Unit 4 Tests Quizlet Bio 115
What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene? It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription. It joins with another RNA polymerase to carry out transcription. It is degraded. It begins transcribing the next gene on the chromosome.
It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription
What is this an image of? supercoils a nucleosome a DNA double helix histones loops
Loops
In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and _____ of the last nucleotide in the polymer. A) The 5' phosphate B) The 4th carbon C) The 3' OH D) a nitrogen from the nitrogen-containing base
The 3'OH
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA? A) The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands. B) Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands. C) The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand. D) One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines
The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
How does the simple primary and secondary structure of DNA hold the information needed to code for the many features of multicellular organisms? A) The hydrogen bonding among backbone constituents carries coded information. B) The base sequence of DNA carries the information needed to code for proteins. C) The width of the double helix changes at each gene due to differences in hydrogen bonds. D) The amino acids that make up the DNA molecule contain the information needed to make cellular proteins. 2. Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
The base sequence of DNA carries the information needed to code for proteins.
In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after she has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect her to find? A) The mRNA is quickly converted into a ribosomal subunit. B) The cell adds a new poly-A tail to the mRNA. C) The mRNA attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly. D) The molecule is digested by enzymes because it is not protected.
The molecule is digested by enzymes because it is not protected
Not long ago, it was believed that a count of the number of protein-coding genes would provide a count of the number of proteins produced in any given eukaryotic species. This is incorrect, largely due to the discovery of widespread _____. A) chromatin condensation control B) alternative splicing C) transcriptional control D) translational control
alternative splicing
What enzyme catalyzes the attachment of an amino acid to tRNA? aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase rubisco dextrinase argininosuccinate lyase nuclease
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
True or False? The central dogma predicts that a change in a DNA sequence will result in a change in an RNA sequence.
True
True or False? The central dogma summarizes how information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein in cells.
True
True or False? Transcription is the process of using a single strand of DNA as a template to produce a complementary sequence of RNA.
True
The letter A indicates _____. supercoils a nucleosome a DNA double helix histones loops
a DNA double helix
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene can lead to a change in _______, which can lead to a change in in the amino acid sequence of a protein. a codon the central dogma translation transcription
a codon
Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product? A) a deletion of a codon B) a deletion of two nucleotides C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon
a deletion of two nucleotides
Generally speaking, which of the following mutations would most severely affect the protein coded for by a gene? View Available Hint(s) -a base substitution at the beginning of the gene -a base substitution at the end of the gene -a frameshift deletion at the beginning of the gene -a frameshift deletion at the end of the gene
a frameshift deletion at the beginning of the gene
The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in _____. A) a base-pair substitution B) a frameshift mutation C) a polypeptide missing an amino acid D) a nonsense mutation
a polypeptide missing an amino acid
In negative control, a gene is switched off when _____. A) a kinase adds a phosphate to DNA B) lactose is transported into the cell C) a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription D) a regulatory protein is removed from DNA and shuts down transcription
a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription
Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve an organism's survival by _____. A) organizing gene expression, so that genes are expressed in a given order B) allowing each gene to be expressed an equal number of times C) allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions D) allowing environmental changes to alter a prokaryote's genome
allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
Ribosomes can attach to prokaryotic messenger RNA _____. A) once post-transcriptional modification is complete B) before transcription is complete C) once replication is complete D) once the primary transcript has been released from RNA polymerase
before transcription is complete
Ribosomes can attach to prokaryotic messenger RNA _____. A) once post-transcriptional modification is complete B) before transcription is complete C) once replication is complete once the primary transcript has been released from RNA polymerase
before transcription is complete
In eukaryotes, the first step in the control of gene expression is ______. mRNA stability control transcription chromatin remodelingRNA processing
chromatin remodeling
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is ________. A) complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon B) complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA C) the part of tRNA that bonds to a specific amino acid D) changeable, depending on the amino acid that attaches to the tRNA E) catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon
The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____. CAG CTG GAC CUG TCG
CUG
Bacterial and eukaryotic cells primarily control gene expression at the level of transcription. If instead cells exerted control of gene expression primarily at the post-translational level, what would be different? A) The ability to rapidly respond to environmental change would be reduced. B) Cells would expend significantly more energy. C) Genes would no longer be transcribed. D) Translation of mRNA into protein would not occur.
Cells would expend significantly more energy
How do eukaryotic codons and prokaryotic codons compare? A) Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms. B) Prokaryotic codons usually contain different bases than those of eukaryotes. C) Prokaryotic codons usually specify different amino acids than those of eukaryotes. D) The translation of codons is mediated by tRNAs in eukaryotes, but translation requires no intermediate molecules such as tRNAs in prokaryotes.
Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms.
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand? View Available Hint(s) Complementary Covalently bound Identical Permanently base-paired
Complementary
Promoters are part of the molecular structure of this nucleic acid. _______
DNA
____________ unwinds the DNA helix during replication
DNA Helicase
The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called ______.
DNA Polymerase
Which method is utilized by eukaryotes to control their gene expression that is NOT used in bacteria? A) control of chromatin remodeling B) control of RNA splicing C) transcriptional control D) control of both RNA splicing and chromatin remodeling E) control of chromatin remodeling, RNA splicing, and transcription
control of both RNA splicing and chromatin remodeling
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank? DNA → _____ → Proteins A. mtDNA B. rRNA C. mRNA D. tRNA
mRNA
Codons are part of the molecular structure of this nucleic acid. _______
mRNA
Why is mRNA aptly named? -mRNA is the final product that will direct all of the activities of the cell including movement of materials within the cell. -mRNA carries the information in DNA to where it's used in protein synthesis. -mRNA transmits information from proteins back to the DNA to ensure to no errors in replication. -mRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes to elongate the proteins during protein synthesis.
mRNA carries the information in DNA to where it's used in protein synthesis.
Translation requires _____. A) mRNA and DNA B) mRNA, DNA, and rRNA C) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA D) mRNA, tRNA, and DNA E) mRNA, tRNA, DNA, and rRNA
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Which of the following cells have reduced or very little active telomerase activity? A) most normal somatic cells B) most normal germ cells C) most cancer cells
most normal somatic cells
____ mutations change one amino acid in the encoded protein
nonsense
____ mutations change one codon in the encoded protein to a Stop codon
nonsense
The monomers of nucleic acids are called: A. amino acids B. citric acids C. fatty acids D. nucleotides E. peptides
nucleotides
A(n)____ is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway
operon
A(n)____ is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
promoter
Amino acids are brought to ribosomes by this nucleic acid. _______
tRNA
Sort each description by the type of RNA it describes.
tRNA- contains an anticodon has amino acids covalently attached mRNA- contains exons specifies the amino acid sequence for a protein rRNA- is the most abundant form of RNA is a component of ribosomes
The letter C indicates _____.
Histones
What are introns? A) Introns are coding regions of DNA molecules B) Introns are enzymes used to splice DNA C) Introns are noncoding regions of DNA molecules D) Introns are repeating segments of DNA that occur at the tips of most chromosomes
Introns are noncoding regions of DNA molecules
How does termination of translation take place? A) The 5' cap is reached. B) The poly-A tail is reached. C) The end of the mRNA molecule is reached. D) A stop codon is reached.
A stop codon is reached.
After transcription begins, several steps must be completed before the fully processed mRNA is ready to be used as a template for protein synthesis on the ribosomes. Which three statements correctly describe the processing that takes place before a mature mRNA exits the nucleus? -A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA. -A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA. -A translation stop codon is added at the 3' end of the pre-mRNA. -Coding sequences called exons are spliced out by ribosomes. -Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
-A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA. -A poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA. -Noncoding sequences called introns are spliced out by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
All of the following are differences in transcription, RNA processing, and translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes except _______. -there is a single RNA polymerase in prokaryotes while eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases -the mRNA goes through extensive modifications such as addition of a poly tail and a 5' cap in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes -the promoters in prokaryotes have a -35 and -10 box while in eukaryotes they are variable but have a TATA box from the transcription initiation site -the sigma factor associates with the promoter region in prokaryotes but in eukaryotes there are many basal transcription factors
-the mRNA goes through extensive modifications such as addition of a poly tail and a 5' cap in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes
How many chromosomes will the resulting gametes have in each of the following cases? 1) Meiosis occurs normally (no nondisjunction) 2)nondisjunction of one chromosome pair in meiosis I 3)nondisjunction of all three chromosome pairs in meiosis I (assume all chromosomes go to same pole) 4)nondisjunction of one chromosome in one daughter cell during meiosis II 5)Nondisjunction of all three chromosome pairs in one daughter cell during meiosis II
1) 3 only 2) 2 or 4 3) 0 or 6 4) 2, 3, or 4 5) 0, 3, or 6
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is ________. A) 3' UCA 5' B) 3' UGS 5' C) 5' TCA 3' D) 3' ACU 5'
3' UCA 5'
Use this general representation to answer the following question: DNA template strand 5' ________ 3' DNA nontemplate strand 3' ________ 5' Given the double strand above, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move while transcribing DNA? A) 3' → 5' along the template DNA strand B) 5' → 3' along the template DNA strand C) 3' → 5' along the nontemplate DNA strand D) 5' → 3' along the nontemplate DNA strand E) 5' → 3' along the double-stranded DNA
3' → 5' along the template DNA strand
At which of the following stages (A-C) does transcriptional control occur in the flow chart below? A B C DNA ——> mRNA ——> protein A. A B. B C. C D. None of the above E. All of the above
A
Where would RNA polymerase attach?
A
Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter? Part of the RNA molecule itself A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase The same as a start codon A site found on the RNA polymerase
A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase
Which of the following allows more than one type of protein to be produced from one gene? A) Alternative forms of chromatin remodeling B) Alternative forms of RNA splicing C) Alternative forms of nucleosomes D) Control of the frequency of translation initiation
Alternative forms of RNA splicing
Polypeptides are assembled from _____. A) Proteins B) Amino acids C) Nucleotides D) Nucleic acids E) Fatty acids
Amino Acids
Polypeptides are assembled from _____. A) Proteins B) Amino acids C) Nucleotides D) Nucleic acids E) Fatty acids
Amino acids
Which of the following is NOT synthesized from a DNA template? A) Messenger RNA B) Amino acids C) Transfer RNA D) Ribosomal RNA
Amino acids
Which of these is a tRNA? A B C D E
B
What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription? View Available Hint(s) The previous base Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides The order of the chemical groups in the backbone of the RNA molecule Base pairing between the two DNA strands
Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotide
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? A) only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers B) it is more efficient than assembling complete new strands C) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction D) DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction E) the replication forks block the formation of longer strands
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid A. True B. False
False
True or False? The arrows connecting DNA, RNA, and protein in the central dogma model indicate a conversion of one type of molecule to another.
False
True or False? The central dogma predicts that mRNAs are transcribed into DNA.
False
If a segment of DNA were replicated without any errors, the replicated strand would have the following sequence of nucleotides: 5' - ACTACGTGA - 3' Sort the following replicated DNA sequences by the type of point mutation each contains (frameshift or base substitution), as compared to the correct sequence shown above.
Frameshift: 5'-ACTTACGTGA-3' 5'-ACTCGTGA-3' Base substitution: 5'-ACTAAGTGA-3' 5'-ACTACGTGT-3'
Once researchers identified DNA as the unit of inheritance, they asked how information was transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. What is the mechanism of information transfer in eukaryotes? A) DNA from a single gene is replicated and transferred to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. B) Proteins transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place. C) Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. D) Transfer RNA takes information from DNA directly to a ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place.
Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place.
Once researchers identified DNA as the unit of inheritance, they asked how information was transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. What is the mechanism of information transfer in eukaryotes? A) DNA from a single gene is replicated and transferred to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. B) Proteins transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place. C) Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. Transfer RNA takes information from DNA directly to a ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place
Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place.
What does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant? A) A single codon can specify the addition of more than one amino acid. B) The genetic code is different for different domains of organisms. C) The genetic code is universal (the same for all organisms). D) More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.
More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.
____are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA
Okazaki Fragments
DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following? Proteins Organelles DNA Messenger RNA
Organelles
The initiator tRNA attaches at the ribosome's _____ site. A translocation E P Q
P
What is a major difference between eukaryotic DNA replication and prokaryotic DNA replication? A) Prokaryotic replication does not require a primer. B) Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication. C) DNA replication in prokaryotic cells is conservative. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is semi-conservative. D) DNA polymerases of prokaryotes can add nucleotides to both 3' and 5' ends of DNA strands, while those of eukaryotes function only in the 5' → 3' direction.
Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication.
Which of the following is most directly associated with phenotypes? proteins mRNA codons DNA
Proteins
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA? _________
RNA Processing
In the process of transcription, _____. A) DNA is replicated B) RNA is synthesized C) proteins are synthesized D) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
RNA is synthesized
What name is used when pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA? ________
RNA processing
What is this an image of? supercoils a nucleosome a DNA double helix histones loops
Supercoils
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA? A. A B. C C. G D. T E. U
T
What is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence of a gene and the amino acid sequence of a protein? -The nucleotide sequence of a gene is translated into an mRNA, which is then transcribed to produce a series of amino acids. -The nucleotide sequence of a gene is read in sets of three nucleotides, and the gene is translated to specify each amino acid in a protein. -The nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed into a nucleotide sequence of mRNA, which is read during translation in groups of three nucleotides that specify each amino acid. -Each nucleotide in a gene specifies a different amino acid in the protein.
The nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed into a nucleotide sequence of mRNA, which is read during translation in groups of three nucleotides that specify each amino acid.
Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene? The promoter is part of the RNA molecule itself. The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene. The promoter is a site found on RNA polymerase. The promoter is a site at which only RNA polymerase will bind.
The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene
Which of the enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
Topoisomerase
What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy? Transcription Translocation Translation Replication
Transcription
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA? ________
Transcription
In what way does the lack of membrane-bound organelles in bacteria affect transcription and translation? A) Bacteria can produce more RNA transcripts B) Transcription occurs at a faster rate in bacteria C) Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously The RNA transcript requires more processing
Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously
A(n) ____ is a protein that binds to a DNA regulatory sequence to influence transcription
Transcription factor
Indicate at which step of the replication-transcription-translation process each type of RNA first plays a role. During which step of the replication-transcription-translation process does each type of RNA first play a role?
Transcription/RNA processing- mRNA Translation- tRNA mRNA
Protein primary structures are synthesized by ________
Translation
A frameshift mutation could result from ________. A) a base insertion only B) a base deletion only C) a base substitution only D) deletion of three consecutive bases E) either an insertion or a deletion of a base
either an insertion or a deletion of a base
The predominant mechanism by which one cell differs from another is the difference in gene ________. A) expression B) sequences C) order D) replication
expression
____ mutations alter the reading frame of the mRNA.
frameshift
In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same eukaryotic cell, only DNA replication _____. A) uses RNA polymerase B) makes a new molecule from its end to its end C) occurs in the nucleus of the cell D) incorporates the entire template molecule in the product
incorporates the entire template molecule in the product
In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same eukaryotic cell, only DNA replication _____. A. uses RNA polymerase B. makes a new molecule from its end to its end C. occurs in the nucleus of the cell D. incorporates the entire template molecule in the product
incorporates the entire template molecule in the product
What is the name of the process shown in the diagram? initiation (of transcription) RNA processing initiation (of translation) elongation termination (of translation)
initiation (of translation)
The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the _____.
leading strand
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank? DNA → _____ → Proteins A) mtDNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) tRNA
mRNA
Alternative RNA splicing allows for the number of different _________ to exceed the number of different __________. proteins; genes primary transcripts; mRNAs primary transcripts; genes genes; proteins
proteins; genes
Differential gene expression is the result of different cells containing different ______. genes nucleosomes regulatory proteins regulatory sequences
regulatory proteins
A(n) ____ is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In bacteria, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
repressor
The reason for differences in the sets of proteins expressed in a nerve and a pancreatic cell of the same individual is that nerve and pancreatic cells contain different _____. A) genes B) regulatory sequences C) promoters D) sets of regulatory proteins
sets of regulatory proteins
____ mutations have no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.
silent
The discovery of tRNAs was critical to understanding how translation of mRNA to amino acids works because ______. A) tRNAs serve as the catalyst for peptide bond formation between amino acids in a polypeptide chain B) tRNAs serve as adapter molecules that have an anticodon sequence and can connect the right amino acid by forming a complement with the codon on mRNA C) tRNA has the codons that are translated to amino acids D) tRNA is important in recognizing the first AUG start codon only and then the ribosome does the rest
tRNAs serve as adapter molecules that have an anticodon sequence and can connect the right amino acid by forming a complement with the codon on mRNA
During transcription in eukaryotes, a type of RNA polymerase called RNA polymerase II moves along the template strand of the DNA in the 3'→5' direction. However, for any given gene, either strand of the double-stranded DNA may function as the template strand. For any given gene, what ultimately determines which DNA strand serves as the template strand? -the base sequence of the gene's promoter -which of the two strands of DNA carries the RNA primer -the location of specific proteins (transcription factors) that bind to the DNA -the location along the chromosome where the double-stranded DNA unwinds
the base sequence of the gene's promoter
What is a telomere? A) the mechanism that holds two sister chromatids together B) DNA replication during telophase C) the site of origin of DNA replication D) the ends of linear chromosomes
the ends of linear chromosomes
In order to initiate transcription in eukaryotes, _______. -helicase unwinds the DNA double helix to make room for RNA polymerase to extend -the primase enzyme lays down a primer, and then the polymerase enzyme begins to copy the sequence by extending the primer -the RNA polymerase simply binds to the promoter and begins to transcribe the gene -transcription factors bind to the promoter, and RNA polymerase is then recruited to begin transcribing the gene
transcription factors bind to the promoter, and RNA polymerase is then recruited to begin transcribing the gene
