of volcanoes

shield, composite, cinder cone

this further drives tectonic plate movement in a process called _______ _____

slap pull

oceanic plates can slide down this higher elevation toward a ______ _____

subduction zone

when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the denser oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust along a unique region called a _______ _____

subduction zone

can form a _____ _____ (oceanic-continental) or a ______ _____ (continental-contiental)

subduction zone convergence zone

tectonic plates are destroyed at _____ ______. __________ ______ beneath a less dense plate. The diner plate then melts in Earth's _____.

subduction zones (2) mantle

______ _____ are the _____ seismic waves. the ground shaking they produce cause most of ______ from earthquakes

surface waves slowest damage

the brittle nature of the lithosphere causes it to crack under stress. The lithosphere is broken into large pieces called

tectonic plates

result from _____ or ______ forces

tension or extensional

lava comes from the top art of the mantle called

the asthenosphere

the outer, rocky layer of Earth that we love on and observe directly is called

the crust

together with the top part of the underlying layer, the mantle, these two types of crust make up the brittle part of the Earth which is called

the lithosphere

this layer is separated into tectonic plates. the tectonic plates are constantly moving together and apart. this phenonmeon is known as the

theory of plate tectonics

a ______ boundary forms when two plates slide past one another horizontally

transform

a ____ is a deep valley that outline a subduction zone

trench

thick layer makes up ________ of Earth's mass

two-thirds

a _______ ____ is a series of volcanoes that forms behind an ocean-ocean subduction zone

volcanic arc

a _____ is a geological feature that forms around fissure in Earth's crust

volcano

The deepest mines are about ______ _____ deep, the center of the Earth is about ________ _____

2 miles 4,000 miles